The Soviet and Western theories of financial management – The competition or the partnership?

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 991-1016
Author(s):  
A.G. Lukin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Dialectical Approach ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Effective System

Subject. This article explores the main points of the theory of financial management, developed within the framework of the Western general theory of finance, and the theory of financial management developed in the Soviet Union. Objectives. The article aims to substantiate an idea that these theories are complementary, and their harmonious application can help build the most effective system of financial relations management at both the macro-and microeconomic levels. Methods. For the study, I used a dialectical approach and the methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis, and historical analysis. Results. The article substantiates the point that the methodology of Western financial management theory is aimed at managing external financial flows and combating external financial risks. It notes that the Soviet theory regulates methods and techniques of financial management within the business entity or the State. Conclusions. Theoretical updating of the Soviet practices of financial management combined with the modern achievements of financial management theory will create conditions for the formation of an optimal financial management structure at both the micro-and macroeconomic levels. This can improve the efficiency of financial management, in general. Renewed interest in the theoretical developments of the Soviet Union will contribute to the development of financial science at the present stage.

The development of trade relations between the Republic of Cyprus and the Soviet Union (1960-1963)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 258-263
Author(s):  
Argyrios Tasoulas
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Cyprus

This article studies the development of Soviet-Cypriot trade relations in 1960-63, based on research at the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (AVP RF). Concurrently, a historical analysis follows the events after the creation of the new Cypriot state and the two major Cold War crises (the building of the Berlin wall and the Cuban missile crisis). The efforts made by both governments to develop bilateral trade, the aftermath of the two major international crises and the results of the two governments’ policies have been identified and analyzed.

scholarly journals Diseases of the Indigenous Peoples of Yakutia in Photo Projects of the Late XIX ‒ First Third of the XX Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-119
Author(s):  
Stepanova Lena B. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Foreign Population ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Medical Photography

Disease theme of indigenous population of the Northern national outskirts of Russia, as well as the study of special knowledge in the field of traditional medicine and healing practices, for a long time belonged to the taboo part of knowledge. However, at the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a turning point in the visual culture of region, when the picture of diseases was expressed through the camera and became public. There are works of photographers documenting the course of the most dangerous diseases, such as leprosy and external manifestations of mental disorders. The aim of this study is to study external factors that influenced the genesis of the “medical” series of visual images of the population of Northeast Asia. The research methodology is based on a cultural and historical analysis of the events that preceded its appearance and subsequent application in medical practice in order to document the course of diseases in the Soviet period. This article presents the results of a brief review of the prehistory of the “medical” direction in ethnographic photography of the Yakut region. The circle of photographers of the Yakut region is defined, where stories illustrating the diseases that the local population suffered from are reflected. At the beginning of the twentieth century, footage of medical practices and shamanistic rituals for healing were presented in the photo projects by I. V. Popov and A. P. Kurochkin. In the 1920s-1930s. the genre of “medical photography” is represented by the works of the doctor-epidemiologist T. A. Kolpakova, military surgeon E. A. Dubrovin, unknown with the initial “D”, who worked in the medical detachment of the Commission for the Study the Productive Forces of the Yakut Republic (CYR) The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and the People’s Committee the Health of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The experience of studying this topic serves as a clear illustration of the specifics of the region and in some way confirms the conclusions made by the participants of numerous expeditions that studied the foreign population of the Yakut region and predicted the inevitable extinction in the future. Keywords: medical anthropology, anthropology of disease, visual research, indigenous people, visual text, visual sources

VOKS, Cultural Diplomacy and the Shadow of the Lubianka: Olavi Paavolainen’s 1939 Visit to the Soviet Union

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1022-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ville Laamanen
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Vice Chairman ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Network Building ◽  
Foreign Countries

Existing scholarship suggests that Stalin’s Great Terror of 1936–8 seriously undermined Soviet cultural diplomacy and forced its main promoter, the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (VOKS), to succumb to the strict control of the party and secret police. By contrast, this article argues that by the spring and summer of 1939 VOKS was recovering from stagnation and reintroducing customs from before the Great Terror. Through a micro-historical analysis of Finnish writer Olavi Paavolainen’s exceptionally long visit to the Soviet Union between May and August 1939, the article demonstrates how case studies of select VOKS operations can explain many of the dilemmas and peculiarities of Soviet cultural diplomacy during the thus far scantily researched 1939–41 period. By focusing on the interactions between Paavolainen, the VOKS vice-chairman Grigori Kheifets and Soviet writers, the article illustrates that after the purges, VOKS continued its efforts to disseminate a positive and controlled image of Soviet life by complex means that linked propaganda with network-building. Finally, the article highlights the role of individuals in cultural diplomacy and explores how an outsider perceived the Great Terror’s effects on Soviet cultural intelligentsia.

scholarly journals Ethnosociological Studies in the Republic of Mordovia in 1990–2010: A Retrospective Analysis

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Kozin ◽  
Sergey G. Ushkin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Ethnic Tension ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Public Policy Regulation

Introduction. Ethnosociological monitoring in a polyethnic region is conducted not only due to the need for an assessment of the public policy regulation in this field, but also due to the increase in the heuristic potential for preventing various kinds of social conflicts. The objective of the paper is to identify the dynamics of the development of interethnic relations in the Republic of Mordovia and the influence of various stratification processes on the development of ethnic relations, based on a comparative analysis of scientific studies. Materials and Methods. Regular sociological measurements carried out by the Research Institute of Regionology under Ogarev Mordovia State University and by the Scientific Center for Social and Economic Monitoring in 1990–2010 were used as the research materials. The interpretation of the results was carried out using the institutional, comparative and natural historical methods. Results. The main trends in the development of mass consciousness of the population of a polyethnic region in the context of various socio-political periods of the development of Russia have been revealed: from the ‘parade of sovereignties’ that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union to the reactualization of the ideology of a strong multiethnic Russian state. It has been emphasized that over the years, the main reasons exerting a negative impact on the nature of interethnic relations have mainly been not the interethnic conflicts, but the politically or economically marked factors (the economic crisis, inflation, appointment to managerial posts based on the ethnicity of a person, income inequality between representatives of different ethnic origins, etc.). Discussion and Conclusion. Although interethnic relations in the Republic of Mordovia has almost never achieved an increased level of conflict, the republic’s leadership was able to build an effective system for regulating them, which made it possible to minimize the degree of social and ethnic tension in society. The article may be useful to scientists and practitioners in the field of the development of interethnic relations and to all those interested in the issues of ethnosociology.

scholarly journals Institutionalization of morality on the example of the comrades’ courts of the 20th century

Polylogos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (№ 3 (17)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Sofia Glebova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Comparative Historical Analysis ◽  
New Type ◽  
Type Of Institution

In the context of the general actualization of ethical issues a new type of institution of moral assessment is more and more in demand, which are ethical commissions. When conducting a comparative analysis of the procedure for meetings of ethical commissions and comrade courts, a number of coincidences are found, which give grounds for referring to historical experience as a basis for (un) recognition of the effectiveness of such an approach. The aim of the study is to provide the most complete description of the experience of comradely ships during the period of the most active work in the Soviet Union. Traditionally, comrades' courts are considered from the point of view of legal practice, in this sense, this article is of interest to the scientific community. Using the method of comparative historical analysis, as well as with the help of a specific sociological approach, the process of development of fellow authors and the influence of the institution on society were analyzed. The materials of decisions, decrees and decrees regulating the work of comrade courts were studied, assessments of specialists on this issue, including contemporaries and drafters of regulatory documents, and research on the culture of our time, which makes it possible to determine the degree of influence of comrade courts on public morality and on society as a whole. The reasons for the incomplete fulfillment of the tasks facing the institute in different periods of activity are considered, and general recommendations are formulated for the development of these commissions on the basis of grounds.  

REFORMING THE CREDIT SYSTEM IN THE USSR IN THE PERIOD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-194
Author(s):  
Yury F. Likholetov ◽  
Igor A. Grigoriev
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Military ◽  
Further Development

Introduction. In modern Russia, even today, the process started back in the 1990s continues to gain momentum – the emergence of state-monopoly capitalism. This phenomenon always includes such a feature as centralization in the economic and political spheres of public life. The concentration in the hands of the state of the mechanism for the regulation of economic processes in a country is not always negative. There are enough examples in history to prove this thesis. The purpose of this article is to show a positive example of competent centralization of the economic sector, referring to the experience of reforming the credit system in the Soviet Union during the period of industrialization. The authors of the article strive to demonstrate an example of an effective mechanism for maneuvering means, as well as to evaluate the results of this process. Materials and methods. This research is based on traditional methods used in Russian historical science: problem-chronological, systemic, and comparative-historical. Results. The reform of the credit and banking sector carried out in the Soviet Union was a logical conclusion to the centralization of the country’s internal economic management system, which enabled the state to take a more precise approach to planning, distribution and, most importantly, to accounting for funds. Discussion and Conclusion. The result of the reform was that all financial flows concentrated in the hands of the state proceeded in the order strictly established by the party, in accordance with a single political line. In turn, this made it possible to create a base for maneuver with the means that went to strengthen the defense – industrial complex and qualitatively re-equip the army. The development of centralization, in fact, became the basis for the further development of the military economy with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

scholarly journals Financial Control in the Transition from Classical Socialism to a Market Economy

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald I McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Average Price ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Soviet Union

The transition from socialism to capitalism poses severe problems of financial management that have yet to be resolved in principle, let alone in practice. One unfortunate consequence is continual financial turmoil as socialist economies of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe attempt reform. Inflation, either open or repressed, first accompanies and then undermines attempts to decentralize decision-making. But why should the transition from central planning to a market economy be inflationary? Understanding the system of financial control in the preexisting regime of “classical” socialism is the key to understanding what might go wrong in the transition. I discuss how in a more deliberate transition, domestic tax and monetary arrangements might be managed to keep the average price level stable as the market prices of individual goods and services become free to fluctuate, and suggest complementary policies governing tariffs and foreign exchange convertability in the move toward free foreign trade.

scholarly journals The Creation of a Contemporary Estonian Identity

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Taylor Trummel
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Citizenship Laws

With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and subsequent independence of Estonia, the power-holding ethnic Russians suddenly found themselves as outcast minorities within the borders of this Baltic country. Various legal and social measures taken by Estonia to reassert its cultural history and political power marginalized c in the country. In creating a modern state, Estonia’s interest to identify with the European community prompted its effort to join the European Union. Such motivation pushed the nation toward multilateral negotiations to comply with requirements of international standards for the fair treatment of minorities. In this paper, an analysis of the implications of historical narratives in identity formation and minority marginalization offers a lens to examine the power of multilateral organizations in providing oversight and incentives to newly independent states. This oversight can be perceived to be in humanitarian interest, but should also be considered for its economic and geopolitical interests. Estonia’s citizenship laws, European identity, and stateless persons provide a case study for such historical analysis.

scholarly journals Regional Integration in Central Asia: Efforts and Results

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nargiza Sakmurzaeva
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Economic Organizations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Central Asian Countries

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Central Asian countries have created and joined many regional economic organizations. The aim of this paper is to identify the efforts and obstacles of regional integration and cooperation in Central Asia against the international experience with regional integration in Europe. At present, the governments of Central Asian countries have still not realized the network's function and advantage of regional integration. Since 2000’s integration process in Central Asia conducted by Russia’s initiatives. So regional integration which could include only five Central Asian countries became unreal. This paper examines why today there is no Central Asian Union? In order to analyze the topic were used books written by Dadabayev, Karasar and Kushkumbaev, Dikkaya, papers by Zeyrek, Linn, Erol and Shahin. As the methods of analysis were used comparative method of analysis and historical analysis.

scholarly journals ANALYTIC REVIEW OF THE OPINIONS ON MOLDOVA AND HUNGARY ADOPTED AT THE 111th PLENARY SESSION OF THE VENICE COMMISSION

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-166
Author(s):  
Вероника Черенкова ◽  
Veronika Cherenkova ◽  
Яна Лебедева ◽  
Yana Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Plenary Session ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Venice Commission

This article is an analytic review of the most significant opinions adopted within the framework of the 111th Plenary Session of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), which was held in Venice on 16—17 June 2017. The authors clarify the conclusions of the Venice Commission regarding the Proposal by the President of the Republic of Moldova to supplement the Constitution in order to enlarge powers of the President to dissolve Parliament, which may lead to a gradual change in the form of government from the parliamentary one to the mixed or presidential one. In particular, it was noted that the first form of government is traditionally considered preferable, but the Venice Commission believes that any form of government can meet democratic standards, if the law provides an effective system of checks and balances. The article also considers recommendations made by the Commission on the Draft law relating to the electoral system for the election of the Parliament. The authors highlighted similar legislative provisions in countries which are on transition stage after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Further the conclusions of the Commission on the Draft Law on the Transparency of Organisations Receiving Foreign Funds were analyzed. It is noted, that recommendations made by the experts of the Venice Commission are relevant not only within the legal systems of these countries, but also are important for understanding the legal changes taking place in our country.

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