scholarly journals A probabilistic approach to assessment of the quality of drinking water

Geologos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wątor ◽  
Ewa Kmiecik ◽  
Adam Postawa ◽  
Piotr Rusiniak
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Quality Of Water

Abstract Knowledge of uncertainty in analytical results is of prime importance in assessments of compliance with requirements set out for the quality of water intended for human consumption. Assessments of drinking water quality can be performed using either a deterministic or a probabilistic method. In the former approach, every single result is referred directly to the parametric value, while in the probabilistic method uncertainty related to analytical results is taken into account during the decision-making process. In the present research, laboratory uncertainty and uncertainty determined on the basis of results of analyses of duplicate samples collected in two Polish cities were compared and used in the probabilistic approach of water quality assessment. Using the probabilistic method, more results were considered to be “above the parametric value”. Most excesses were observed when the maximum allowable uncertainty as set out in the Regulation of the Minister of Health of 7 December 2017 was used, which is due to the highest values of these uncertainties. The lowest values above parametric values in the probabilistic approach were observed when measurement uncertainty was considered.

scholarly journals Quality of drinking water in rural areas: problems of legal environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 09022
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Yermolenko ◽  
Olena Hafurova ◽  
Maryna Deineha ◽  
Tamara Novak ◽  
Alena Temnikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Monitoring ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Council Directive ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
State Water

The article is devoted to the scientific and theoretical analysis of the current state of legal provision of drinking water quality in rural areas. It was stated that in recent years there has been a steady trend of deteriorating quality of water used for drinking in rural areas, including due to increasing levels of nitrate pollution. Proposals have been made for: further implementation of Council Directive 98/83 / EU on the quality of water intended for human consumption and Council Directive 91/676/ EEC on the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources in national legislation; elimination of substantive inconsistencies between State sanitary norms and rules 2.2.4-171-10 “Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption” and National Standards of Ukraine 7525: 2014 “Drinking water. Requirements and methods of quality control “in terms of drinking water quality indicators; inclusion in the subjects of state water monitoring of the central executive body that implements the state policy in the field of health care (regarding the monitoring of drinking water); development of the Procedure for state monitoring of nitrate content in surface and groundwater as a component of state water monitoring; forecasting at the level of the National Target Program “Drinking Water of Ukraine” for 2021-2025 “development and operation of a single state information resource - Interactive map of drinking water quality in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Human Consumption and Irrigation in Relation to Arsenic Concentration in Flow Systems in a Semi-Arid Mexican Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8045
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ortiz-Letechipia ◽  
Julián González-Trinidad ◽  
Hugo Enrique Júnez-Ferreira ◽  
Carlos Bautista-Capetillo ◽  
Sandra Dávila-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
Semi Arid

The supply of drinking water to the population is an important challenge facing humanity, since both surface and underground sources present a great variability of water storage with respect to space and time. This problem is further aggravated in arid and semi-arid areas where rainfall is low and torrential, which makes groundwater the main source of supply; therefore, it is necessary to carry out studies that allow evaluating the evolution of the quantity and quality of water. This study addresses the behavior of groundwater in a semi-arid region, considering the theory of flow systems to identify movement as well as water quality, es determined by a water quality index (WQI), calculated considering arsenic and fluorine. In addition, a quality irrigation classification is used, employing the norms in accordance with international standards and the Mexican Norm, which allows for a comparison. Local, regional, intermediate and mixed flow systems are identified, and the evolution of cations and anions in addition to temperature is examined. It is observed that the drinking water quality index classifies them as excellent in most of the monitored wells (<50), but with a negative evolution. Regarding irrigation, most of the water samples are classified without restriction for the establishment of any type II crop (C2S1) and with restrictions for horticultural crops. It is observed that arsenic had values between 0.49 and 61.40 (µg/L) in 2005, while in 2015 they were between 0.10 and 241.30 (µg/L). In addition, fluoride presented values between 0.00 and 2.6 (mg/L) in 2005, while in 2015 they were between 0.28 and 5.40 (mg/L). The correlations between arsenic and fluorine are noted as well as WQI and SAR. A finding in this research was to include arsenic and fluorine in the calculation of the WQI allowing a better interpretation of the quality of water for both human consumption and for agricultural use to based on this make the best decision to control any harmful effects for the population, in addition to identifying the appropriate purification treatment required to control pollutants. It is concluded that arsenic is an element of utmost importance when considering water quality, so it is necessary to examine its evolution and continue to monitor its levels constantly.

Water quality assessment and apportionment source of pollution from neighbouring rivers in the Tapeng Lagoon (Taiwan) using multivariate analysis: a case study

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-W. Liao ◽  
J.-Y. Sheu ◽  
J.-J. Chen ◽  
C.-G. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Stream Pollution ◽  
Effect Factor ◽  
Habitat Recovery ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Source Of Pollution

Factor analysis was conducted to explain the characteristics and variation in the quality of water during the disassembly of oyster frames and fishery boxes. The result shows that the most important latent factors in the Tapeng Lagoon are the ocean factor, the primary productivity factor, and the fishery pollution factor. Canonical discriminant analysis is applied to identify the source of pollution in neighbouring rivers outside the Tapeng Lagoon. The two constructed discriminant functions (CDFs) showed a marked contribution to all the discriminant variables, and that total nitrogen, algae, dissolved oxygen, and total phosphate combined in the nutrient effect factor. The recognition capacities in these two CDFs were 95.6% and 4.4%, respectively. The water quality in the Kaoping river most strongly affected the water quality in the Tapeng Lagoon. Disassembling the oyster frames and fishery boxes improved the water quality markedly. However, environmental topographic conditions indicate that strengthening stream pollution prevention and constructing another entrance to the ocean are the best approaches for improving the quality of water in the Tapeng Lagoon by reducing eutrophication. These approaches and results yield useful information concerning habitat recovery and water resource management.

scholarly journals Assessment of bacteriological quality of drinking water from various sources in Amritsar district of northern India

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (08) ◽  
pp. 844-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sita Malhotra ◽  
Shailpreet K Sidhu ◽  
Pushpa Devi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Bacteriological Quality ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level

Introduction: Safe water is a precondition for health and development and is a basic human right, yet it is still denied to hundreds of millions of people throughout the developing world. Water-related diseases caused by insufficient safe water supplies, coupled with poor sanitation and hygiene, cause 3.4 million deaths a year, mostly in children. Methodology: The present study was conducted on 1,317 drinking water samples from various water sources in Amritsar district in northern India. All the samples were analyzed to assess bacteriological quality of water for presumptive coliform count by the multiple tube test. Results: A total of 42.9% (565/1,317) samples from various sources were found to be unfit for human consumption. Of the total 565 unsatisfactory samples, 253 were from submersible pumps, 197 were from taps of piped supply (domestic/public), 79 were from hand pumps, and 36 were from various other sources A significantly high level of contamination was observed in samples collected from submersible pumps (47.6%) and water tanks (47.3%), as these sources of water are more exposed and liable to contamination. Conclusions: Despite continuous efforts by the government, civil society, and the international community, over a billion people still do not have access to improved water resources. Bacteriological assessment of all sources of drinking should be planned and conducted on regular basis to prevent waterborne dissemination of diseases.

scholarly journals Rain water quality assessment as air quality indicator in Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
G Yaqub ◽  
A Hamid ◽  
S Asghar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Indirect Evaluation ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Insight Into

Rain is an effective way for removing pollutants from the atmosphere. The present study was initiated to determine rain water quality for its safe use as potable water, as well as a tool for indirect evaluation of air quality of different study areas. A total of 20 rain water samples were collected from areas including Kasur, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala and Lahore. The pH (5.49 + 0.323), turbidity (12.267 + 5.933NTU), Cl- (4785 + 1458.32ppm) and F- (16.44 + 4.52ppm) contents of samples are not in compliance with drinking water quality limits (Pakistan, WHO). Average sulphate (1.396 + 0.384 ppm) and NO3 − concentrations (52.35 + 12.11ppm) varied between 1.005-2.05ppm and 36.79-81.3ppm, respectively. Heavy metals analysis showed presence of Cu, Co, Mn and Zn concentrations below WHO limits while Cd and Pb concentrations exceeded WHO limits with values ranging between 0.005ppm-0.017ppm and 19ppm-254ppm, respectively . Findings indicate that rain water can provide an insight into the air quality of an area and its potential use as an alternative to drinking water, especially in areas of short domestic water supply. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(2), 161-168, 2019

scholarly journals Relações entre Condições Ambientais e Doenças de Veiculação Hídrica em Áreas do Assentamento Rural Serra Grande, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil (Relationships between environmental conditions and hydro term placement diseases in Rural Settlement ...)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1677
Author(s):  
Maria Tereza Duarte Dutra ◽  
Juliana Lemos Da Silva ◽  
Cláudia Ricardo Oliveira ◽  
Marília Regina Costa Castro Lyra ◽  
Suzana Maria Gico Lima Montenegro
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Rural Settlement ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Quality Of Water

A má qualidade dos corpos de água exerce influência direta sobre a saúde da sociedade, podendo causar doenças de veiculação hídrica, que levam a morte milhões de pessoas no mundo. Neste cenário, o presente estudo objetivou identificar as relações existentes entre condições ambientais e doenças de veiculação hídrica no Assentamento Rural Serra Grande, situado na sub bacia hidrográfica do Riacho Natuba, no município de Vitória de Santo Antão, em Pernambuco. Foram escolhidas seis nascentes, fazendo-se medições de parâmetros de qualidade de água, comparando-se os resultados das análises com os padrões estabelecidos pela Resolução Conama Nº 357/05 e Portaria do Ministério da Saúde Nº 2914/11. Para identificar a ocorrência de doenças de veiculação hídrica no assentamento procedeu-se a aplicação de questionários junto à comunidade local, representantes do Posto de Saúde e da Secretaria de Saúde Municipal, abordando aspectos sobre a incidência dessas doenças e respectivos programas de saúde implementados. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as nascentes representavam a principal fonte de água para o consumo doméstico, a irrigação e a dessedentação animal. No entanto, as análises de qualidade de água apontaram que a mesma não apresentava condições apropriadas ao consumo humano direto, requerendo prévio tratamento. Em relação ao perfil de ocorrência das doenças de veiculação hídrica, constatou-se que as verminoses e protozooses são as doenças que mais acometem a população.   A B S T R A C T The poor quality of water bodies shall exercise direct influence on the health of society, causing hydro term placement diseases leading to death millions of people worldwide. In this scenario, the present study aimed to identify the relationship between environmental conditions and hydro term placement diseases in the Rural Settlement Serra Grande, located in the Sub-basin of the Natuba rivulet, in the municipality of Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernmbuco State, Brazil. Six springs  were chosen for sample collections and determination of  water quality parameters, comparing the results with the quality standards established by CONAMA ( Brazilian National Environmental Council) Resolution Nº 357/05 and Ordinance of the Ministry of Health (Brazil) No. 2914/11. Questionnaires were applied to local social actors: community, health and Municipal Health Secretariat, addressing aspects of water diseases and health programs implemented. The results obtained showed that the springs were the main source of water for domestic consumption, irrigation and animal watering in the studied area. However, the water quality analyses showed that these springs  do not show appropriate sanitary conditions to direct human consumption, requiring treatment. In relation to the profile of hydro term placement diseases occurrence, it was observed that the worms and protozooses are the diseases that most affected the local population. Keywords: Management of water resources, quality of the water, health and environment.   

scholarly journals PASSPORTATION OF SOURCES OF NON-CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY OF THE VILLAGE OF POROMIV, VOLYN REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Kurhanevych ◽  
Viktoriia Haven
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Diagnostic Characteristics ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
The Village

The article is devoted to the problems of studying the quality of drinking water from decentralized water supply sources of rural settlements. The preparatory stage of the study included: creation of a cartographic basis of the settlement; field reconnaissance routes; express analysis of drinking water quality; creation of situational plans of wells locations, and the basis for the ecological passport of the source of decentralized individual water supply (well). The relevance of the study is due to the deterioration of the quality of water as a source of domestic water supply. This is especially true for the rural population. There is a need to conduct an inventory and certification of wells in accordance with European standards and requirements, as well as modern technical and information capabilities. The ecological passport of a natural object is a system of diagnostic characteristics that allow one to get an idea of its condition and develop ways to improve it. In the process of researching the issue of certification of drinking water sources, we analyzed the accounting systems of these facilities in Canada and Germany. Our sample environmental passport was developed based on a study of groundwater in the village of Poromiv, Volyn region of Ukraine. The quality of drinking water is influenced by both the natural factors – geological structure and climate, and the intensive economic development of the surrounding area. The sample consisted of 40 wells. We used theoretical research methods: analysis, synthesis, abstraction and idealization. Such approaches implied the search for relationships between topological, hydrological and chemical parameters of individual observation points, as well as the ability to build idealized regression models to delineate areas for certification and detailed research. The formation of the information database was carried out using the methods of empirical knowledge. In particular, visual observations have identified potential sources of contamination (private farms – livestock sites, latrine pits, farmland, and infrastructure). They can affect the condition and quality of water in wells. With the help of a level meter, pH-meter, TDS meter and rapid tests for nitrates, the measurements of qualitative indicators that determine the overall hydrochemical state of groundwater were carried out. The general observations revealed non-compliance with the norms of placement of these objects. In particular, in many cases the norms of distance from sheds (more than 20 m) and cesspools (more than 50 m) relative to wells were violated. In addition, there is a general tendency to neglect the rules of formation of cesspools and manures, which contributes to the ingress of pollutants into the soil and subsequently into groundwater. In general, the accounting of wells and their diagnostic characteristics was developed in the form of a database in the ArcGIS environment and a passport of a separate source of water supply. It is proposed to add a situational plan with the location of the water supply source for the main polluting objects to the general technical characteristics. The number of indicators in the passport table can be adjusted depending on the potential sources of pollution and the abilities to monitor the water quality of a particular water user. The purpose of forming documentation of this type is to account and record the problems arising in the arrangement, location and operation of the well for their further solution. This will be the basis for identifying areas vulnerable to nitrate contamination. We identified a number of violations in the location of water supply sources in relation to economic facilities and structures within the study area, which was reflected in the increase of general hydrochemical indicators. Relationships between building density and quantitative values of pH, mineralization and nitrate content were recorded. The final step of the research is to identify problematic sources of decentralized water supply from the viewpoint of population ecological well-being, as well as to develop proposals for the community and individual owners to improve the quality of drinking water. Keywords: well, water supply, ecological passport, sources of pollution.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Borehole, Pond and Well Water in Kashere Metropolis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Abdulkadir A. Gidado ◽  
Ibrahim Halliru ◽  
Christiana Anawuese Kendeson ◽  
Yusuf Abdullahi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Major Cations ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
High Turbidity

In a bid to ascertain the quality of water for human consumption in Kashere Metropolis, essential physico-chemical parameters were evaluated on samples of drinking water obtained from boreholes, pond and wells located at densely populated areas, labelled as: Kashere cattle market Pond, KP; Kashere cottage Hospital Borehole, HB; Kashere Market Borehole, MB; Federal University, Kashere (FUK) campus Borehole, CB; Kashere cottage Hospital Well, HW; Kashere Market Well, MW and FUK campus Well, CW. Standard procedure for the determination of chemical and physical characteristics of the water samples were used. The results of the investigated parameters in the samples were as follows: ρH 6.61‒7.96, Turbidity 0.0‒2568 FTU, Electrical Conductivity 60.5‒1151 Mhocm-1, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 25.9‒518.0 mgL-1, Ca 0.0033‒0.5446 ppm, Mg 0.0793‒1.2215 ppm, Cd 0.0010‒0.0030 ppm, Zn 0.0024‒0.l054 ppm, Pb 0.0002‒0.0026 ppm and Fe 0.0044‒0.5649 ppm. Except for the concentration of Fe (in CB; 0.5649 ppm), all the analyzed minor and major cations in the water samples were in very low concentration and below the permissible limits of WHO standard guidelines values for drinking water.  It is recommended that, water from the pond should be properly treated before consumption due to its high turbidity.  Also periodic assessment of the quality of drinking water from these water sources should be conducted, to ascertain that they are not contaminated by either or both organic and inorganic pollutants.

scholarly journals Appraisal of Drinking Water Quality in Lahore Residence, Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Khalid Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Asim
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Quality Of Water

A comprehensive study for the spatial distribution of drinking water quality had been conductedfor residential area of Lahore, Pakistan. The study had made use of the geographic information system(GIS) for geographical representation and spatial analysis of groundwater quality. Physicochemicalparameters including electric conductivity, pH, TDS, Cl, Mg, Ca, alkalinity and bicarbonates from 73 ofthe water samples had been included in the analysis. Water quality data had been geo-referenced followedby its interpolation using inverse distance weighted (IDW) for each of the parameters. Very high alkalinityand bicarbonates values were observed in most parts of the area. For the comprehensive view, water qualityindex map had been prepared using weighted overlay analysis (WOA). The water quality index map wasclassified into five zones of excellent, good, poor, very poor and unfit for drinking as per WHO standardsof drinking water. 21% region had excellent quality of the underground water and 50% was found goodfor drinking. Poor quality of water was found in southeastern part, covering 27% of the study area. Only2% of the area was found under the very poor and unfit water quality conditions for drinking.

scholarly journals Water quality assessment of the Triassic aquifer, SE Tunisia, for drinking water supply

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 09002
Author(s):  
Meriem Ameur ◽  
Fadoua Hamzaoui-Azaza ◽  
Moncef Gueddari
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Aquifer System

The Triassic aquifer is located in southereastern Tunisia, in the Medenine region, and being part of Jeffara's multilayer aquifer system. The aquifer is currently overexploited with an exploitation rate of 163%, which led to a generalized drop in the piezometric level in the order of 20 cm/year. This study applied conventional techniques such as hydrochemical compositions, multivariate statistical methods and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). To better identify the processes controlling the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater quality of Triassic aquifer and its suitability for drinking uses, 14 well water samples from the Triassic aquifer were analysed for physical character and chemical composition. In the groundwater, the respective order of cation and anion concentration was Na>Ca>Mg>K and SO4>Cl>HCO3. The chemical data of water samples from the study area presented by plotting on a Piper diagram reveals the predominance of two hydrochemical types: a Na-Ca-Mg-SO4 facies and a Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 facies. Analytical results demonstrate that the chemical composition of groundwater in Triassic aquifer is strongly influenced by residence time and flow path. Water quality deteriorates going from southwest to northeast across the region, coincident with the appearance a clay layer limiting the infiltration of rainwater. The majority of ions are above the maximum desirable limits recommended for drinking water by WHO guidelines and Tunisian Standards (NT.09.14). Based on the Water Quality Index (WQI), 36% of water samples of the Triassic aquifer are classified as "poor water" and they cannot be used for drinking purposes without prior treatment.

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