scholarly journals «Poverty» trilemma through victimization concept

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
M. V. Sergeeva
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Psychological View

Introduction: The concept of poverty is multifaceted. It develops along with the idea of growing importance of the individual in economic relations. Considering approaches to poverty in the context of various vectors of understanding, we can identify three main scientific directions of thought development: economic-sociological, psychological and political vectors. The paper considers the main features of the above-mentioned approaches with their contradictions and with special focus on the role of victimization within the vectors.Materials and methods: The methodology of the work is based on the general theoretical views of Russian and foreign authors pertaining to the concept of "poverty" and its significance in economic and political science. Psychological view is also studied.The results of the study: The presented vectors (economic-sociological, psychological, and political) are found to have some contradictions between them, either explicit or implicit. However comparing the approaches from the victimization point of view it is possible to say that the vectors in question complement each other, offering to the analysis new facets of victimization of the poor population which in turn go into the basis of poverty definitions. Therefore, it brings forward the question of the relationship between the identified types of victimization through the interdisciplinary approach’s perspective and/or in terms of their assessment.The studied vectors were also differentiated by the criterion of victimization. Thus, within the framework of the analysis of the political vector, the following understanding of poverty was introduced: poverty is a victimization state of a person, which determines their inability to use their civil rights. It can be assumed that the contradictions found will be solved by developing a general structure of interaction of the considered vectors that explains the mechanisms of mutual influence of the considered vectors, covers all aspects of "poverty" and reflects the ways of interaction of different victimization types with respect to different vectors and/or in general.Discussion and conclusion: The study of poverty in economic-sociological, political or psychological perspective requires not only scientific differentiation, but also a terminological differentiation with respect to legal definitions, in particular, pertaining to the poor, very poor (almspersons) and indigent population.

scholarly journals Inter-examiner reliability of the clinical parts of MRCPsych part II examinations

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 342-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Femi Oyebode ◽  
Sanju George ◽  
Veena Math ◽  
Sayeed Haque
Keyword(s):  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Patient Assessment ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Management Problems ◽  
Oral Examinations ◽  
The Individual

Aims and MethodThe aim of the study was to investigate the interrater reliability of the clinical component of the MRCPsych part II examinations, namely the individual patient assessment and the patient management problems. In the study period, there were 1546 candidates and 773 pairs of examiners. Kappa scores for pairs of examiners in both these assessments were calculated.ResultsThe kappa scores for exact numerical agreement between the pairs of examiners in both individual patient assessment and patient management problems were only moderate (0.4 –0.5). However, the kappa scores for agreement between pairs of examiners for the reclassified pass and fail categories were very good (0.8).Clinical ImplicationsThe poor reliability of the traditional long case and oral examinations in general is one of the most potent arguments against their use. Our finding suggests that the College clinical examinations are at least not problematic from this point of view, particularly if global pass or fail judgements rather than discrete scores are applied.

CIVIL ACTION IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AS A UNIVERSAL MEANS OF REDRESS FOR PECUNIARY AND NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGE CAUSED BY CRIME

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-79
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Potapenko ◽  
◽  
Vladimir A. Sementsov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Moral Injury ◽  
International Standards ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
The Individual

The article notes that sufficient reimbursement for injury to victims of crime is an urgent and global issue, for which solution international legal standards, which are regarded as general-ly recognized principles and regulations of international law and international treaties, as well as enactments containing their official interpretation, are significant. The article critically evaluates the point of view of some individual scientists who deny the need to stipulate the civil claim concept the in the Code of criminal procedure of the Russian Federation as it exists in modern Russian criminal proceedings not only due to the historical experience of the legislator, have long appreciated the evident advantages of the united proce-dure, but also in its consistency with foreign trends in the development of this concept, aimed at ensuring the implementation of international standards in the sphere of promotion and pro-tection of the human and civil rights. Despite the fact that the legislator applies different concepts in determining the conse-quences of torts (including crimes) in the regulations of substantive and procedural law as follows: harm and damage, there has been concluded that it is the injury (property or moral) that constitutes the attribute of obligations caused by the injury infliction, which allows the term to be used legitimately when covering issues of reimbursement for injury in criminal proceedings. Taking into account that a civil claim in criminal proceedings is a way to reimburse not only property, but also moral damage caused by a crime, the most urgent issues that need to be resolved are identified as follows: 1) lack of general doctrinal approaches to determining moral injury and its correlation with other types of injury; 2) inconsistency of the current investigative and judicial practice in determining the amount of compensation for moral injury; 3) ineffectiveness of procedural mechanisms for compensation for moral injury caused by a crime. The current judicial practice of refusing to satisfy claims for reimbursement of moral injury in the case of a crime against property, in the absence of violence against the victim and other actions affecting the life, health, and dignity of the individual has been recognized as not complying with the requirements of the law regulating the status of the victim and the civil plaintiff. According to the authors' point of view, the lack of unified approach to determining of the amount of moral injury caused by crimes is due to the evaluative nature of its definition, when there are no clear estimative criteria, which leads to a tendency to reduce the amount of reim-bursement, although reimbursement for moral injury in an adequate amount would more guarantee the restoration of violated rights of citizens in the sphere of criminal proceedings. Since moral injury can be the result not only of a crime, but also of illegal criminal prose-cution or illegal conviction of a person involved in its commission, it is necessary to establish a unified amount of reimbursement for the injury.

THE FUTURE OF STATE IN THE ECONOMY: RUSSIAN DISCUSSIONS AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Kolganov
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
International Context ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Post Market ◽  
State Capital ◽  
Market Relations

In this paper the different positions concerning the economic role of state are considering. Three main groups of views which taken place in Russia, are highlighting: liberals, statists and lefts. This analysis is providing on the basis of highlighting by Alexandr Buzgalin three main forms of state from the point of view of its economic functions: statebureaucrat, state-capital and state-society. The contradictory nature of the combination of these forms of state is demonstrating. Although the sides in the discussions, as a rule, don’t identifying themselves with one of these forms, the defense of one of this or that form became the main border between the positions of the sides. In the dependence of this the answer on the question of the nature of state is made. The key disagreements on the main questions of economic development, economic relations and institutions between the participants of discussions on economic functions of state are formulating. As a conclusion the view on the prospects of evolution of state in connection with the formation of the transitory post-market relations and on the interaction of state and society in this process is representing. The role of democratic institutions of civil society in this process is stressed. This attitude is presenting as an alternative to the liberal-conservative and statist trend.

scholarly journals The Oath of a New Burgess from the Comparison Point of View

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Hana Komárková
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Context ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Individual

The Oath of a New Burgess from the Comparison Point of ViewThe role of immigration in the life of the late medieval and early modern town was important. A key part of this process (and best captured in the sources of urban origin) was the integration of a new burgher into existing urban social and economic structures. Like most of the power-economic relations of this time, the individual-burgher relationship to the group was based on mutual guarantees confirmed by an oath taken by a newly-accepted member. The essay will focus on the relevance and usability of early modern and modern codifications of urban oaths to explore the development of urban structures in the late Middle Ages and Early Modernity. It will also focus on comparing the content of the oath of the new burgher both in the general context of the oaths used in the urban environment and in the context of the specific development of the urban community in the area under consideration (Silesian and north Moravian towns based on Magdeburg rights) compared to the situation in the Western part of Holy Roman Empire.

scholarly journals TAX ON FREE TIME

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Justyna Konsek-Ciechońska
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Consumption Tax ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Lump Sum ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Economic Tools

Tax constitutes one of economic tools of the policy of the state that makes it possible to affect the form of socio-economic relations between the state and the taxpayers. According to many scientists, proper functioning of the entire state and its institutions depends on effective collection of incomes, vast majority of which, approx. 80-90% is constituted by tax incomes48. Demand of the state for financial resources, especially within last decades has been constantly growing. Meanwhile, 100 years ago, J. Schumpeter already stated that high level of fiscalism adversely affects the growth of economy, and exceeding the boundaries of fiscal capabilities of the state may lead to a deep crisis49.However, from the point of view of achieving the fiscal and non-fiscal goals efficiently, the most important issue of the tax policy should be to burden the citizens with public tributes in an even and moderate manner. There is no doubt that it is difficult to determine the most optimal form of tax system, both in fiscal and non-fiscal aspect. It is not an easy task to balance, in the tax system, the goal of efficiency and justice of taxation, in simultaneous consideration of its social and economic size. Each system that would efficiently and rationally affect the economy and society of particular state must be based on particular principles in order to properly fulfill its functions, including social functions.Free time constitutes specific goods, as on one hand it is a substitute with respect to other goods when the individual makes a decision related to dividing the budget between free time and work. More free time is less time dedicated to work, which leads to less income and consumption. On the other side, when the decision related to structure of free time and work is made, free time becomes complementary with respect to goods that are consumed, since it is difficult to consume anything without free time. What would happen if the state imposed lump sum, income and consumption tax on free time as well?The aim of this paper is to present the possibilities of taxation of free time and to present the manner in which lump sum, income and consumption tax affect the social welfare. The research method that was used in the paper is literature studies and sources of the tax law in force.

PRISON AS A DEVELOPMENT SPACE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE GERMAN PENAL SYSTEM)

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Ольга Борисовна Шредер
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Penal System ◽  
Critical Life Events ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Psychological View

В статье освещается опыт пенитенциарной системы Германии. Ее усилия по ресоциализации заключенных интерпретируются как миссия по вмешательству в развитие личности. Отмечается необходимость способствовать расширению традиционных средств воздействия на личность заключенного, в первую очередь в свете образовательных и терапевтических вмешательств. Предполагается, что изменение личности происходит при переходе на каждый из этапов жизни в связи с озабоченностью человека проблемами, возникающими в ходе его биографии в этот период. В связи с этим в первую очередь рассматриваются типичные задачи, с которыми сталкивается человек на протяжении всей его жизни, с учетом всех особенностей преступной личности, так называемые нормативные задачи развития. Кроме того, изучаются чрезвычайные, «критические» жизненные события, способные оказывать кардинальные изменения на личность. При этом отмечается, что специфический клиент в контексте тюремного заключения уже несет в себе повышенный риск таких критических жизненных событий. Проблемы изменения личности заключенного анализируются с точки зрения перспектив развития, в особенности в свете самостоятельно устанавливаемых ими жизненных целей. Таким образом, тюремная система как пространство, в котором должны происходить процессы изменений в личности заключенного, подвергается анализу, основанному на психологии развития. Предполагается, что психологический взгляд на пенитенциарную систему на практике может способствовать расширению возможностей успешной интервенции. Отмечается, что ресоциализированная личность заключенного должна явиться не столько результатом внешнего запроса общества, сколько его собственных личных устремлений и целей. The article highlights the experience of the German penal system. Its efforts to re-socialize prisoners are interpreted as a mission to interfere with personal development. There is a need to promote the expansion of traditional means of influencing the prisoner's personality, primarily in the light of educational and therapeutic interventions. It is assumed that a change in personality occurs during the transition to each of the stages of life in connection with the concern of a person with problems that arise in the course of his biography during this period. In this regard, first of all, we consider the typical tasks that a person faces throughout his life, taking into account all the features of a criminal personality, the so-called normative development tasks. In addition, we study extreme, "critical" life events that can have a dramatic change on the individual. It is noted that a specific client in the context of incarceration already carries an increased risk of such critical life events. The problems of changing the prisoner's personality are analyzed from the point of view of development prospects, especially in the light of their own life goals. Thus, the prison system as a space in which the processes of changes in the prisoner's personality should take place is analyzed based on developmental psychology. It is assumed that a psychological view of the penal system in practice can help to expand the possibilities of successful intervention. It is noted that the resocialized personality of a prisoner should be not so much the result of an external request from society, but rather his own personal aspirations and goals.

scholarly journals Frustacionit and Crime in Contemporary Society - Case Study the Western Balkan

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Fatmir Qollkaj
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Individual

When we talk about society, in particular in terms of developing its sociological us always remains good impression when talking to a healthy society and developed, however long history of social development gives us to understand that the development of society is also followed by numerous pathological phenomenon, deviant and criminal. This phenomenon, as the development of regression contradictions are development testified as a driving force of society, not just the dialectical point of view worldly but also from the standpoint of Merton Dyrkemit of other thinkers of the twentieth century. Criminality as a result of the promoters, different forces the drive has been the phenomenon of early and ongoing follow-up of human society, caused in most of the time the frustrations such as individual and collective. Starting from the individual, then the family, group and to greater social organization, frustrations are manifest modalities of development as controversial complex, multidimensional social. Changes occurring in contemporary society in the late twentieth century terms as in terms development economic, technical and technological followed with profound changes in the political, legal and cultural.These changes greatly influenced the lives of states social training, companies involved in this global development where ragging result of increased individual and collective result of which is also the growing crime in intensity and modalities manifest.

УКРАЇНОЗНАВЧИЙ ОСВІТНІЙ ЧИННИК В УМОВАХ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МАСОВОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Н. В. Фрадкіна
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Character Trait ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Individual

The purpose and tasks of the work are to analyze the contemporary Ukrainian mass culture in terms of its value and humanistic components, as well as the importance of cultural studies and Ukrainian studies in educational disciplines for the formation of a holistic worldview of modern youth.Analysis of research and publications. Scientists repeatedly turned to the problems of the role of spirituality in the formation of society and its culture. This problem is highlighted in the publications by O. Losev, V. Lytvyn, D. Likhachev, S. Avierintsev, M. Zakovych, I. Stepanenko and E. Kostyshyn.Experts see the main negative impact of mass culture on the quality approach, which determines mass culture through the market, because mass culture, from our point of view, is everything that is sold and used in mass demand.One of the most interesting studies on this issue was the work by the representatives of Frankfurt School M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno «Dialectics of Enlightenment» (1947), devoted to a detailed analysis of mass culture. Propaganda at all socio-cultural levels in the form is similar in both totalitarian and democratic countries. It is connected, according to the authors, with the direction of European enlightenment. The tendency to unify people is a manifestation of the influence of mass culture, from cinema to pop. Mass culture is a phenomenon whose existence is associated with commerce (accumulation in any form – this is the main feature of education), in general, the fact that it exists in this form is related to the direction of the history of civilization.Modern mass culture, with its externally attractive and easily assimilated ideas and symbols, appealing to the trends of modern fashion, becomes a standard of prestigious consumption, does not require intense reflection, allows you to relax, distract, not teach, but entertains, preaches hedonism as the main spiritual value. And as a consequence, there are socio-cultural risks: an active rejection of other people, which leads to the formation of indifference; cruelty as a character trait; increase of violent and mercenary crime; increase in the number of alcohol and drug addicts; anti-patriotism; indifference to the values of the family and as a result of social orphanhood and prostitution.Conclusions, perspectives of research. Thus, we can conclude that modern Ukrainian education is predominantly formed by the values of mass culture. Namely, according to the «Dialectic» by Horkheimer and Adorno, «semi-enlightenment becomes an objective spirit» of our modern society.It is concluded that only high-quality education can create the opposite of the onset of mass culture and the destruction of spirituality in our society. It is proved that only by realizing the importance of cultivating disciplines in the educational process and the spiritual upbringing of the nation, through educational reforms, humanitarian knowledge will gradually return to student audiences.Formation of youth occurs under the influence of social environment, culture, education and self-education. The optimal combination of these factors determines both the process of socialization itself and how successful it will be. In this context, one can see the leading role of education and upbringing. It turns out that the main task of modern education is to spread its influence on the development of spiritual culture of the individual, which eventually becomes a solid foundation for the formation of the individual. Such a subject requires both philosophical and humanitarian approaches in further integrated interdisciplinary research, since the availability of such research will provide the theoretical foundation for truly modern educational and personal development.

A Moment to Come Together: Personal Reflections on Trayvon Martin

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Roxanne Christensen ◽  
LaSonia Barlow ◽  
Demetrius E. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Professional Psychology ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
To Come ◽  
Professional Responses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Personal Reflections ◽  
Unique Individual

Three personal reflections provided by doctoral students of the Michigan School of Professional Psychology (Farmington Hills, Michigan) address identification of individual perspectives on the tragic events surrounding Trayvon Martin’s death. The historical ramifications of a culture-in-context and the way civil rights, racism, and community traumatization play a role in the social construction of criminals are explored. A justice orientation is applied to both the community and the individual via internal reflection about the unique individual and collective roles social justice plays in the outcome of these events. Finally, the personal and professional responses of a practitioner who is also a mother of minority young men brings to light the need to educate against stereotypes, assist a community to heal, and simultaneously manage the direct effects of such events on youth in society. In all three essays, common themes of community and growth are addressed from varying viewpoints. As worlds collided, a historical division has given rise to a present unity geared toward breaking the cycle of violence and trauma. The authors plead that if there is no other service in the name of this tragedy, let it at least contribute to the actualization of a society toward growth and healing.

Childhood adversity studies as an antidote to the predominance of neo-liberal thinking in the field of mental health

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-563
Author(s):  
Adam Burley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early Adversity ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Individual

This is a personal and reflective piece written from a clinician's point of view on the influence that the developing awareness around the consequences of childhood adversity has had upon the discussions, thinking and practice across the areas in which they are working. It seeks to argue that the increased understanding and recognition of the potential impact of early adversity can not only enhance and deepen the understanding of an individual's difficulties, but can serve to inform how services respond in a way that takes account of this. It suggests that the research and literature on childhood adversity can offer a route map away from a model of mental health that focuses predominantly on the individual as the sole source of interest.

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