Parts of Speech in Kinyarwanda

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa  Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Field Work ◽  
The State ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Semantic Concepts ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Traditional Grammar ◽  
Relationship Of

Traditional grammar holds that parts of speech have broad semantic definitions: verbs are actions, nouns are entities, adjectives are states of being, and prepositions denote locations (Baker, 2003). This view is problematic, however, given that semantic concepts are lexicalized differently across languages. For example, through my field work with a native speaker of Kinyarwanda (Bantu family, spoken in  Central Africa), I have found that in this language, states can be lexicalized as adjectives, nouns, or verbs: (1) umugabo ni munini “The man is big” ADJECTIVE MAN IS LARGE (2) imbwa n’ umweru  “The dog is white” NOUN DOG IS WHITE (3) imbwa yera “The dog is white” VERB  DOG BE.WHITE The state of “being big” appears as an adjective, while the state of “being white” can be both a noun (2) and  a verb (3). The difference in category is appears to be motivated by the relative permanence of the state in  question. A changing (or changeable) state is encoded as a verb (3). To reflect a permanent/unchanging  state, an adjective or noun is used (1­2). Because the inventory of adjectives in Kinyarwanda is extremely  limited, many “adjectival” permanent states are encoded as nouns. This alternation demonstrates the central role of Aspect (defined as a linguistic function that “characterizes the relationship of a predicate to  the time interval over which it occurs” (Chung and Timberlake 1985:213)) in the lexicalization process. Aspect in Kinyarwanda takes the form of a verbal suffix, thereby necessitating the use of a verb when the state undergoes some sort of change. This phenomenon provides evidence that parts of speech are defined  at least in part by a language’s syntactic requirements above and beyond broader semantic generalizations.

scholarly journals The official name of the Russian state in the domestic norm-making practice of the second half of the XIXth century

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
I. V. Ganusenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Relationship Of

Consideration in the scientific article The question of the relationship of the regulatory terminology used as the official name of the Russian state is due to the problem of the absence of a single scientific approach in determining its semantic content and is dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the proclamation of the name of the state “Russian Empire”. The features of the rulemaking practice on the official consolidation of the name of the state with the simultaneous use of regulatory terms “Russia”, “Russian Empire”, “Empire” and “Russian State”, having an equivalent semantic value in the name of the same state that operated in the specific historical period of its development. Allocated the generals patterns of the applied context of said terminology in regulatory legal acts of various sectoral affiliation. It was concluded that there is no synonymous properties and the difference in the context of the contents of the second half of the XIX century the terms “Russia” and “Russian Empire”, which are used by the domestic legislator, which is used depending on the type and subject of regulated public relations.

scholarly journals O Turismo de Base Comunitária em uma comunidade ribeirinha da Amazônia: O Caso de Anã na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns, Santarém (PA)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elcivânia de Oliveira Barreto ◽  
Maria Goretti da Costa Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Third Sector ◽  
Field Work ◽  
The State ◽  
Production Of Space ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Extractive Reserve ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Tourism Community

EstEste artigo visou analisar a relação do turismo de base comunitária e o uso do território na comunidade ribeirinha de Anã no município de Santarém, estado do Pará. Sendo assim, neste artigo, trazemos uma breve análise do turismo de base comunitária desenvolvido em Anã, uma comunidade ribeirinha situada em uma unidade de conservação localizada no município de Santarém, denominada de Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns. Neste estudo, ainda levamos em consideração o papel do Estado e da ONG Projeto Saúde e Alegria na produção do espaço para o TBC. Desta forma, realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica sobre TBC, Estado e Terceiro Setor, fundamental para subsidiar a realização do trabalho de campo. Destarte, partimos da premissa que o turismo de base comunitária é uma contraponto ao turismo convencional, por assim dizer uma contra-racionalidade hegemônica. E é dentro dessa abordagem, que identificamos que o turismo de base comunitária desenvolvido em Anã, ainda não se configura como uma contra-racionalidade, uma vez que a ONG PSA atua com hegemonia frente ao turismo de base comunitária, e isso se perpetua principalmente pelas ações e inações do Estado na comunidade ribeirinha de Anã. The Tourism Community Based on a riverside community of the Amazon: The Case of Anã in Extractive Reserve Tapajos-Arapiuns, Santarém (PA, Brazil) ABSTRACT This article aimed to analyze the relationship of community-based tourism and the use of land in the riverside community of Anã in the municipality of Santarém, state of Pará (Brazil). So in this article we bring brief analysis of community-based tourism developed in Anã, a riverside community located in a protected area in the municipality of Santarém, called Extractive Reserve Tapajos-Arapiuns. This study also took into account the role of the state and the NGO Projeto Saúde e Alegria – PSA in the production of space for TBC. Thus, we conducted a literature review of TBC, State and Third Sector, critical to support the preparation of field work. Thus, we assume that the community-based tourism is a counterpoint to conventional tourism, so to speak a hegemonic counter-rationality. And it is within this approach, we identified that the community-based tourism developed in Anã, is not yet configured as a counter-rationality, since the PSA NGO operates with front hegemony to community-based tourism, and this is mainly perpetuated by actions and inactions of the State in the riverside community Anã. KEYWORDS: Community Based Tourism; Riverside Community of Anã; State; NGO Projeto Saúde e Alegria.

scholarly journals STATUS AND PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINANCIAL MARKET IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-145
Author(s):  
Naida Magomedova
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the state and problems of the development of the financial market of Russia at the present stage. The relationship of the Russian and world financial markets is shown. The position of the Central Bank as a mega-regulator in relation to the prospects for the development of the financial market is determined. The position of the Central Bank and research economists are correlated. The conclusion is made about the difference in approaches in describing the problems of the financial market

Analysis of the horizontal structure of a measurement and control geodetic network based on entropy

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mrówczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Geodetic Network ◽  
The State ◽  
Observation System ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Optimum Structure ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measurement And Control ◽  
Horizontal Displacements

Abstract The paper attempts to determine an optimum structure of a directional measurement and control network intended for investigating horizontal displacements. For this purpose it uses the notion of entropy as a logarithmical measure of probability of the state of a particular observation system. An optimum number of observations results from the difference of the entropy of the vector of parameters ΔHX̂ (x)corresponding to one extra observation. An increment of entropy interpreted as an increment of the amount of information about the state of the system determines the adoption or rejection of another extra observation to be carried out.

TO THE PROBLEMS OF COMBATING CORRUPTION IN MODERN RUSSIA AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF ANTI-CORRUPTION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Dranishnikova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Moral Point ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

In the article, the author reflects the existing problems of the fight against corruption in the Russian Federation. He focuses on the opacity of the work of state bodies, leading to an increase in bribery and corruption. The topic we have chosen is socially exciting in our days, since its significance is growing on a large scale at all levels of the investigated aspect of our modern life. Democratic institutions are being jeopardized, the difference in the position of social strata of society in society’s access to material goods is growing, and the state of society is suffering from the moral point of view, citizens are losing confidence in the government, and in the top officials of the state.

Konsep Distribusi Pendapatan Dalam Islam

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Moh. Ah. Subhan ZA
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The main problem of social life in the community is about how to make the allocation and distribution of income well. Inequality and poverty basically arise not because of the difference of anyone’s strength and weakness in getting livelihood, but because of inappropriate distribution mechanism. With the result that wealth treasure just turns on the rich wealthy, which is in turn, results in the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.Therefore, a discussion on distribution becomes main focus of theory of Islamic economics. Moreover, the discussion of the distribution is not only related to economic issues, but also social and political aspects. On the other side, the economic vision of Islam gives priority to the guarantee of the fulfillment of a better life. Islam emphasizes distributive justice and encloses, in its system, a program for the redistribution of wealth and prosperity, so that each individual is guaranteed with a respectable and friendly standard of living. Islam recognizes private property rights, but the private property rights must be properly distributed. The personal property is used for self and family livelihood, for investment of the working capital, so that it can provide job opportunities for others, for help of the others through zakat, infaq, and shodaqoh. In this way, the wealth not only rotates on the rich, bringing on gap in social life.The problem of wealth distribution is closely related to the welfare of society. Therefore, the state has a duty to regulate the distribution of income in order that the distribution can be fair and reaches appropriate target. The state could at least attempt it by optimizing the role of BAZ (Badan Amil Zakat) and LAZ (Lembaga Amil Zakat) which has all this time been slack. If BAZ and LAZ can be optimized, author believes that inequality and poverty over time will vanish. This is because the majority of Indonesia's population is Muslim.

Survey for Transition of Normal Reaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Akbari Rahimi
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Reactive Intermediates ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Profile ◽  
Normal Reaction ◽  
Unstable Molecules ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bond Vibration ◽  
Unstable Molecule ◽  
Profile Diagram

Transition of reaction is a short-lived unstable molecule in a reaction which is formed in between the reaction when reactants change into products. Whereas, transition state is just the state before formation of new molecule (involves breaking of bonds of reactants and formation of new ones) Transition of reaction differs from a transition state in that the intermediate has a discrete lifetime (be it a few nanoseconds or many days), whereas a transition state lasts for just one bond vibration cycle. Intermediates may be unstable molecules (in which case they are called reactive intermediates) or highly stable molecules. The difference between them can be better described through the energy profile diagram.

The Political Economy of Rural-Urban Conflict

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Topher L. McDougal
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
Hierarchical Networks ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Economic Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of

In some cases of insurgency, the combat frontier is contested and erratic, as rebels target cities as their economic prey. In other cases, it is tidy and stable, seemingly representing an equilibrium in which cities are effectively protected from violent non-state actors. What factors account for these differences in the interface urban-based states and rural-based challengers? To explore this question, this book examines two regions representing two dramatically different outcomes. In West Africa (Liberia and Sierra Leone), capital cities became economic targets for rebels, who posed dire threats to the survival of the state. In Maoist India, despite an insurgent ideology aiming to overthrow the state via a strategy of progressive city capture, the combat frontier effectively firewalls cities from Maoist violence. This book argues that trade networks underpinning the economic relationship between rural and urban areas—termed “interstitial economies”—may differ dramatically in their impact on (and response to) the combat frontier. It explains rebel predatory tendencies toward cities as a function of transport networks allowing monopoly profits to be made by urban-based traders. It explains combat frontier delineation as a function of the social structure of the trade networks: hierarchical networks permit elite–elite bargains that cohere the frontier. These factors represent what might be termed respectively the “hardware” and “software” of the rural–urban economic relationship. Of interest to any student of political economy and violence, this book presents new arguments and insights about the relationships between violence and the economy, predation and production, core and periphery.

It Keeps Me Seeking

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Briggs ◽  
Hans Halvorson ◽  
Andrew Steane
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Theological Reflection ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Good Argument ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Argument From Design ◽  
Relationship Of

Two scientists and a philosopher aim to show how science both enriches and is enriched by Christian faith. The text is written around four themes: 1. God is a being to be known, not a hypothesis to be tested; 2. We set a high bar on what constitutes good argument; 3. Uncertainty is OK; 4. We are allowed to open up the window that the natural world offers us. This is not a work of apologetics. Rather, the text takes an overview of various themes and gives reactions and responses, intended to place science correctly as a valued component of the life of faith. The difference between philosophical analysis and theological reflection is expounded. Questions of human identity are addressed from philosophy, computer science, quantum physics, evolutionary biology and theological reflection. Contemporary physics reveals the subtle and open nature of physical existence, and offers lessons in how to learn and how to live with incomplete knowledge. The nature and role of miracles is considered. The ‘argument from design’ is critiqued, especially arguments from fine-tuning. Logical derivation from impersonal facts is not an appropriate route to a relationship of mutual trust. Mainstream evolutionary biology is assessed to be a valuable component of our understanding, but no exploratory process can itself fully account for the nature of what is discovered. To engage deeply in science is to seek truth and to seek a better future; it is also an activity of appreciation, as one may appreciate a work of art.

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