scholarly journals COSSACK-POLISH WARS OF 1652–1653 IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE POLISH HISTORIANS OF THE LATE 19th CENTURY TILL 1939

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Ihor Chava
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Polish People ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The Military

Summary. The purpose of the research is to study the depiction of the events of the Cossack-Polish war of 1652–1653 in the works of the Polish historians of the late 19th century till 1939, and in particular, the battles of Batoh, Zhvanets and Zhvanets Peace Treaty; to find out the peculiarities of scientific approaches and interpretations by researchers of historical events and the influences on them of the intellectual discourse of the epoch in which scientists lived and worked; to identify the specifics of scientists’ interpretations of the facts of the past through the prism of their political sympathies and belonging to various historical schools and trends; to analyze the diversity of scientists’ approaches to the causes and consequences of battles and attempts to establish understanding between the parties to the conflict; to consider general historians’ assessments of the significance of the events of 1652–1653 in the fate of the Polish and Ukrainian peoples. The methodology of the research is based on the general scientific principles of objectivity, historicism, objectivism, scientific pluralism, systematics and reliance on historical sources. Both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison) and special-historical methods were used in the work: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, problem-chronological, historical-systematic ones etc. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it was the first to study the image of the events of the Polish-Cossack wars of 1652–1653 in Polish historiography of the late 19th century till 1939 on the basis of a significant set of historiographical sources. The peculiarities of ideological influences of political concepts and historical schools on the assessments of Polish scientists of the battles near Batoh and Zhvanets, Zhvanets Peace Treaty were studied in the research as well. Conclusions. Polish historians of the late 19th century – 1939 saw the cause of the new Polish-Cossack war of 1652 in the unresolved conflict during the Brest campaign, when the military victory of the crown armies was lost due to aristocratic anarchy and the flexibility of Polish commanders during negotiations at Bila Tserkva. Researchers believed that the difficult situation of B. Khmelnytsky after the defeat in 1651 pushed him to start a new round of war. Scholars exposed the Battle of Batoh itself as one of the greatest national tragedies of the Polish people and described these events in mythologized images. Special emphasis was placed on the depiction of the execution of captured Polish soldiers by Cossacks and Tatars, which emphasized the barbaric nature of the Cossacks. Scholars saw the very defeat of the crown troops as evidence of the problems of the society of the Commonwealth, which was ruled by aristocratic anarchy. For Polish scholars, the battle of Batoh became a symbol of the transition of the Polish-Ukrainian confrontation to a new stage, characterized by a special intransigence of the parties, and was a cornerstone in the destruction of the ancient brotherhood of both peoples. In the bloody finale of the campaign of 1652, scholars saw the reason for the conclusion of the Ukrainian-Moscow Agreement of 1654, because after the Battle of Batoh a peaceful settlement of relations between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Cossacks was no longer possible. The campaign of Zhvanets of 1653 was studied by many Polish historians in the context of the Moldavian campaigns of the crown and Cossack troops and it was considered to have been their finale. In assessing the significance of the Battle of Zhvanets, Polish researchers tended to define it as a hopeless forced confrontation between the hostile parties, who were aware of their futile chances for a final victory in this armed confrontation. Thus, scholars saw the campaign of Zhvanets as a failure for both sides of the conflict, which only exacerbated the depletion of their human and material resources. Similarly, scholars viewed Zhvanets Peace Treaty as a mere temporary agreement that was to suspend the military campaign of 1653 and had no prospect of continuing it to truly resolve the differences between the Ukrainian and Polish peoples. According to scholars, the treaty was forced by agreements with the Tatars for King John Casimir, while for B. Khmelnytsky it was fictitious because of his already reached agreement with Moscow. Historians have paid attention to the gradual strengthening of the role of the Crimean Khan as an arbiter in relations between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ukrainian Cossacks during 1652–1653, as well as the growth of his role in the geopolitical structure of Central and Eastern Europe.

scholarly journals HUNS IN THE CAUCASUS - ACCORDING TO THE HUNGARIAN CHRONICLES

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Borbala Obrusanszky
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Culture And Language

The ancient Hungarian chronicles, written in the royal court, mention that ancestors of the Hungarians, namely Scythians and Huns, lived in the regions of Caucasus, and belonged to Nimrod, the first legendary king of the world. He could have been a real powerful king, because other nations of the region claimed relationship with him. Hungarians said that Nimrod’s two sons, while chasing a magical stag, approached northward, kidnapped the daughters of the Alanian kings and settled down near the Meotic swamp. According to the Hungarian tradition, a large group of Savards/Sabirs left the Trans-Caucasus region and preserved their ancient culture and language as well. They lived there for a short period of time due to overpopulation. Huns gathered their elected leaders and decided to move westward to Pannonia, where they established the centre of the Hun state. Some scholars think that story was preserved as an epic and was sang by storytellers in the royal court. From the late 19th century some German and Hungarian scholars questioned the authenticity of the Hungarian chronicles, but at the end of 20th century the contemporary archaeological finds and local historical sources certified the accuracy of their reports. The modern sciences such as anthropology and DNA profiling also proved the ancestors of Hungarians lived in the regions of the Caucasus.

scholarly journals Military Equipment Innovation in the Pahang Uprising

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S3) ◽  
pp. 248-251
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Military Innovation ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The Pahang uprising at the end of the 19th century AD featured various military innovation that proved the greatness of the Pahang Malay community. Pahang Malay Fighters used the advantage of their knowledge of nature (the forest) in addition to modern military equipment. Hence, it is the intention of the researchers to examine and identify the military tools used during the Pahang uprising. This paper utilises the methodology of content analysis and literature review. Based on the examination, it was found that military tools such as ‘sumpit’ and tree roots were used in the Pahang uprising as well as modern weapons such as guns and explosives. All of these tools were fully utilised in the formulation of war strategy planned by the leader of the Pahang fighters in the uprising, Dato' Bahaman. This combination of war strategy and military innovation became the benchmark of the greatness of the Pahang Malay community in the late 19th century AD.

scholarly journals THE UKRAINIAN-MOSCOW TREATY OF 1654 IN THE INTERPRETATIONS OF POLISH HISTORIANS OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 407-426
Author(s):  
Ihor Chava
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Scientific Pluralism ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Church Structure ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Scientific

Summary. The purpose of the study is to research the interpretations of the Ukrainian-Moscow treaty of 1654 in the works of Polish historians of the first half of the twentieth century; study the approaches of scientists to identify the reasons for the mutual understanding of the Ukrainian Cossacks with the tsarist authorities; analyze the peculiarities of the study by Polish scholars of the history of the relations of the Hetman’s Chancellery of B. Khmelnytsky with Moscow; consider the specifics of historians’ vision of the circumstances of concluding the agreement in Pereyaslav and Moscow as well as the course of negotiations between the parties and their implementation; study the researchers’ assessments of the significance of the Ukrainian-Moscow agreement in the history of Ukraine, Tsardom of Muscovy and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The research methodology is based on the general scientific principles of objectivity, historicism, scientific pluralism and reliance on historical sources. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison) and special-historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, problem-chronological, historical-systemic) methods have been used in the work. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the analysis of a wide range of historiographical sources that reflect the interpretations of Polish scholars of the first half of the twentieth century history of the conclusion of the Ukrainian-Moscow treaty of 1654. The peculiarities of the historians’ approaches to the causes of the union between the Cossacks and Moscow and the circumstances of its conclusion are particularly studied. The ideological influences of historical schools and political concepts on the assessments of scholars of the Pereyaslav agreement and bereznevi statti (March articles) have been analyzed. Conclusions. Polish historians of the first half of the twentieth century considered 1654 a milestone in the fate of Ukraine and one of the most important in the history of Poland. It was from the Cossack-Moscow treaty that they deduced the beginning of the rejection of the eastern lands of the Commonwealth in favor of Russia. Scholars saw the causes of these fateful events in the significant depletion of the Ukrainian uprising. As another reason, they also pointed to the complication of the international situation of the Cossacks due to frustration with the Turkish protection and the dual role of assistance to the Crimean Khanate. Polish scholars have drawn attention to the long history of Cossack-Moscow relations since the uprisings of the first half of the seventeenth century. However, they also pointed to Moscow’s unpreparedness for the war against the Commonwealth and its indecision. In their interpretations of Cossack-Moscow relations during the national liberation war Polish historians emphasized the parties’ differing views on the terms of the union. Thus, the scholars indicated that B. Khmelnytsky understood the agreement as a military understanding directed against Poland, where there was no talk of any restriction of Ukraine’s broad autonomy. Instead, the tsarist government understood the treaty as a simple incorporation of Ukrainian lands. This, in turn, as scientists have pointed out, it has caused many sharp misunderstandings. Among the most irritating researchers named the issue of financing the Cossack register and the disagreement of the Ukrainian clergy with the attempts of the Moscow Patriarchate to absorb its church structure. Thus, in the vision of Polish historians of the first half of the twentieth century, the Ukrainian-Moscow union was perceived as hopeless and even utterly dangerous for the very existence of the Ukrainian people.

scholarly journals Journeys of Albrecht Dürer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Cavalcanti Botelho ◽  
Rui Luis Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Wide Range

This project aims at collecting historiography concepts to support our comprehension on two important sources left by Albrecht Dürer in the early sixteenth century: the letters sent to Willibald Pirkheimer in 1506 and the journal written by Dürer during his travels to the Netherlands in 1520-21. The reading of these documents traditionally relied on Art History methodology. However, the most recent wave of scholars has demonstrated a wide range interest in cultural aspects of Dürer’s writings. The research has been based on interpretative works published in German and English since the 1870’s; the texts written by Dürer himself were translated from German to Portuguese in a previous research project, and they have been used as historical sources. By tracking historiography we’re able to understand how interpretations on Dürer’s point of view have evolved. We can also visualize trends in History studies in the late 19th century and thereafter. The research has given us a better perception on how to interpret Dürer’s writings and his times.

scholarly journals KNOWN AND UNKNOWN STEFAN KOVALIV: BIOGRAPHICAL PORTRAIT

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-129
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Drahan
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Historical Progress ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
Source Array

Summary. Purpose of the study – on the basis of a significant source array and historiography, to outline the main well-known and little-known facts from the life and various activities of a prominent public and educational figure, publicist and writer – Stefan Kovaliv. The research methodology involves the use of general scientific principles of historicism, objectivity and systematicity. We used general scientific (analysis and synthesis), general (problem-chronological and periodization) and special-historical (historical-comparative and historical-genetic) methods. Theoretical and methodological principles of "intellectual history" and "intellectual biography" became the basis in the process of the research. The scientific novelty of the proposed article is manifested primarily in the fact that based on a multifaceted analysis of a significant source array, for the first time an attempt was made to cover a more comprehensive biographical portrait of Stefan Kovalіv with the introduction of little-known facts from his life and work. Conclusions. The materials presented in the article to the biographical portrait of Stefan Kovalіv, give every reason to say that his life and multifaceted activities have significantly influenced, and he left a diverse creative heritage and continues to affect the formation of socio-cultural development of different generations and segments of Ukrainian society. In addition, it is proved that during the last third of the XIX – early XX century, Stefan Kovalіv was an active driving force in the historical progress of the Galician region being a manysided personality.

scholarly journals MILITARY EQUIPMENT USED BY PAHANG FIGHTERS IN PAHANG UPRISING

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-75
Author(s):  
AMNAH SAAYAH Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Military Innovation ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The Pahang Uprising at the end of the 19th century AD featured various military innovation that proved the greatness of the Pahang Malay community. Pahang Malay fighters used the advantage of their khowledge of nature (the forest) in addition to modern military equipment. Hence, it is the intention of the researchers to examine and identify the military tools used during the Pahang uprising. This paper utilises the methodology of content analysis and literature review. Based on the examination, it was found that military tools such as sumpit and tree roots were used in Pahang uprising as well as modern weapons such as guns and explosive. All of these tools were fully utilised in the formulation of war strategy planned by the leader of the Pahang fighters in the uprising, Dato' Bahaman. This combination of war strategy and military innovation became the benchmark of the greatness of the Pahang Malay community in the late 19th century AD.

scholarly journals The Galápagos as penal colony: Exile, peonage, and state control at the Hacienda El Progreso, 1878–1904

2021 ◽  
pp. 146247452110131
Author(s):  
Fernando J Astudillo ◽  
Ross W Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Modern State ◽  
State Control ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Penal Colony ◽  
Penal Colonies ◽  
Penal Institutions ◽  
Remote Islands ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

Transportation to remote islands has been a way that authorities have dealt with criminals since well before the birth of the modern state. What happens to those exiles once on the islands has varied greatly in different times and places. This paper explores the Galápagos plantation run from 1878 to 1904 by Manuel J. Cobos. His operation demonstrates that the patriarchal concept of the hacienda continued to play a key role in the disciplining of perceived criminality in Latin America in the late 19th century, outside of the roles of the military, the police, and penal institutions. The Galápagos example shows the overlaps and tensions between capitalist plantations and state penal colonies in their treatment of transported convicts in the 19th century.

scholarly journals War as nothing but a duel: war as an institution and the construction of the Western military profession

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilmari Käihkö
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
The West ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Strategic Objective ◽  
Professional Norms ◽  
Military Profession ◽  
The Military ◽  
Train Of Thought

Abstract Like all repetitive human interaction, even war has been institutionalized and fought according to conventions and norms. Historically, this institutionalization is apparent from the way war has been compared to the duel, first in the 14th century and most famously by Carl von Clausewitz 5 centuries later. This article continues this train of thought and argues that the observed limits of Western “professional orthodoxy” and “strategic vocabulary” can be traced to how war has been institutionalized by the military profession. This offers an alternative explanation to the prevailing views of why the West has struggled in contemporary wars: it is the fundamental mismatch between these professional norms in the West and those held by their opponents that forms the biggest asymmetry in contemporary war. As this asymmetry is unlikely to disappear, these professional norms need to be reconsidered: just like the aristocracy with the duel by the late 19th century, the Western military profession appears stuck in an institution that is increasingly becoming obsolete. Without such reconsideration, the attainment of decision – the central strategic objective in war – and hence victory in future wars will remain uncertain.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Changes In The City Of Kokand (Late 19th Century And Early 20th Century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (09) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Azamjon Yusupov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Archival Data ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The City ◽  
The Revolution

The article attempts to reveal the socio-economic changes that took place in Kokand in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, based on archival data and historical sources written before the revolution and during the Soviet era.

How the World Sees Uganda

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
David A. Hoekema
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Distorted Image ◽  
Lord's Resistance Army ◽  
Activist Group ◽  
The World ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Military ◽  
Lord’S Resistance Army

In the late 19th century explorers and missionaries brought home accounts of the interior regions of East Africa that fed the curiosity—and exploited the credulity—of audiences in Europe. Some saw a continent of cruel tyrants exploiting their people and enslaving, if not cooking and eating, their adversaries. Others found an Eden of harmonious living in happy isolation from the corruptions of the outside world. In 2012 another similarly distorted image of Uganda was viewed a hundred million times around the world when it was posted online by an activist group seeking the military defeat of Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army. As a foil to such exaggerated pictures, the author recounts the testimony of an LRA survivor concerning her years in captivity and her life after escaping.

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