scholarly journals Variations in the bathymetry and bottom morphology of the Izu-Bonin Trench modelled by GMT

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Polina Lemenkova
Keyword(s):  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
The West ◽  
Central Concept ◽  
M 10 ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Effective Instrument ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Second Peak

AbstractCartographic visualisation is a central concept in geoinformatics, and Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) functionality provides a variety of modules for effective mapping. However, due to its specific scripting approach, there is not enough reported experience of GMT mapping, comparing to traditional GIS. This contribution introduces steps that can be taken to perform cartographic mapping and modelling using GMT. Geographically, this paper investigates the Izu-Bonin Trench in the Pacific Ocean. The aim was to compare its geomorphology in two segments, and each was modelled by a series of profiles. The comparative analysis shows that the southern segment is deeper and is a more precisely V-shaped form with a steeper gradient slope. The northern part has an asymmetric slope with submarine terraces to the west and a straight shape to the east. The northern profile is based on 407 samples (13.5%) at depths of −5,600 to −5,800 m, followed by 304 samples at −5,800 to −6,000 m (10%). The southern histogram has a bimodal distribution with two peaks: 523 samples (20%) with depths of −5,800 to −6,000 m. The second peak (10%) is on the Bonin Ridge. The GMT proved to be an effective instrument for marine geological mapping, 3D and 2D modelling, statistical analysis and graphical plotting.

scholarly journals LINEARIZATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY OVER THE PACIFIC OCEAN ON THE EQUATORIAL LINE

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (33) ◽  
pp. 630-640
Author(s):  
C. M. DÍEZ ◽  
C. J. SOLANO
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
East Side ◽  
The West ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The atmosphere system is ruled by the interaction of many meteorological parameters, causing a dependency between them, i.e., moisture and temperature, both suitable in front of any anomaly, such as storms, hurricanes, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. So, understanding perturbations of the variation of moistness along the time may provide an indicator of any oceanographic phenomenon. Annual relative humidity data around the Equatorial line of the Pacific Ocean were processed and analyzed to comprehend the time evolution of each dataset, appreciate anomalies, trends, histograms, and propose a way to predict anomalous episodes such ENSO events, observing abnormality of lag correlation coefficients between every pair of buoys. Datasets were taken from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean / Triangle Trans-Ocean Network (TAO/TRITON) project, array directed by Pacific Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). All the datasets were processed, and the code was elaborated by the author or adapted from Mathworks Inc. Even occurrences of relative humidity in the east side of the Pacific Ocean seem to oscillate harmonically, while occurrences in the west side, do not, because of the size of their amplitudes of oscillations. This fact can be seen in the histograms that show Peak shapes in the east side of the ocean, and Gaussians in the west; lag correlation functions show that no one pair of buoys synchronize fluctuations, but western buoys are affected in front of ENSO events, especially between 1997-98. Definitely, lag correlations in western buoys are determined to detect ENSO events.

The Pacific Ocean as Highway to Gold Mountain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Sinn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

This chapter takes a broad look at the Pacific Ocean in relation to Chinese migration. As trade, consumption and capital flows followed migrants, powerful networks were woven and sustained; in time, the networks fanned across the Pacific from British Columbia along the West Coast of the United States to New Zealand and Australia. The overlapping personal, family, financial and commercial interests of Chinese in California and those in Hong Kong, which provide the focus of this study, energized the connections and kept the Pacific busy and dynamic while shaping the development of regions far beyond its shores. The ocean turned into a highway for Chinese seeking Gold Mountain, marking a new era in the history of South China, California, and the Pacific Ocean itself.

scholarly journals The state of mental health in the Philippines

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 8-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udgardo Juan L. Tolentino
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The Philippines, known as the Pearl of the Orient, is an archipelago of 7107 islands, bounded on the west by the South China Sea, on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Sulu and Celebes Sea, and on the north by the Bashi Channel. The northernmost islands are about 240 km south of Taiwan and the southernmost islands approximately 24 km from Borneo. The country has a total land area of some 300 000 km2. It is divided into three geographical areas: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. It has 17 regions, 79 provinces, 115 cities, 1495 municipalities and 41 956 barangays (the smallest geographic and political unit). It has over 100 ethnic groups and a myriad of foreign influences (including Malay, Chinese, Spanish and American).

Hardly Pacific

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Igler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

American culture has long associated the nineteenth-century U.S. frontier with episodes of violent death and random bloodshed. But what about the vast watery expanse west of the West? The Pacific Ocean contains its own violent past, especially during the period stretching from Captain James Cook's historic voyages to the California Gold Rush. The nature and degree of this violence stemmed not merely from contact relations between indigenous communities and newcomers, but more specifically from commercial desires, the diffusion of diseases, and the great hunt for marine mammals. Historicizing this violent past remains an imperative for new studies of the Pacific.

Zoogeographic Subregions of the Pacific Realm as a Background for Terrestrial Ecological Reserves: Part 1, General Introduction and Northern and Western Pacific Regions

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Curry-Lindahl
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Central Region ◽  
North American ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
South American ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

This paper deals essentially with ecosystems, biomes, and habitats, of the Pacific realm, that are in need of restoration and conservation programmes for saving endangered vertebrates through the establishment of ‘ecological reserves’. Besides zoogeographic factors, the matter of conservation urgency is reflected in the criteria by taking into account the rate of vertebrate extinction in historic time and the number of vertebrate species and subspecies that are endangered or threatened with extinction in each area.In this paper and its successor (Part 2), twenty-two zoogeographic subregions have been defined in the Pacific realm, to which have been added three others—namely the Australian, North American, and South American coasts of the Pacific Ocean. Table I shows the division of these zoogeographic subregions within each faunal region. The Oceanian or ‘Central’ region is here introduced as a particular faunal region comprising Hawaii, Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. This complex of islands cannot, in the Author's opinion, be conveniently grouped with any of the continental faunal regions, although it has clear affinities with near-by continents to the west.

scholarly journals V.—Preliminary Notes on the Late Connection and Separation of the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico

1895 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 306-308
Author(s):  
J. W. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pleistocene Period ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Geological Magazine

Having recently returned from another season's work in the West Indies and Mexico, where I was collecting additional data bearing upon the stupendous changes of level of land and sea which have lately affected the American continent, I find the review of the “Reconstruction of the Antillean Continent” by Mr. Jukes-Browne in the Geological Magazine, April 1895, p. 173, a few points of which may be further explained at the same time that I furnish some advance notes concerning recently observed phenomena which greatly strengthen the theory of stupendous changes of level in the Pleistocene period. Many months must elapse before I shall be able to complete the studies for publication, so that my papers on Cuba, Jamaica, and Mexico shall be published.

scholarly journals Quaternary glaciolacustrine deposits around a Triple Junction site: Paleolakes at the foot of the Northern Patagonian Ice field (Argentina and Chile)

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Federico Ignacio Isla ◽  
Marcela Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Triple Junction ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
South American ◽  
The West ◽  
South American Plate ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Junction Site ◽  
Ice Field ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The area involved by the triple junction between the South American, Nazca and Antarctic plates activity was affected by Quaternary glaciations. Before 12,800 yrs BP an extended ice field occupied the top of the Patagonian Andes, irradiating glaciers towards the east and the west dominantly. Towards the east, the ice melted in piedmont lakes; towards the west, fjords melted into the Pacific Ocean. The Upper-Pleistocene climate amelioration caused the recession of those glaciers. Some piedmont lakes reversed their Atlantic outflow towards to the Pacific Ocean. The glaciers retreat caused the fluvial reactivations along crustal former faults that were located below the ice. The Patagonian ice field became therefore split into present Northern and Southern fields. At the second largest lake of South America, the Buenos Aires-General Carrera Lake, the water level dropped from about 500 m over present mean sea level to 230 m. Several glaciolacustrine deposits from this area are indicating significant variations caused by climatic changes, volcanism and tectonics, differing in spatial and temporal magnitudes. The triple junction activity involved subduction of the Chile Ridge below the continental South American plate, volcanic activity and faulting. During the glacier melting the Baker River captured three eastern-moving glacial systems towards the southwest, towards the Pacific Ocean. This rapid event is thought to occur 12,800 yrs BP. The lowering of these glaciolacustrine systems should be also interpreted in terms of the tectonic activity in the region and considering other processes operating in the lakes and within the watersheds.

scholarly journals Jurassic anoxic event in the Pacific (on the West Kamchatka-Asia data)

2019 ◽  
Vol 487 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-546
Author(s):  
N. I. Filatova
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Volcanic Gases ◽  
Magmatic Activity ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Kamchatka Region ◽  
Anoxic Event ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The correlation of allochthonous lithotectonic complexes of the Pacific allows to establish Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Toarcian) anoxic event (J1-OAE) for time in the Asia-West Kamchatka region. This event is characterized by organic-riched black cherts and shales bearing pyrite that accumulated in the euxinic oceanic deep water basins of the Pacific. Later anoxic regime gradually weakened that was reflected in dominating of Midle-Upper Jurassic red gematite jaspers. J1-OAE in the Pacific was synchronous to global warming induced by planetary magmatic activity. Volcanic gases and hydroterms stimulated euxinic conditions in the deep water basins. The Sinemurian-Toarcian interval of the OAE in the Pacific Ocean is confirmed by data of the numerous World basins.

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