scholarly journals Incentives and disincentives for employment growth in the Russian small and medium-sized enterprise sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1151-1176
Author(s):  
Sergei R. MURAV'EV
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Business Regulation ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Support Employment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Public Policy Instruments

Subject. I investigate the specifics of the State support impact on changes and structure of employment in the Russian sector of small and medium-sized businesses. Objectives. The aim is to identify factors and conditions that have a stimulating and limiting effect on changes in employment indicators in the said sector. Methods. The hypothesis of the study is that the change in the formal employment scale in the medium-term is determined by factors in the external business environment and the costs-benefits ratio of activities in the informal sector. To test the hypothesis, I perform a comparative analysis of scientific research results, study the data of the Federal Tax Service of Russia, and surveys of small businesses. The article employs the classification of business regulation methods, which can be divided into support measures and incentive instruments of direct and indirect influence. Results. The analysis confirmed the hypothesis in general, and made it possible to identify the factors of the dynamics and restructuring of employment. During 2016–2019, insufficient market demand and high degree of risk influenced the dynamics of the number of employees of SMEs more than indirect effects of government support measures. Public policy instruments stimulating employment were targeted, primarily, at sole proprietors and self-employed. In 2020, the government used new instruments to encourage and support employment, which proved to be efficient. Conclusions. It seems realistic to achieve the national target of the number of employed in the considered sector by 2024.

scholarly journals THE EVALUATION OF THE EXPEDIENCY’S DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORT OF SMALL INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RUSSIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anzhela Litvinova ◽  
Denis Paleev
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Government Support ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Business Entities

This article analyzes the situation of innovative approaches to building business processes and interaction between universities, the government,  and representatives of the business environment. A methodology is proposed by the authors for calculating the feasibility of government support for small innovative enterprises (SIEs) as independent small business entities organized at higher educational institutions of the Russian Federation, the activities of which are aimed at research, development, implementation, and commercialization.The importance and role of small innovative entrepreneurship in the economy of the country and large cities is becoming the main world trend. Russia is trying to match its innovation strategy in small business, but the success is, unfortunately, still negligible. On the part of the government, millions of rubles are allocated to support small innovative entrepreneurship, as well as the construction of technology parks, the creation of business incubators, technological laboratories, and platforms being organized at universities in order to ensure the implementation of innovative projects. In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 217-FL of August 2, 2009, universities were able to register small innovative enterprises on their territory as independent small businesses in the sphere of innovative development, whose activities are focused mainly on the commercialization of intellectual property objects and their active promotion in the market.Nevertheless, the implementation of new technologies and know-how is associated with greater risks of SIEs and needs a methodical approach to assess the appropriateness of providing government support to such enterprises. We are going to consider and calculate the indicator of the feasibility of government support for a small innovative enterprise in the amount of 50 million rubles for a period of five years for its development and will prove the increase in the efficiency of the enterprise and the possibilities for its development through the government support mechanisms for innovations.

scholarly journals Persons of Pre-Retirement Age in the Labour Market: Employment Problems and Support Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1178-1192
Author(s):  
Natalya A. Chernykh ◽  
Anna N. Tarasova ◽  
Andrey E. Syrchin
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Age Discrimination ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
The Government

The problem of age discrimination in the labour sector has become even more relevant, as the increase in the retirement age and the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia reinforce ageism. The article aims to assess the incidence of age discrimination in the labour market of the Sverdlovsk Region and examine employers’ behaviour towards people nearing retirement. The mixed methodology includes quantitative (analysis of statistics, questionnaire survey, content analysis) and qualitative (in-depth interviews with employers) research methods. While in the 1990s age discrimination was evident and expressed in the exclusion of older workers from the employment sector, now age discrimination is latent and has different manifestations. The results showed that people aged over 45 have less job opportunities in the labour market. Thus, most of them choose to maintain employment. This strategy, however, does not protect against other discriminatory practices such as displacement to less paid positions, reduced pay rate, etc. This situation leads to the decrease in the average wage of workers aged 50-55 by approximately 25%. We can conclude that employers did not change their behaviour and continue using discriminatory practices to maximise the return on human capital, shifting the risks of pension reform to employees. The government is trying to smooth over the differences between the effectiveness of the regional economic system, focused on maximising the use of regional human resources, and the effectiveness of individual organisations by protecting labour rights and promoting the employment of people nearing retirement. However, the government support measures mainly focus on training or retraining of people aged over 50, while employers lack economic incentives to reconsider their attitude towards older workers. Thus, we recommend developing governmental mechanisms for encouraging employers to change their personnel policy concerning employees aged over 50.

scholarly journals Structural changes in the agricultural sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 00181
Author(s):  
Maria Tyapkina ◽  
Viktor Samaruha ◽  
Elena Ilina ◽  
Yulia Mongush
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Government Support ◽  
The Government ◽  
Simplified Procedures ◽  
Collective Farms

The article aims to describe structural changes in the agrarian sector of Irkutsk region caused by the government support for small businesses, simplified procedures for farm registering, accounting for property and production results, and taxation, which contributed to the development of peasant farming. The government support is required, but it can change the structure of areas and gross grain crops since peasant farms increase quantitative indicators rather than improve quality parameters (yield, productivity). This is especially true for the animal husbandry sector. With changes in government policies and decreasing government support, it will be difficult for individual farms to exist, since they lag behind collective farms in terms of maneuverability, financial capabilities, production and credit resources, which can cause new structural changes in a benefit for agricultural holdings. The government policy aimed at preserving the traditional way of life of the rural population should stimulate both the development of rural areas and agricultural production, and prevent the disintegration of collective farms that have competitive advantages

scholarly journals АНАЛІЗ МІЖНАРОДНОГО ДОСВІДУ ПЕРЕДАЧІ ІННОВАЦІЙНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ВІД УНІВЕРСИТЕТІВ ДО ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА

2021 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Олена М. Ніфатова ◽  
Владислав В. Святецький
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
National Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Knowledge Triangle ◽  
The Government

The article seeks to explore best international practices of innovation technology transfer from higher education institutions to business environment from the position of an expanded approach to understanding the concept of "technology transfer" in world practice which is used to cover a wider range of activities (in particular, through boosting technology transfer practices in universities as a separate activity type within the traditional knowledge triangle: education – research – business. In this context, technology transfer is viewed as a process of knowledge exchange, including consultancy, joint research, contract-based research as well as other forms of joint new knowledge creation. The study offers insights into best practices in the four top 20 world countries by the highest payment rates for the use of intellectual property which contributes to better understanding of the pathways to develop an effective system of technology transfer in Ukraine. It is argued that Ukrainian universities should create targeted centres for technology transfer with government support and implement best international experience of building similar systems in the developed countries (USA, Japan, France, Spain, etc.). The research findings have revealed that in most developed world countries with the highest royalty rates for the use of intellectual property, the best way to ensure an effective technology transfer is to create an organisational network where at a regional or at the national level a centre is established that accumulates not only financial and human resources but also generates information database and accumulates best practice to enhance and spur the effective commercialization of university R&D. In the context of the key strategic guidelines in technology transfer development for Ukrainian universities, it is suggested they should focus on the following priorities: promoting innovation research and development to respond to market demands; establishing research centres and science parks; increasing the motivation of academic staff for more active research and startup project engagement following the principle of "education through research", as well as the creation of a full-service centre that will carry out a full cycle of activities to support research commercialization, both in universities and at the government level.

scholarly journals Is Ex-Post Fiscal Support to PPPs Sustainable? Analysis of Government Loans Granted to Shadow-Toll Roads in Spain: A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Laura Garrido ◽  
José Manuel Vassallo
Keyword(s):  
Government Support ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Economics Of Contracts ◽  
Fiscal Support ◽  
The Government ◽  
Private Financing

Budgetary constraints are prompting many governments to encourage private financing of transport infrastructure through public–private partnerships (PPPs). Fiscal support measures are often used to improve the financial feasibility of PPPs and to rebalance the economics of contracts to compensate for government-imposed changes. In the latter case, information asymmetry, political haste, and lack of competition may lead to poor government decisions in establishing support measures. Furthermore, lack of government support may lead to early termination of contracts and non-implementation of projects with high potential social benefits. This paper analyzes the awarding of subordinated public participation loans (SPPLs) to 10 brownfield shadow-toll highway PPPs in Spain after the government imposed additional works. It is hypothesized that, given the political importance of the projects and the viability problems they soon experienced, the government may not have set out the terms of SPPLs efficiently. This paper evaluates the financial and social impacts of awarding these loans to three of these projects to assess whether the government’s decision to support them was justified from a sustainable perspective. The results show that, while the government’s decision was reasonable, the design of the SPPL and its awarding conditions should be improved to ensure the public interest.

scholarly journals Models for government-nonprofits partnerships: a comparative analysis of policies for AIDS, social assistance and culture in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 802-820
Author(s):  
Patrícia Maria Emerenciano de Mendonça ◽  
Anny Karine de Medeiros ◽  
Edgilson Tavares de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Interaction Design ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Government ◽  
Public Policy Instruments ◽  
Partnership Models

Abstract This study contributes to the research on partnership models by comparing different policy areas, testing the existing typologies and developing new forms of analysis for the Brazilian context. The literature on partnerships regarding the nonprofit sector is focused on the great diversity of these organizations and the types of relationship they establish with the government to provide services. Most empirical studies on this issue seek to establish categories for the partnerships analyzed, usually comparing countries or policy areas on a macro level. This study observes how partnership models help to understand the differences among policy areas, observing cases in the areas of AIDS, social assistance, and culture in Brazil. The research introduced field level variables and organizational variables to establish clearer differences among the models, and to identify where they overlap. Differences among the models helped to test relational variables and use the partnership models to analyze the public policy areas on the interaction design with nonprofits. As for political implications, this study provides recommendations to advance in a governmental agenda on partnerships that can combine general guidelines with particularities related to each policy area. Finally, the study indicates that partnerships should be considered public policy instruments.

scholarly journals Objective Need for Macro-Environment Analysis in the Sphere of Small and Medium-Sized Business

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merim Koichueva
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Positive Tendency ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact

In Kyrgyzstan, are 10 399 small businesses and 710 medium-sized enterprises. Most of them are headed by entrepreneurs who, starting from scratch, overcome countless obstacles, as many entrepreneurs do not have the notion and skills in doing business. But, nevertheless, there is a positive tendency in entrepreneurs to get knowledge on the legal conditions of the enterprise, taxation, accounting, analysis of their financial condition, and business planning. All this knowledge is necessary, but they cover the microlevel, while for an adequate, sustainable and profitable development there is an objective need for analyzing the macro environment of the business. In this report, we will consider the relevance of the use of certain marketing tools with which you can identify the threats and opportunities facing domestic business, as well as assess the impact of global factors that predetermine the future development of the business environment. Research in this area is currently being carried out by the Institute of Economics of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic within the framework of the Government Development Program "Jany Doordo - kyrk kadam (2018-2023) Kadam 8" Support for Small and Medium Enterprises.

scholarly journals Women Micro-Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh: Socio-Economic Aspects and Factors Affecting Their Development

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ms Nasima ◽  
Naznin Alam
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationship ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Proper Training ◽  
The Government ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Social Empowerment

This paper is dealing with women’s entrepreneurial activities according to socio-economic aspects and the factors affecting their developments. Here, micro-entrepreneurship is focused mainly. Women micro-entrepreneurs are now holding a large number of enterprises creating employment, fastening the speed of economic growth and making social empowerment. In-spite of the significant role-played, their position in many areas of Bangladesh leaves much to be desired. This study aims to provide a micro-level perspective of different challenges faced by women micro-entrepreneurs in the Bangladeshi socioeconomic context and their future prospects. The study adopted a selfadministered questionnaires and interviews with women micro-entrepreneurs engaged in diverse sectors. The findings show that Bangladeshi women microentrepreneurs face an unfavorable business environment that is characterized by various challenges ranging from low technical, administrative and government support, lack of scope of professional development and bad interpersonal relationship. The findings also highlight the socio-economic characteristics such as age, marital status, educational status and starting age of business. We have found that married and above 25 years women are more likely to be micro-entrepreneurs. They do not get proper training but the government is being more positive in this regard, as they can get the loan easily. Hence, with family as well as government support they are becoming empowered day by day DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbt.v9i1.22778 Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka) Vol.9(1) 2014; 53-70

scholarly journals AGROINDUSTRI BERBASIS TEH RAKYAT SEBAGAI USAHA MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN PETANI TEH

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucyana Trimo ◽  
Syarif Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
System Thinking ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tea Shoot ◽  
Small Holder

ABSTRAKPeluang berkembangnya agroindustri teh rakyat cukup besar, akibat semakin tingginya permintaan pasar luar negeri dan dalam negeri dalam bentuk“instant tea”.Namun, kondisi tersebut belum dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik oleh petani teh maupun pelaku agroindustri teh rakyat. Ini terlihat dari, rendahnya produktivitas kebun teh milik petani, sehingga kurang dapat memenuhi permintaan pucuk teh oleh pelaku agroindustri the rakyat. Selanjutnya, pelaku agroindustri teh rakyat hanya dapat mengolah pucuk tehnya dalam bentuk teh hijau (curah) dengan harga yang murah. Akibatnya, pihak agroindustri teh rakyat membeli pucuk dari petani dengan harga murah dan mutu rendah. Penelitian  dilakukan untuk mengkaji kendala yang dihadapi dan keberlanjutan agro-industri teh. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan studi deskriptif survey. Tempat penelitian  yang dipilih  adalah Kabupaten: Garut (Kecamatan Cisurupan), Cianjur (Kecamatan Sukanagara) dan Bandung (Kecamatan Pasirjambu), yang  merupakan sentra teh di Provinsi Jawa Barat.Data diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan:pejabat pada instansi pemerintah, koperasi, pabrikan, asosiasi petani teh, kelompok tani, serta  petaniteh  yang diambil secara purposive. Sedangkan responden diambil secara proposional dari ketiga wilayah penelitian, dansetiap kecamatan diambil 30 orang petani teh. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif, dengan pendekatan system thinking.  Kendala yang dihadapi agroindustri teh rakyat, yaitu masih kurang dalam: 1) ketersediaan pucuk teh sebagai bahan baku, 2) pengetahuan untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah pucuk teh, 3) kemampuan penyediaan modal dan mesin olah pucuk teh, dan  4) dukungan pemerintah dalam mempromosikan teh olahan rakyat (misalnya: dalam rapat atau kegiatan yang berlangsung di pemerintahan belum memanfaatkan produk olahan teh dari petani). Kondisi ini berdampak terhadap keberlanjutan agroindustri teh rakyat.Kata kunci: agroindustri, berkelanjutan, kemandirian, nilai tambah, teh rakyat. ABSTRACT The increasing market demand, abroad and domestically in the form of "instant tea" (food, beverage, pharmaceutical, cosmetics), and also support from the higher government through GPATN program makes the oopportunities of tea small holder groups into tea agro-industry business is quite huge.But infact, this opportunity cannot be utilized properly by tea small holder. Most of the tea small holders still sell their products in the form oftea fresh leaf. This research was conducted to investigate the constrain of tea small holder in agroindustry development.The study was conducted using a survey descriptive study approach. Selected location research is located at the center of tea small holder in West Java province, i.e.District of Garut, Cianjur and Bandung. In this research, the data were collected by interviews with relevant parties, i.e. officials at government agencies, cooperatives, manufacturers, associations of tea farmers, tea small holder groups, and tea farmers.While respondents were taken proportionally from the three study areas, and each district was taken by 30 tea farmers. Data were analyzed descriptively, with a system thinking approach. Constraints faced by the tea tea agro-industry, which are still lacking in: 1) the availability of tea shoots as raw materials, 2) knowledge to increase the added value of tea tops, 3) the ability to provide capital and tea shoot machines, and 4) government support in promoting tea processed by the people (for example: in meetings or activities that take place in the government have not utilized tea processing products from farmers). This condition has an impact on the sustainability of the people's tea agro-industry.Key words : agro-industry, independence,sustainability,tea small holder, value added

scholarly journals Modelos para parcerias entre governos e organizações da sociedade civil: análise comparativa de políticas de AIDS, assistência social e cultura no Brasil

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 802-820
Author(s):  
Patrícia Maria Emerenciano de Mendonça ◽  
Anny Karine de Medeiros ◽  
Edgilson Tavares de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Interaction Design ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Organizational Variables ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Government ◽  
Public Policy Instruments ◽  
Partnership Models

Abstract This study contributes to the research on partnership models by comparing different policy areas, testing the existing typologies and developing new forms of analysis for the Brazilian context. The literature on partnerships regarding the nonprofit sector is focused on the great diversity of these organizations and the types of relationship they establish with the government to provide services. Most empirical studies on this issue seek to establish categories for the partnerships analyzed, usually comparing countries or policy areas on a macro level. This study observes how partnership models help to understand the differences among policy areas, observing cases in the areas of AIDS, social assistance, and culture in Brazil. The research introduced field level variables and organizational variables to establish clearer differences among the models, and to identify where they overlap. Differences among the models helped to test relational variables and use the partnership models to analyze the public policy areas on the interaction design with nonprofits. As for political implications, this study provides recommendations to advance in a governmental agenda on partnerships that can combine general guidelines with particularities related to each policy area. Finally, the study indicates that partnerships should be considered public policy instruments.

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