scholarly journals SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF FORTRESSES OF THE BELGOROD LINE AS OF 1678

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
A. R. Melnikova
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
Military Necessity ◽  
Full Development ◽  
The Social ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Stable Development

The article is devoted to the analysis of the social composition of the population of the fortresses of the Belgorod line in 1678. The main source of the work was the inventory of cities in 1678, which recorded various categories of the service and townspeople of Russia. The author analyzed the information on all the fortresses of the Belgorod line and made general conclusions. The heterogeneity of the various counties of the vast southern region is recorded: in some there is a wide variety of service categories of the population, developed crafts and trade, and a large number of landowners. In other regions, the social composition was very poor. There were a lot of these regions. Such fortresses were only military outposts on the border. They were of strategic importance, but their economic potential was low. Obviously, the emergence of many small fortresses was dictated by military necessity and their full development was impossible. These small fortresses did not have the opportunity to develop. Subsequently, already in the 18th century, most of them would become rural settlements. However, the significance of these fortresses was very great for their time. These small fortresses helped to ensure the stable development of major military and economic centers. Fortified cities such as Kursk, Voronezh, Yelets, Kozlov were able to take the path of urbanization precisely because they were protected by many small military settlements. This was their historical role.

scholarly journals Calvi nist population of Saint Petersburg in the first half of the 18th century acc ording to the registers of Church parishes

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
A. Andreev
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Western European

The article presents the results of new study of the St. Petersburg foreigners’ database compiled on the basis of register of Petersburg Calvinist parishes for the first half of the 18-th century. It identifies the national and social structures of Calvinist population, determines some demographic indicators (such as child mortality, national and religious parameters of kinship, the percentage of illegitimate children). The author believes that in the mid-1730s there were more than two hundred adult Calvinists of both sexes in St. Petersburg. The Calvinist population of the capital was approximately 40 % Dutch, 30 % Germans, 20 % French, and 8 % English. It was found that among the St. Petersburg Calvinists there were many people of intellectual professions, such as doctors, scientists, and teachers, who made up at least 7 % of all men in the parishes. The social composition of these parishes was not homogeneous, but it was balanced, because the main categories of city dwellers (artisans, merchants, and military personnel), judging by their minimal shares, were distributed evenly. The article suggests that interethnic and interfaith ties of the St. Petersburg Calvinists contributed to the large-scale Western European acculturation for many Russians without their traveling abroad.

Resource Constituent of Russian Regional Economy

2007 ◽  
pp. 116-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kimelman ◽  
S. Andyushin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Resource Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Regional Economic Policy ◽  
Far Eastern

The article basing upon estimation of the social and economic potential of Russian Federation subjects shows that the resource model of economic development is suitable for nearly half of them. The advantages of this model are described using the example of the Far Eastern Federal District subjects that could be the proof of the necessity of "resource correction" of regional economic policy in Russia.

Small Agribusiness in Ensuring Sustainable Development of Rural Areas in Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
A.I. Chernykh ◽  
◽  
O.V. Goncharenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
National Security ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Peasant Farmer ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Socio Economic Development

Rural settlements occupy a significant part of the territory of Russia, where about 25% of the population lives and significant natural resource potential is concentrated, but the level of their socio-economic development is significantly inferior to urban ones. Increasing depressiveness of rural areas and spatial socio-economic differentiation is a systemic problem and an obstacle to the balanced development of the national economy, reduces its competitiveness due to insufficient use of economic potential, creates challenges to the economic and national security of the state. A powerful tool for countering such trends is the formation and implementation of the potential for the development of small agribusiness, which is mainly based on households created in the form of peasant (farmer) and personal subsidiary associations. The article ana-lyzes the potential of small agribusiness development in rural areas.

Pay, Promotion, and Democratization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Seligmann
Keyword(s):  
Officer Corps ◽  
Social Reformer ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
Naval Officers ◽  
Lower Deck

As soon as he was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in 1911, Winston Churchill sought to buttress his credentials as a social reformer by improving conditions for sailors in the Navy and widening the social composition of the officer corps. This chapter examines his efforts towards both of these ends. It shows how he fought against the Treasury and his Cabinet colleagues to offer sailors their first meaningful pay rise in decades. It similarly catalogues the many schemes he introduced to entice people from a wider range of backgrounds, including sailors from the lower deck, to become naval officers. As with enhanced naval pay, this required him to persevere against entrenched interests, but as this chapter will show, his achievements in this area were considerable.

scholarly journals “His Soul Is Weeping inside That He Cannot Bury the Dead as before.” Plague and Rebellion in Debrecen (Hungary), 1739–1742

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Ildikó Sz. Kristóf
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Anthropological Study ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Piety ◽  
The City

This is a historical anthropological study of a period of social and religious tensions in a Calvinist city in the Kingdom of Hungary in the first half of the 18th century. The last and greatest plague epidemic to devastate Hungary and Transylvania between cca. 1738 and 1743 led to a clash of different opinions and beliefs on the origin of the plague and ways of fighting it. Situated on the Great Hungarian Plain, the city of Debrecen saw not only frequent violations of the imposed lockdown measures among its inhabitants but also a major uprising in 1739. The author examines the historical sources (handwritten city records, written and printed regulations, criminal proceedings, and other documents) to be found in the Debrecen city archives, as well as the writings of the local Calvinist pastors published in the same town. The purpose of the study is to outline the main directions of interpretation concerning the plague and manifest in the urban uprising. According to the findings of the author, there was a stricter and chronologically earlier direction, more in keeping with local Puritanism in the second half of the 17th century, and there was also a more moderate and later one, more in line with the assumptions and expectations of late 18th-century medical science. While the former set of interpretations seems to have been founded especially on a so-called “internal” cure (i.e., religious piety and repentance), the latter proposed mostly “external” means (i.e., quarantine measures and herbal medicine) to avoid the plague and be rid of it. There seems to have existed, however, a third set of interpretations: that of folk beliefs and practices, i.e., sorcery and magic. According to the files, a number of so-called “wise women” also attempted to cure the plague-stricken by magical means. The third set of interpretations and their implied practices were not tolerated by either of the other two. The author provides a detailed micro-historical analysis of local events and the social and religious discourses into which they were embedded.

La Storia dell’Età Moderna nelle „Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Biblioteken“: lo specchio di un secolo di ricerche

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Irene Fosi
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Papal Court

AbstractThe article examines the topics relating to the early modern period covered by the journal „Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken“ in the hundred volumes since its first publication. Thanks to the index (1898–1995), published in 1997 and the availability online on the website perpectivia.net (since 1958), it is possible to identify constants and changes in historiographical interests. Initially, the focus was on the publication of sources in the Vatican Secret Archive (now the Vatican Apostolic Archive) relating to the history of Germany. The topics covered later gradually broadened to include the history of the Papacy, the social composition of the Curia and the Papal court and Papal diplomacy with a specific focus on nunciatures, among others. Within a lively historiographical context, connected to historical events in Germany in the 20th century, attention to themes and sources relating to the Middle Ages continues to predominate with respect to topics connected to the early modern period.

Green Politics and the New Class: Selfishness or Virtue?

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn Eckersley
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Green Movement ◽  
New Class ◽  
Green Parties ◽  
New Middle Class ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Green Politics ◽  
Material Values

The predominantly new middle-class social composition of the green movement has become a matter of increasing interest in the wake of the success of green parties and the growth of an international green movement. This paper considers the concept of the ‘new class' in relation to two explanations for the social composition of the green movement. The class-interest argument seeks to show that green politics is a means of furthering either middle-class or new-class interests while the ‘new childhood’ argument claims that the development of the green movement is the result of the spread of post-material values, the main bearers of which are the new class. Against these arguments a more comprehensive explanation is presented, which focuses on the education of the new class and its relative structural autonomy from the production process.

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