Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Canavalia gladiata

The present study deals with the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Canavalia gladiata. Antioxidant activity by nitric oxide and DPPH methods reveals that methanol extract of Canavalia gladiata shows good results when compared to the aqueous extract. It indicates that methanol extract of Canavalia gladiata shows maximum percentage of inhibition when compared to the standard drug (Ascorbic acid).Antioxidants help to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that are linked to the development of a number of degenerative diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disesase, cognitive impairment immune dysfunction, cataract and macular degeneration. Antibacterial activity by Agar well diffusion method reveals that methanol extract of Canavalia gladiata shows better results when compared to the aqueous extract. It indicates that methanol extract of Canavalia gladiata shows maximum zone of inhibition when compared to the the standard drug (chloramphenicol).

Unlocking the Real Potential of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Protein Derivatives in Pet Diets

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL)-derived proteins are gaining popularity as sustainable pet food ingredients. According to the literature, these ingredients have strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Due to the ability of BSFL protein derivatives to donate hydrogen atoms and/or electrons to counterpoise unstable molecules, they could possibly help in the prevention of osteoarthritis. During this study, the antiarthritic potential of BSFL protein derivatives was evaluated using the following assays: (1) proteinase inhibition, (2) erythrocyte membrane stability, (3) reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by activated macrophages, (4) ROS production by monocytes, and (5) cellular toxicity. Additionally, the glucosamine content of these ingredients was also evaluated. Chicken meal is commonly used in pet food formulations and was used as an industrial benchmark. The results obtained during this study demonstrated the strong antiarthritic potential of BSFL protein derivatives. We found that BSFL protein derivatives are not only useful in preventing the development of arthritis but could also help to cure it due to the presence of glucosamine. We also found that chicken meal could contribute to the development of arthritis by increasing ROS production by monocytes.

Effect of various factors on anthocyanins extraction from butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.)

An antioxidant compound is the main compound that is used to prevent cell damage from free radicals. These unstable molecules can be produced in the environmental condition such as pollution or lifestyle. One of the antioxidant molecules are anthocyanins, which can be found in the butterfly pea flower. This compound could be obtained from the extraction process. However, extraction conditions such as sample/solvent ratio, extraction time, and pH are the main factors in maximizing the yield. In this research, various factors on anthocyanins and phenolic content in butterfly pea extract were studied to get the optimum extraction condition. Extraction of the butterfly pea flower was done using the agitation method with heating and water solvent at 60 °C and various parameters. The sample was a dried butterfly pea flower. Various factors in extraction were: sample/solvent ratio, 1 : 20 and 1 : 50 (g.mL-1), extraction time of 90 and 150 min, and pH 1.0 and 7.0. Yield is calculated by comparing the extract weight before and after drying. Total anthocyanins content and total phenolic content are determined spectrophotometrically. Based on the results, the extraction of anthocyanins was affected by the stability of structures at different pH values. The highest total anthocyanins content was 1,206.77 mg.L-1 at sample/solvent ratio 1 : 20, 90 min and pH 1.0 conditions. Then, the maximum total phenolic content was 94.04 GAE mg.mg-1 sample at the sample/solvent ratio 1 : 50, 90 min and pH 7.0.

Quercitin as an antiviral weapon-A review

Antioxidants are substances that can prevent cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules such as free radicals. Quercetin, a plant pigment present in many fruits, vegetables, grains, and one of the most beneficial antioxidants in the diet and plays an important role in helping the body and prevent free radical damage, which is linked to chronic diseases. The antioxidant properties of quercetin may help to reduce inflammation, allergy symptoms, blood pressure. A lot of studies have been done and experiments have been conducted both in vivo and in vitro and it has been found that in cultured cells many respiratory viruses were inhibited by quercetin. At a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.03 to 0.5μg/ml in WI-38 or Hela cells, Cytopathic effects produced by echovirus type 7,11,12,19, rhinovirus, poliovirus, and coxsackievirus A21 and B1 were inhibited. The plaque formed by DNA and RNA viruses such as Herpes Simplex Virus-1, Polio type 1, and parainfluenza types 3 were effectively reduced demonstrating its anti-replicative properties. This article reviews effect of quercetin on different types of viral infections.

Liberica Coffee (Coffea liberica L.) from Three Different Regions: In Vitro Antioxidant Activities

Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons in their outer orbitals. An antioxidant is a compound that can be scavenged free radicals. Coffee is one of the natural antioxidants. This research aimed to study the antioxidant activity of medium roasted beans of liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) from three different regions by DPPH and CUPRAC methods. To determine total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), analyze the correlation between TPC and TFC with AAI DPPH and CUPRAC and the correlation between two methods in sample extracts. The sample was extracted by reflux using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. AAI DPPH in the range of 0.397- 18.536, while CUPRAC 0.532-4.674. The highest TPC in ethanol extract of liberica coffee from Aceh (22.585 ± 1.610 g GAE/100 g) and the highest TFC in ethyl acetate extract of liberica coffee from Aceh (4.927 ± 0.355 g QE/100 g). TPC of all samples had a positive and significant correlation with AAI DPPH and CUPRAC. AAI DPPH and CUPRAC value gave a significant and positive correlation. TPC of liberica coffee from three different regions contributed to antioxidant activity by DPPH dan CUPRAC methods. The two methods showed linear results in antioxidant activities of liberica coffee from three regions.

Identification of Antioxidants and Active Compounds in Cow’s Milk

This paper aims to analyze and identify the antioxidant compounds in cow’s milk. Milk contains high biological molecules protein, essential fatty acids, calcium, fat, amino acid, vitamins that are soluble in water and several bioactive compounds. In Al-Quran and Hadith, milk has been mentioned several times especially for breast feeding which is essential for infant immunity. Antioxidant can suppress free radicals and unstable molecules produced by the body as an environmental and other pressure reaction. Therefore, this study focuses on the identification of antioxidant compounds in milk sample of Dutch Lady Fresh Milk and Goodday Fresh Milk using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Based on the ATR-FTIR spectrum, we are able to identify the functional groups of antioxidant compounds which are C–H stretch of alkanes, C=O of aldehydes, C–N stretch of aliphatic amine, C–Cl stretch of alkyl halide, O–H bend of carboxylic acids and N–H wag of 1 , 2 amines. This is the first research that studied on the antioxidant compounds in milk sample of Dutch Lady Fresh Milk and Goodday Fresh Milk. Further, the characterization of antioxidant compounds will be perform using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.

Troubleshooting unstable molecules in chemical space

A high-throughput workflow for connectivity preserving geometry optimization minimizes unintended structural rearrangements during quantum chemistry big data generation.

Evaluation of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant potential of aqueous extract of Myristica fragrans

Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals, unstable molecules that the body produces as a reaction to environmental and other pressures. Antioxidants act as radical scavenger, hydrogen donor, electron donor, peroxide decomposer, singlet oxygen quencher, enzyme inhibitor, synergist, and metal-chelating agents. The damage caused by antioxidants has been linked to cancer, atherosclerosis, and vision loss. Need of antioxidant with less side effects emerges nowadays. In this present qualitative evaluation shows this plant contains secondary metabolites like terpenoids, flavanoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloid, steroid, glycosides, proteins and coumarins. Myristica fragrans have been reported for its versatile antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant Proteins’ Identification Based on Support Vector Machine

Background: Evidence have increasingly indicated that for human disease, cell metabolism are deeply associated with proteins. Structural mutations and dysregulations of these proteins contribute to the development of the complex disease. Free radicals are unstable molecules that seek for electrons from the surrounding atoms for stability. Once a free radical binds to an atom in the body, a chain reaction occurs, which causes damage to cells and DNA. An antioxidant protein is a substance that protects cells from free radical damage. Accurate identification of antioxidant proteins is important for understanding their role in delaying aging and preventing and treating related diseases. Therefore, computational methods to identify antioxidant proteins have become an effective prior-pinpointing approach to experimental verification. Methods: In this study, support vector machines was used to identify antioxidant proteins, using amino acid compositions and 9-gap dipeptide compositions as feature extraction, and feature reduction by Principal Component Analysis. Results: The prediction accuracy Acc of this experiment reached 98.38%, the recall rate Sn of the positive sample was found to be 99.27%, the recall rate Sp of the negative sample reached 97.54%, and the MCC value was 0.9678. To evaluate our proposed method, the predictive performance of 20 antioxidant proteins from the National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI) was studied. As a result, 20 antioxidant proteins were correctly predicted by our method. Experimental results demonstrate that the performance of our method is better than the state-of-the-art methods for identification of antioxidant proteins. Conclusion: We collected experimental protein data from Uniport, including 253 antioxidant proteins and 1552 non-antioxidant proteins. The optimal feature extraction used in this paper is composed of amino acid composition and 9-gap dipeptide. The protein is identified by support vector machine, and the model evaluation index is obtained based on 5-fold cross-validation. Compared with the existing classification model, it is further explained that the SVM recognition model constructed in this paper is helpful for the recognition of antioxidized proteins.

The Antioxidant Properties of Black Garlic Aqueous Extract in Vero Cell Line

Oxidative stress has been defined as harmful because oxygen free radical attack biological molecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA. Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals, unstable molecules that the body produces as a reaction to environmental and other pressures. Black garlic (BG) is one of the natural resources that has been reported to have antioxidant properties. The aims of this research was to study the potential and effect of BG as antioxidant in LPS induced Vero cells. The methods of this research were used the extraction of BG by maceration method using aqueous solvents, antioxidant activity tested using DPPH assay, cytotoxicity test with WST-1 assay on 96-well plate, and NO level measurement using Griess reagent, after cells induced with LPS. The result showed that in DPPH assays BG showed ability for scavenging free radical activities. The BG aqueous extract did not show cytotoxicity on Vero cells until the concentration of 750µg/ml and NO levels decreased in cells treated with a concentration of 50 µg/mL after LPS induction. This study concluded that the administration of aqueous extract of Black Garlic has the potential as an antioxidant.