scholarly journals The history of Lake Rzecin and its surroundings drawn on maps as a background to palaeoecological reconstruction

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Barabach
Keyword(s):  
Lake Ecosystem ◽  
Lake Surface ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Morphometrical Analysis ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lake Surface Area ◽  
Palaeoecological Reconstruction ◽  
Map Analysis ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThe article presents the results of landscape analysis of the surroundings of Lake Rzecin in Noteć Forest depicted on cartographic materials. Morphometrical analysis and analysis of changes in the water conditions of Lake Rzecin were conducted. Thanks to many cartographic data, changes in lake geometry could be observed during almost the whole of the last two centuries. The results show that the major impact on the rate of lake level decrease in the last two hundred years was due to melioration works. Two periods of rapid decrease in the lake surface can be observed during this time. The first occurred as a result of the creation of Rzecin Ditch, which probably took place in the middle of the 19th century; the second, in all likelihood, with its cleaning out; the exact date of this operation is not known but the results of map analysis suggest that it could have happened between 1958 and 1966. Due to these two events the lake surface decreased by 73.6% during the analysed period. Apart from this phenomenon the lake surface area seems to be quite stable: there were some fluctuations; however, changes did not exceed more than 5%. That is why it can be assumed that the human factor has the biggest influence on succession rate of the lake ecosystem. Analysis of the map collection shows that during the last two centuries there were no huge changes in the local landscape; however, other historical sources do not confirm this. According to them, not only man but also fires and insect gradations had an enormous influence on the Noteć Forest ecosystem. Nonetheless, land use structure within the Rzecin Ditch catchment area did not change a great deal; the most significant modification was the increment of forested areas from 74.1 up to 85.1 %.

scholarly journals Simplified Lake Surface Area Method for the Minimum Ecological Water Level of Lakes and Wetlands

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songpu Shang ◽  
Songhao Shang
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Lake Level ◽  
Lake Ecosystem ◽  
Lake Surface ◽  
Area Method ◽  
Ecosystem Protection ◽  
Lake Morphology ◽  
Lake Surface Area ◽  
Ecological Water Level

The determination of the rational minimum ecological water level is the base for the protection of ecosystems in shrinking lakes and wetlands. Based on the lake surface area method, a simplified lake surface area method was proposed to define the minimum ecological lake level from the lake level-logarithm of the surface area curve. The curve slope at the minimum ecological lake level is the ratio of the maximum lake storage to the maximum surface area. For most practical cases when the curve cannot be expressed as a simple analytical function, the minimum ecological lake level can be determined numerically using the weighted sum method for an equivalent multi-objective optimization model that balances ecosystem protection and water use. This method requires fewer data of lake morphology and is simple to compute. Therefore, it is more convenient to use this method in the assessment of the ecological lake level. The proposed method was used to determine the minimum ecological water level for one freshwater lake, one saltwater lake, and one wetland in China. The results can be used in the lake ecosystem protection planning and the rational use of water resources in the lake or wetland basins.

“We Cannot Pray Without Kumyshka”: Alcohol in Udmurt Ritual Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-239
Author(s):  
Eva Toulouze ◽  
Laur Vallikivi
Keyword(s):  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Volga River Basin ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract We trace the history of the uses of the alcoholic drink known as kumyshka among the Udmurt. Our focus is on kumyshka’s ritual uses both in public and domestic contexts in the second half of the 19th century, the early 20th century as well as the early 21st century. We suggest that kumyshka not only represents a site of resistance to the dominant religious regime, i.e. Russian Orthodoxy, but is also a tool for self-enhancement and identity making for this indigenous people in the Volga River basin in Central Russia. The consumption of kumyshka has been a frequent object of criticism in the accounts of Orthodox clergy, scholars, doctors, travellers and administrators. Most accounts show a moralising stance, which only occasionally reflects the local understandings behind its uses. As anthropologists working in the region, we compare these historical sources with the current practices. We discuss changes in the religious sphere as well as in gender roles related to the uses of kumyshka.

EWOLUCJA POWIERZCHNI I RZĘDNEJ ZWIERCIADŁA WODY JEZIORA MIEDZNO

2019 ◽  
Vol XII ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Miatkowski ◽  
Paweł Pepliński
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Lake Surface ◽  
Lake Water Level ◽  
Level Elevation ◽  
Lake Surface Area ◽  
The 19Th Century

The changes in area size and elevation of water surface of the Miedzno lake were studied in the paper. The study was carried out on the basis of the analysis of archival cartographic materials, technical documentations and published works. From the first half of the 19th century the Miedzno lake area was about 125 - 135 ha and the lake water level elevation approx. 85.0 m a.s.l. In the period from the mid-19th century to the 1990s the Miedzno lake water table elevation decreased to about 81.0 m a.s.l. and the lake surface area decreased to approx. 8-10 ha.

scholarly journals Beethoven — the Zeus of Modernity

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
Helmut Loos
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Criticism ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The 19Th Century

A large part of German musicology sees itself as a science of art in the emphatic sense and is committed to quite different principles than historical-critical approaches in the discipline. The latter seek to gain a realistic picture of the history of music, including contemporary ways of thinking, and allow for historical actors to make meaningful, free will decisions within anthropologically determined circumstances. The emphatic science of art, on the other hand, claims to be able to prove and scientifically determine the objects of great art music and their nature. It originated during the Enlightenment, when philosophy took the place of religion and created ever new theoretical constructs of thought presented as scientifically proven and binding. In music, Beethoven rose to the ideal of the ingenious creator, who embodied the progress and achievements of mankind on the path toward perfection. Thus, in the course of the 19th century, a Beethoven cult developed using philosophy as its guide in selecting and evaluating historical sources, gladly accepting literary testimonies as historical fact. Historical criticism, which revealed this construction of a romantic image of Beethoven, was suppressed for a long time. Society’s broad acceptance of the notion of the evolutionary progress of mankind, one to which modernity adhered, proved too powerful, and belief in it took the form of an art religion. Beethoven as Zeus of the Third Reich, as the god of modernity, was the program and message of the 14th Secession Exhibition in Vienna in 1902. This image was destructed in the late 20th century.

scholarly journals Karay-Saltykovo in Vyazhli: letters to G.F. and N.A. Petrovo-Solovovo to Baratynsky

Neophilology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 522-535
Author(s):  
Kseniia V. Donik
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Local History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The work is a commentary on the publication of several letters, which obviously constituted the regular correspondence that existed in the 1840–1880s between the owners of two estates in the Kirsanovsky County of the Tambov Governorate – G.F. and N.A. Petrovo-Solovovo, whose estate was in the Karay-Saltykovo Village, and S.A. and S.M. Baratynsky, who lived in the Mara (Vyazhli). Several letters preserved in the Baratynsky Foundation at the Institute of Russian Lite-rature (Pushkin House), Russian Academy of Sciences (IRLI RAS) represent friendly correspon-dence in Russian and French, covering a large number of topics of everyday life in a country es-tate. The fact of this correspondence is interesting in the historical and literary aspect. First of all, letters are bilingual texts, the choice of language in which gives rise to reflection on the nature of the relationship in the nobility of the neighboring community that developed in one of the central Russian counties in the middle of the 19th century. This acquires special significance in cases when documents not only reveal the fact of existing social connections in general, but also, based on observation of the language, style, and emotional mode of letters, make it possible to judge the nature and duration of such connections in the community. Being one of the main historical sources, correspondence materials supplement the evidence of other documents about the past of two noble estates. In particular, this applies to historical information about the estates’ owners. And if there was always a steady interest in Mara (Vyazhli) in connection with the large-scale fig-ure of E.A. Baratynsky, then the history of the Karay-Saltykovsky estate and several generations of its inhabitants today suffers from incompleteness, contradictions in the structure of local history narrative, extreme limited archival material and the absence of introducing new sources into the research field. The publication of letters from the first generation of the inhabitants of the estate in Karay-Saltykovo partly fills this gap. We use textual methods, classical historical study principles of external and internal criticism of the source.

scholarly journals Music Textbooks and Manuals in Zagreb in the Last Two Decades of the 19th Century Represented by Vjenceslav Novak’s Work: a Contribution to the History of Music Pedagogy

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Benić Zovko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Music Pedagogy ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Comprehensive Curriculum ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Ultimate Purpose

There has not been a lot of musicological research on the 19th century music textbooks and manuals as historical sources for the development of musical didactics and pedagogy of the time. Vjenceslav Novaks textbook Introduction to Music Harmony, intended for students of the teachers school, is being analysed in correlation with Novaks text published in the report of Music Institutes school in 1891. Both the text and the textbook made significant contributions to the definition of theory of music (especially a part of it the author refers to as basic theory of music), defining pedagogical and didactical principles of teaching, and to the making of a comprehensive curriculum for theoretical disciplines. The author found the meaning and purpose of these disciplines in aesthetics, and the ultimate purpose of music in knowing God. In this sense he viewed the educational process as a path from the practical to the speculative. The textbook is also a reflection of the sociopolitical circumstances it was written in. Aesthetical and theological principles of Novaks concept of theory of music enabled teaching to be a medium for religious and moral upbringing, and the use of folk songs gave it the necessary element of national consciousness. Key words: aesthetics; Mažuranićs law; Music Institute; teachers school; theory of music

The Politics of Writing History in China: A Comparison of Official and Private Histories

Inner Asia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiying Yang
Keyword(s):  
Historical Records ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Religious Motivation ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anthropological Approach ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
History Books ◽  
Vast Area

AbstractThis paper examines the ways in which ‘history’ is recorded, written or narrated, thereby exploring the interface between history and anthropology. The discussion focuses on the Hui Muslim Rebellion in the Qing period, which broke out at the end of the 19th century, spreading over a vast area in the northwest of the empire and Central Asia. State-sponsored publications of history such as Tong shi (General History) or others describe the Hui Rebellion as a ‘revolt by an ethnic minority against the Qing dynasty’. They do not describe the pillage, atrocities and massacres perpetrated by the insurgent Hui troops. However, regional history books compiled in various localities describe the serious destruction caused by the Hui rebel army. The paper also explores the diverse representations of the rebellion by Mongol and Hui historians. While recognising the courage of the Hui insurgents whom the Mongolian army fought, the privately written Mongolian chronicles describe the rise and fall of the Rebellion in a relatively neutral and objective manner. Hui historical sources provide an entirely different perspective, revealing the religious motivation of the rebellion, and providing the basis for the sort of ethnohistorical project that Zhang calls a ‘history of people's way of life’. Given these widely differing perspectives in the historical records, the paper urges the exploration of the commonality between the anthropological approach to history and Zhang's ‘history of a way of life’ approach so as to better elucidate historical incidents that have had a major impact on history.

scholarly journals From the History of Russian Law to the History of State and Law of the USSR: The Transformation of the Science and the Academic Discipline in 1917–1940s

2020 ◽  
pp. 261-269
Author(s):  
Tatiana F. Yashchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Law ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article aims to show the transformation of the science and the academic discipline “History of Russian Law” over the period from 1917 to the 1940s, to establish the degree of continuity and innovations that manifested in the transformation. The study is based on research works on the history of state and law, published historical sources, archival materials. Narrative, comparative legal, and institutional methods were used. Two institutional forms of legal science development were identified: universities and departments of the Academy of Sciences. In the 19th century, an independent area of scientific knowledge was established; its object was historical forms of law. Educational courses on the history of Russian law were based on the study of legislative acts and other sources of law. According to the University Charter of 1863, departments of the history of Russian law were created, scientific research was actively conducted, and works on the history of law were published. After the 1917 revolution, the political and ideological trends in legal science and education changed dramatically. Universities and academic structures as institutional forms survived, but underwent major changes. Law faculties were abolished at universities, specialized departments were closed. The history of Russian law or a comparable discipline in content was not taught. To prepare new academic personnel and conduct research in social sciences and the humanities, including legal science, the Socialist, subsequently Communist Academy and the Institute of Red Professors were opened. These institutions did not create separate units specializing in the study of the history of state and law. The circle of researchers studying such problems decreased sharply. In the 1930s, the Soviet model of the organization of science and higher education, which included many elements that had developed in the Russian Empire, was approved. Interest in historical sciences was restored. Curricula for training lawyers included a discipline that was first called “History of the State and Law of the Peoples of the USSR”, and later “History of State and Law of the USSR”. The leading role in the development of its content, object, and method belonged to S.V. Yushkov. The continuity with the history of Russian law was preserved. The most significant differences were the change in the chronological and territorial framework, the etatization of the object, and the use of the Marxist methodology. New approaches were reflected in the textbook History of State and Law of the USSR. The first part of the textbook, prepared by S.V. Yushkov, was published in 1940. It covered only the prerevolutionary period. The second part described the history of the Soviet state and law. It was edited by A.I. Denisov and published in 1948. Thus, by the end of the 1940s, the new branch of scientific knowledge and academic discipline was established.

scholarly journals Islamic perspective on the social cataclysms in the history of Kazakhstan (on the example of the heritage of the school “Zar zaman”)

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
N. Nurtazina ◽  
◽  
A. Azmukhanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Characteristic ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
The People ◽  
Ethnic Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The texts of traditional poetry «Zar zaman» («the era of sorrow») are a special reflection of the pessimistic, anti-colonial and religious sentiments of the Kazakhs in connection with the negative perception in the collective memory of the colonial system of the Russian Empire on the territory of Kazakhstan. These samples of poetry, which illustrate the Islamic self-consciousness of educated Kazakhs, such as the poets Shortanbai, Dulat, Murat, and others, remained insufficiently studied during the Soviet period. Although over the years of political Independence in Kazakhstan, an objective study of this topic has begun, but in the available studies, a philological approach prevails, and the connection with Islam is not considered. The spiritual heritage of the Kazakh school «Zar zaman» requires deep interdisciplinary research. It is not excluded that they can be used as alternative historical sources in the study of issues of religion, ethnic consciousness and culture of Kazakhs. In these works, created by the Kazakh poets of a religious and philosophical direction that are opposed to the political regime, a peculiar Kazakh historical self-consciousness is reflected, an interesting interpretation of the civilizational conflict between the empire and the nomads is given. At the same time, the general characteristic of the “Zar zaman” school is regret and lamentation over the fact of political defeat from tsarism and the moral degradation of the people in the spirit of the religious and eschatological ideas of Sharia and Sufism. The poetry texts “Zar zaman” are interesting in the context of the discourse on Kazakh Islamic identity related to the 19th century, since the assessment of social cataclysms in them is given in accordance with one of the main plots of the Muslim worldview - the expectation of the End of the World (“Akyr zaman”).

Iš Lietuvos etnologijos istorijos: aprangos tyrimo pagrindų paieškos

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (28) 2019 ◽  
pp. 81-111
Author(s):  
Irma Šidiškienė
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Key Words ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clothing History ◽  
The 19Th Century

Works by 19th-century Lithuanian authors on Lithuanian clothing are considered in the historiography of ethnology to be historical or ethnographic sources, but no comparative analysis of such works on clothing has been performed so far. To fill this gap, we analyse texts written in the 19th century and up to 1918, in order to determine the basics of clothing research in ethnology. The aims are to analyse the information provided in these works, written in different languages, on Lithuanian (also known as peasant, or folk) clothing, discussing questions of the use of old names for clothing in these works. Key words: ancient and traditional Lithuanian clothing, history of ethnology, clothing terms, ethnographic sources, historical sources, historiography of ethnology.

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