Effect of Sugar Content on Acetaldehyde Yield in Cigarette Smoke

AbstractThe relationship between cigarette blend sugar and acetaldehyde formed in its smoke is a matter of current regulatory interest. This paper provides a re-analysis of data from 83 European commercial cigarettes studied in the 1970s and more modern data on sugar levels and acetaldehyde yields from a series of 97 European commercial cigarettes containing both inherent sugar and in other cases inherent and added sugar. It also provides data from 65 experimental cigarette products made from single curing grades of tobacco, having a wide range of inherent sugar levels but no added sugar.This study has shown that there is no relationship between acetaldehyde yields and blend sugar content even if a multivariate analysis is carried out taking into account Nicotine Free Dry Particulate Matter (NFDPM) as a co-factor. Such analyses should take into consideration each of the known contributory factors in order to avoid misleading conclusions.No distinction was found between the mainstream acetaldehyde yields from dark air-cured, flue-cured or US blended style cigarettes irrespective of their sugar content after taking account of differences in NFDPM yields. Similarly, no distinction was found between mainstream acetaldehyde yields of cigarettes made from single grades of either flue-cured, sun-cured or air-cured tobaccos with no sugar added.This work supports the conclusion that structural material in the tobacco plant is the main source of acetaldehyde in mainstream smoke after combustion during cigarette smoking.

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The impact of salt, fat and sugar levels on toddler food intake

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114510003752 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 105 (4) ◽

pp. 645-653 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Sofia Bouhlal ◽

Sylvie Issanchou ◽

Sophie Nicklaus

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Green Beans ◽

Added Sugar ◽

Salt Level ◽

Sugar Addition ◽

Before And After ◽

Sugar Levels ◽

The Impact

Understanding the early determinants of food intake, in particular the role of food sensory quality, is a necessary step to improve the prevention of unhealthy food habits. However, the extent to which food intake varies according to salt, fat and sugar content is imperfectly known. The present study aimed at evaluating whether toddler food intake varied during lunches or snacks in which salt, fat or sugar contents had been modified in common foods. Seventy-four children (30 (se 0·5) months old) participated in the study in their usual day-care centres. Every other week, they were served lunches composed, among other items, of green beans and pasta with varying salt (0, 0·6 and 1·2 % added salt) or fat (0, 2·5 and 5 % added butter) levels and afternoon snacks composed of fruit purée varying in sugar level (0, 5 and 10 % added sugar). During each meal, children could eat as much as they wanted from the target foods. Each food was weighed before and after the meal. Salt level had a positive impact on the intake of the target foods. On the contrary, no impact of added fat or added sugar levels was observed. This implies that fat and sugar addition could be avoided in foods for children without having an impact on palatability, allowing the energy density of children's diet to be limited. Salt addition should be limited, but its suppression in vegetables, whose intake is to be promoted, should be considered cautiously.

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Soluble tissue sugar content and leaf blast severity in response to the application of calcinated serpentinite as a silicon source in irrigated rice

Summa Phytopathologica ◽

10.1590/s0100-54052007000400014 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 402-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anne Sitarama Prabhu ◽

Alberto Baêta dos Santos ◽

Agostinho Dirceu Didonet

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Rice Cultivar ◽

Leaf Blast ◽

Irrigated Rice ◽

Silicon Source ◽

Sugar Levels ◽

The Relationship ◽

Total Tissue

A field experiment conducted with the irrigated rice cultivar BRS Formoso, to assess the efficiency of calcinated serpentinite as a silicon source on grain yield was utilized to study its effect on leaf blast severity and tissue sugar levels. The treatments consisted of five rates of calcinated serpentinite (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 Mg.ha-1) incorporated into the soil prior to planting. The leaf blast severity was reduced at the rate of 2.96% per ton of calcinated serpentinite. The total tissue sugar content decreased significantly as the rates of serpentinite applied increased (R² = 0.83). The relationship between the tissue sugar content and leaf blast severity was linear and positive (R² = 0.81). The decrease in leaf blast severity with increased rates of calcinated serpentinite was also linear (R²= 0.96) and can be ascribed to reduced sugar level.

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MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIOUS SOCIAL ASPECTS AND THE PROCESS OF UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE ACROSS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences ◽

10.37313/1990-5378-2021-23-5-47-52 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 47-52

Author(s):

E. Gubar ◽

◽

N. Gladyshev ◽

A. Bogomolov ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Integrated System ◽

Social Aspects ◽

Important Place ◽

Msw Management ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Relationship

The development of the municipal sector leads to the emergence of a wide range of waste. In such conditions, an important place is occupied by the problems of environmental safety and sustainable development. The article contains a multivariate analysis of the relationship between various social aspects and the process of utilization of municipal solid waste (MSW). The influence of economic, cultural, legislative and environmental factors on these relations has been presented. Methods of utilization of MSW in the countries of the European Union (EU) have been studied. As a result, a significant amount of information on solving the MSW problem in the EU countries has been revealed. Also groups of indicators have been identified and presented, which provide a comprehensive assessment of the state of the MSW management sector. It is concluded that the main hierarchy of MSW management methods is determined by the principles of sustainable development. The waste management system implies an integrated system of various aspects, namely social, economic, regulatory, managerial and technical. A promising area is the use of chemometric analysis for the development and interpretation of selected development scenarios for the MSW management sector.

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Intake of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners in Chilean Children after Enforcement of a New Food Labeling Law that Regulates Added Sugar Content in Processed Foods

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12061594 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1594

Author(s):

Ximena Martínez ◽

Yazmín Zapata ◽

Victoria Pinto ◽

Camila Cornejo ◽

Martje Elbers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Content ◽

Food Additives ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Food Labeling ◽

Processed Foods ◽

Acceptable Daily Intake ◽

Added Sugar ◽

Food Frequency ◽

Consumption Frequency ◽

Wide Range

After enforcement of a new food labeling law in 2016, Chile exhibits a greater offer to reduced sugar products with addition of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS). Many of these products are consumed by children, who are at greater risk of reaching the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of these food additives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake levels of NNS in Chilean schoolchildren after the enactment of the aforementioned law. A total of 250 Chilean children 6–12 years old were surveyed. NNS intake was assessed through a food frequency questionnaire. All children evaluated consumed at least one NNS during the previous month. Sucralose had the highest consumption frequency reaching 99.2%, followed by acesulfame-K (92.8%), stevia (86.0%), and aspartame (85.2%). Aspartame showed the highest median intake, which came mainly from beverages (96%). No children exceeded the ADI of any NNS. Smaller children exhibited a higher body weight-adjusted intake of sucralose, acesulfame-K, stevia, and aspartame (p < 0.05). In Chile, a wide range of processed foods with NNSs is available and all schoolchildren evaluated consumed at least one product containing NNS. However, this consumption does not exceed defined ADIs for any of the six sweeteners authorized for food use in Chile.

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Količina šećera u mesnim proizvodima s hrvatskog tržišta

Meso ◽

10.31727/m.20.2.2 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 145-149

Author(s):

Darja Katulić ◽

Mladenka Malenica Staver

Keyword(s):

Sugar Content ◽

Meat Products ◽

Added Sugar ◽

Total Sugar Content ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Fermented Sausages ◽

Cured Meat ◽

Enzyme Method ◽

Sugar Levels

Content of sugar in meat products from the Croatian market Sugars are used in the production of meat products to produce lactic acid and to achieve specific sensory properties, thus ensuring the quality and stability of the final product. The aim of this paper was to determine the differences in sucrose, glucose and fructose sugar levels in meat products from different categories available on the Croatian market. A total of 140 samples were analyzed from the category of fermented (n = 41) and heat treated (n = 82) sausages and dry cured meat products (n = 17). For the determination of the sugar level, a validated enzyme method was used. Within each of the three investigated categories the highest sucrose content (0.21-0.87%) was determined, followed by fructose (0.10-0.39%) and the lowest glucose (0.05-0.06%). The total sugar content, as a sum of sucrose, fructose and glucose, was 1.32% in the category of heat treated sausages, 0.36% in fermented sausages and 0.47% in dry cured meat products. The results of the research indicate the variation in the quantity of added sugar in meat products from the Croatian market, with total shares ranging from 1 to 2%, depending on the type of product and the producer's recipe, according to the literature of other authors for the same category of meat products.

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The Problem of Identifying and Modeling the Relationship between Monetary Factor and Inflation in the Russian Economy

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2008-7-61-76 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 61-76

Author(s):

A. Porshakov ◽

A. Ponomarenko

Keyword(s):

Money Supply ◽

Money Demand ◽

Russian Economy ◽

Long Run ◽

Complex Approach ◽

Wide Range ◽

Long Time ◽

The Relationship ◽

Supply Side Factors

The role of monetary factor in generating inflationary processes in Russia has stimulated various debates in social and scientific circles for a relatively long time. The authors show that identification of the specificity of relationship between money and inflation requires a complex approach based on statistical modeling and involving a wide range of indicators relevant for the price changes in the economy. As a result a model of inflation for Russia implying the decomposition of inflation dynamics into demand-side and supply-side factors is suggested. The main conclusion drawn is that during the recent years the volume of inflationary pressures in the Russian economy has been determined by the deviation of money supply from money demand, rather than by money supply alone. At the same time, monetary factor has a long-run spread over time impact on inflation.

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Correlating Capsaicinoid Levels and Physicochemical Proper-ties of Kimchi and Its Perceived Spiciness

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10010086 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 86

Author(s):

So-Ra Yoon ◽

Yun-Mi Dang ◽

Su-Yeon Kim ◽

Su-Yeon You ◽

Mina K. Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Correlation Analysis ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Partial Correlation ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Free Sugar ◽

Partial Correlation Analysis ◽

The Relationship

Capsaicinoid content, among other factors, affects the perception of spiciness of commercial kimchi. Here, we investigated whether the physicochemical properties of kimchi affect the spicy taste of capsaicinoids perceived by the tasting. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to evaluate the capsaicinoid content (mg/kg) of thirteen types of commercial kimchi. The physicochemical properties such as pH, titratable acidity, salinity, free sugar content, and free amino acid content were evaluated, and the spicy strength grade was determined by selected panel to analyze the correlation between these properties. Panels were trained for 48 h prior to actual evaluation by panel leaders trained for over 1000 h according to the SpectrumTM method. Partial correlation analysis was performed to examine other candidate parameters that interfere with the sensory evaluation of spiciness and capsaicinoid content. To express the specific variance after eliminating the effects of other variables, partial correlations were used to estimate the relationships between two variables. We observed a strong correlation between spiciness intensity ratings and capsaicinoid content, with a Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.78 at p ≤ 0.001. However, other specific variables may have influenced the relationship between spiciness intensity and total capsaicinoid content. Partial correlation analysis indicated that the free sugar content most strongly affected the relationship between spiciness intensity and capsaicinoid content, showing the largest first-order partial correlation coefficient (rxy/z: 0.091, p ≤ 0.01).

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An exploration of the relationship between recruitment communication and foraging in stingless bees

Current Zoology ◽

10.1093/cz/zoab043 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Robbie I’Anson Price ◽

Francisca Segers ◽

Amelia Berger ◽

Fabio S Nascimento ◽

Christoph Grüter

Keyword(s):

Stingless Bees ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Social Information ◽

Food Resources ◽

Food Sources ◽

Foraging Strategies ◽

High Quality ◽

Recruitment Communication ◽

Eusocial Bees ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Social information is widely used in the animal kingdom and can be highly adaptive. In social insects, foragers can use social information to find food, avoid danger or choose a new nest site. Copying others allows individuals to obtain information without having to sample the environment. When foragers communicate information they will often only advertise high quality food sources, thereby filtering out less adaptive information. Stingless bees, a large pantropical group of highly eusocial bees, face intense inter- and intra-specific competition for limited resources, yet display disparate foraging strategies. Within the same environment there are species that communicate the location of food resources to nest-mates and species that do not. Our current understanding of why some species communicate foraging sites while others do not is limited. Studying freely foraging colonies of several co-existing stingless bee species in Brazil, we investigated if recruitment to specific food locations is linked to (1) the sugar content of forage, (2) the duration of foraging trips and (3) the variation in activity of a colony from one day to another and the variation in activity in a species over a day. We found that, contrary to our expectations, species with recruitment communication did not return with higher quality forage than species that do not recruit nestmates. Furthermore, foragers from recruiting species did not have shorter foraging trip durations than those from weakly-recruiting species. Given the intense inter- and intraspecific competition for resources in these environments, it may be that recruiting species favour food resources that can be monopolised by the colony rather than food sources that offer high-quality rewards.

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Polymorphic Iterable Sequential Effect Systems

ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems ◽

10.1145/3450272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 1-79

Author(s):

Colin S. Gordon

Keyword(s):

Algebraic Structure ◽

Position Effect ◽

Type Systems ◽

Sequential Effect ◽

Prior Work ◽

Sequential Effects ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Relationship ◽

Categorical Semantics

Effect systems are lightweight extensions to type systems that can verify a wide range of important properties with modest developer burden. But our general understanding of effect systems is limited primarily to systems where the order of effects is irrelevant. Understanding such systems in terms of a semilattice of effects grounds understanding of the essential issues and provides guidance when designing new effect systems. By contrast, sequential effect systems—where the order of effects is important—lack an established algebraic structure on effects. We present an abstract polymorphic effect system parameterized by an effect quantale—an algebraic structure with well-defined properties that can model the effects of a range of existing sequential effect systems. We define effect quantales, derive useful properties, and show how they cleanly model a variety of known sequential effect systems. We show that for most effect quantales, there is an induced notion of iterating a sequential effect; that for systems we consider the derived iteration agrees with the manually designed iteration operators in prior work; and that this induced notion of iteration is as precise as possible when defined. We also position effect quantales with respect to work on categorical semantics for sequential effect systems, clarifying the distinctions between these systems and our own in the course of giving a thorough survey of these frameworks. Our derived iteration construct should generalize to these semantic structures, addressing limitations of that work. Finally, we consider the relationship between sequential effects and Kleene Algebras, where the latter may be used as instances of the former.

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Age-Dependency of Total Tau in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Corrected by Amyloid-β 1–40: A Correlational Study in Healthy Adults

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-210286 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Paul Theo Zebhauser ◽

Achim Berthele ◽

Marie-Sophie Franz ◽

Oliver Goldhardt ◽

Janine Diehl-Schmid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Tau Proteins ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Total Tau ◽

Potential Marker ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Relationship

Background: Tau proteins are established biomarkers of neuroaxonal damage in a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions. Although measurement of total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid is widely used in research and clinical settings, the relationship between age and total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid is yet to be fully understood. While past studies reported a correlation between age and total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of healthy adults, in clinical practice the same cut-off value is used independently of patient’s age. Objective: To further explore the relationship between age and total-Tau and to disentangle neurodegenerative from drainage-dependent effects. Methods: We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid samples of 76 carefully selected cognitively healthy adults and included amyloid-β 1–40 as a potential marker of drainage from the brain’s interstitial system. Results: We found a significant correlation of total-Tau and age, which was no longer present when correcting total-Tau for amyloid-β 1–40 concentrations. These findings were replicated under varied inclusion criteria. Conclusion: Results call into question the association of age and total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, they suggest diagnostic utility of amyloid-β 1–40 as a possible proxy for drainage-mechanisms into the cerebrospinal fluid when interpreting biomarker concentrations for neurodegenerative diseases.

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