scholarly journals Reference sections OF Cisuralian Series (Permian System): geochemical features

LITOSFERA ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 819-838
Author(s):  
Gunar A. Mizens ◽  
Rafael Kh. Sungatullin ◽  
Guzel M. Sungatullina ◽  
Bulat I. Gareev ◽  
Georgiy A. Batalin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Passive Margins ◽  
Global Correlation ◽  
Tectonic Environment ◽  
Reference Sections ◽  
Clay Rocks ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer

Object.Geochemical features of rocks from the Dal’ny Tulkas and Mechetlino sections located in the southern part of the West Urals foredeep are considered and are offered as International Standards for the global correlation (GSSP) of the lower boundaries of the Artinskian and Kungurian stages.Materials and methods.The content of rock-forming oxides and other components were studied for 15 and 20 samples of carbonate, clay and sandy rocks respectively in the sections of Dalnii Tyulkas and Mechetlino. The determination of the chemical composition of rocks was performed using a wave-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer S8 Tiger (Bruker, Germany). Results. The lithological characteristics of the sections, the content of oxides in mudstones and limestones of the boundary Sakmarian-Artinskian and of the boundary ArtinskianKungurian are taken. Mudstones of different stage are almost identical in average contents of the main components, whereas limestones have some differences. Correlative connections of oxides are analyzed and conclusions about mineral composition of rocks are made. Using the petrochemical modules and diagrams, it was established that the clay rocks in considered sections have mainly a hydromica composition. Based on the analysis of the indices of chemical weathering CIA, it is shown that the climate in the Cisuralian Epoch was predominantly arid. The tectonic environment of forming demolition sources, presumably corresponded to the active and passive margins of the continents.Conclusions.The main lithochemical characteristics of the rocks of the two sections under consideration are somewhat different, however, the boundaries of the stratigraphic subdivisions of each of them are virtually indistinguishable by lithochemical parameters, which may indicate the benefit of the continuity of sedimentation at the borders of centuries of the Cisuralian Epoch in this region. The conditions of sedimentation and the nature of eroded rocks in the area of demolition remained relatively constant. This is a positive point when looking the sections as International Standards for the global correlation (GSSP) reference objects – “golden nails”. 

scholarly journals Determination of Environmental Factors for the Implementation of the Exploitability Index in Industrial Aggregate Mining Using Multi-Criteria Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Julio Manuel de Luis-Ruiz ◽  
Benito Ramiro Salas-Menocal ◽  
Gema Fernández-Maroto ◽  
Rubén Pérez-Álvarez ◽  
Raúl Pereda-García
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Factor ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Made In

The quality of human life is linked to the exploitation of mining resources. The Exploitability Index (EI) assesses the actual possibilities to enable a mine according to several factors. The environment is one of the most constraining ones, but its analysis is made in a shallow way. This research is focused on its determination, according to a new preliminary methodology that sets the main components of the environmental impact related to the development of an exploitation of industrial minerals and its weighting according to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). It is applied to the case of the ophitic outcrops in Cantabria (Spain). Twelve components are proposed and weighted with the AHP and an algorithm that allows for assigning a normalized value for the environmental factor to each deposit. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) are applied, allowing us to map a large number of components of the environmental factors. This provides a much more accurate estimation of the environmental factor, with respect to reality, and improves the traditional methodology in a substantial way. It can be established as a methodology for mining spaces planning, but it is suitable for other contexts, and it raises developing the environmental analysis before selecting the outcrop to be exploited.

Russian experience in assessing informal employment indicators and their compliance with SDG indicators

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Elena Zarova ◽  
Dr Konstantin Laykam ◽  
Elvira Dubravskaya ◽  
Sergey Musikhin
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Informal Employment ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The One ◽  
Main Components

This article describes on the one hand statistical methods for assessing informal employment based on the requirements as set by international standards. On the other hand it describes the potential of integrating various data sources to generate informal employment statistics. With as example official statistics of the Russian Federation, the authors show the features of applying the requirements of international standards. Methods are proposed for assessing informal employment in the formal sector of the economy, i.e. in enterprises that submit employment reports to the National Statistical Office. This phenomenon appears in the employment situation of many countries. However, there is no uniformity between countries in how they evaluate the application of the international standards in such assessment exercises. A theoretical model of informal employment is developed and validated based on statistical data published by international organizations. The validation focuses on assessing the causal relationships between informal employment indicators and the main components of the sustainable development goals. This analysis contributes to coordinated decisions on regulating informal employment and ensuring the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Applications of Thermal Analytical Procedures in the Study of Elastomers and Elastomer Systems

1980 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Brazier
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Evolved Gas Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
International Standards ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Abstract An attempt has been made to review the development of thermoanalytical procedures as they have been applied to elastomers and elastomer systems over the past 10 years. For all rubber industry products, temperature and its effects, either alone or in conjunction with the chemical environment, play an important role from the production stage through to the final failure of the product in the field. It is thus not surprising that thermal analysis, in which temperature is the prime variable, has found such diverse applications in elastomer studies. The identification and quantitative analysis of rubber formulations have received most attention. Such formulations produce characteristic “fingerprints” when studied in DTA, DSC, TG, or TMA. In DSC, the determination of the glass transition characteristics, the observation and determination of crystallinity, the detection of cyclization reactions, and the monitoring of thermal and oxidative degradation characteristics can all be observed in a single experiment covering the temperature range from −150 to +600°C. At normal heating rates, e.g., 20°C/min, such information is available in 40 min. TG/DTG analysis can yield the elastomer or elastomers content, oil and plasticizer, carbon black (level and often type), and inorganic ash in less than 60 min. Processing and curing can also be studied. Blend compatibility can be assessed on the basis of both Tg and crystallinity measurements and the data used to determine optimum mixing times. Sulfur vulcanization and peroxide curing of elastomers is readily monitored by DSC and can be used for confirmation analysis of the presence of curatives. Limitations in such analysis exist, but as understanding and ability to interpret cure exotherms increase, valuable information about the mechanism and the nature of the cured network will be obtained. The testing of rubber compounds involves many hours of labor by current procedures. The rapidity of thermal analysis promises to offer some relief. In addition to DSC and TG, TMA, a relatively new technique, offers a rapid approach to low-temperature testing. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) offers a rapid route to determining dynamic properties, but as yet, relatively little has been published on the application of this new technique to elastomers. As environmental concern increases, techniques such as evolved gas analysis (EGA) and combined techniques such as TG/gas chromatography are predicted to play an important role. As for the future, it is readily apparent that the principles of the methods have been established and, in several cases, it now remains to reduce them to a practical level. In some areas, such as vulcanization studies, much remains to be undertaken to improve our interpretive skills. Although there is some indication that certain industries have produced “in-house” standards for the analysis of rubber compounds by DSC and TG/DTG, it will only be when national and international standards organizations study and produce standard procedures, that the techniques will be generally adopted. Maurer's prediction in 1969 of increased applications of DTA and TG in elastomer studies has undoubtedly proved correct, and with the proliferation of reliable commercial instrumentation, significant developments can be anticipated in the next decade.

Discussion on Determination of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 562-566
Author(s):  
Zhe Min Li
Keyword(s):  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Measure Methods

This paper summarized the measure methods which include both Chinese national standards and international standards of how to determine the concentration of Non-methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC).Some problems and suggestions were discussed in this paper to improve the level of the measure methods and prompt the establishment of relative Chinese national standard.

Determination of Bioactive Components of 60°С Volatiles from Cinnamomum camphora Branches by TD-GC/MS

2011 ◽  
Vol 230-232 ◽  
pp. 852-856
Author(s):  
Qing Li ◽  
Dang Quan Zhang ◽  
Qi Mei Liu ◽  
Kuan Peng
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Cinnamomum Camphora ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Industrial Materials ◽  
Analytical Result ◽  
Main Components

The chemical components of helium volatiles from the fresh branches of Cinnamomum camphora were studied by TD-GC/MS. The analytical result by 60°С-based TD-GC/MS showed that 55 peaks were obtained from the helium volatiles from the fresh branches of Cinnamomum camphora and 53 chemical compounds were identified. The results showed that the main components were as: Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl-, (1R)- (15.4328%), 1,3-Benzodioxole, 5-(2-propenyl)- (14.881%), Tricyclo[2.2.1.0(2,6)]heptane, 1,7-dimethyl-7-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-, (-)- (12.694%), p-menth-1-en-8-ol (9.832%), Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 2-methyl-3-methylene-2-(4-methyl-3- pentenyl)-, (1S-exo)- (6.143%), 1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl- (5.365%), Bicyclo[3.1.1] hept-2-ene, 2,6-dimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)- (4.527%), Naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,8a- hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S-cis)- (4.129%), 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1- (1-methylethyl)- (2.965%), Borneol (2.627%), Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, 1,7,7-trimethyl-, acetate, (1S-endo)- (2.586%), Copaene (2.534%), 1,6,10-Dodecatriene, 7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-, (Z)- (1.612%), (-)-Isosativene (1.121%), etc. The analytical result suggested that the helium volatiles from the fresh branches of Cinnamomum camphora could be used as industrial materials of biomedicines and spicery.

Effectiveness of a Modified Version of Airflow Therapy

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-164
Author(s):  
Glenn L. Falkowski ◽  
Arthur M. Guilford ◽  
Jack Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Differential Effectiveness ◽  
History Of ◽  
One Year ◽  
Main Components

Utilizing airflow therapy, Schwartz (1976) has claimed an 89% success rate with stutterers following treatment and an 83% success rate at one year follow-up. Such claims have yet to be documented in the scientific literature. The purposes of this study were: (a) to investigate the effectiveness of a modified version of airflow therapy; (b) to examine the relative importance of its two main components—passive airflow and elongation of the first vowel spoken. The speech of two adult male stutterers with a lengthy history of stuttering, was assessed with spontaneous speaking and reading tasks. Results indicated marked improvement in both subjects' speech on the reading task was maintained at follow-up 10 weeks later. For spontaneous speech, results were generally weaker and less durable. Effects of the two treatment components were cumulative and did not allow determination of any differential effectiveness between components. Implications of these findings were considered and directions for future research discussed.

Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of the Seeds Oil of Two Cucurbita Species From Bejaia (Algeria): Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mindjou ◽  
F. Brahmi ◽  
W. Belkhiri ◽  
N. Adjeroud ◽  
L. Benali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Cucurbita Moschata ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Methanolic Extracts

Cucurbita species are delicious, nutritious, and delightful products. Cucurbita seeds remain in large quantities as a waste product that could be valorized since they are excellent sources of oil. The aim of this study was to compare the seed oil of two Cucurbita species (Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita moschata) harvested in Bejaia (Algeria). The oil quality was evaluated by the determination of some physicochemical parameters, and the content of phenolic compounds. The antiradical capacity of the antioxidants present in the oils was also assessed using two methods. The oil yield was 42.85% and 40.47% from the seeds of Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita moschata, respectively. The determined physicochemical parameters were close to those defined by the international standards. The phenolic contents of the methanolic extracts of both oils were 5.53 and 4.45 mg GAE/100 g for Cucurbita moschata and Cucurbita pepo, respectively. The best anti-DPPH power was attributed to the oil of Cucurbita moschata (44.7%), while the methanolic extract of the seed oil of Cucurbita pepo showed the highest percentage (41.02%) of the ABTS•+ radical inhibition. By this study we confirmed that the Cucurbita seeds oil are highly nutritious and offer some medicinal benefits.

scholarly journals Making progress in determining quality: positional accuracy of the new 1:25,000 scale digital cartography

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Bárbara Cubillos ◽  
Ángela Ortíz ◽  
Germán Aguilera ◽  
Sergio Rozas ◽  
Claudio Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Model ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Positional Accuracy ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
Digital Cartography ◽  
Data Store ◽  
The Military

Abstract. The digital cartographic coverage at 1:25,000 that the Military Geographic Institute is creating has been worked on using international standards, so that it constitutes a standardized and interoperable tool, for the various areas of activity in Chile. In this context, the ISO TC 211 standards and the TDS (Topographic Data Store) data model developed by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) are being used.Apart from using these standards, efforts have been aimed, from an early stage, at the determination of the quality of this product, starting this process with the study for a methodology to measure Positional Accuracy. The method defined conforms to the NSSDA test; for this, points measured in the terrain especially for this control are used, also the elimination of points that are out of range under the Chauvenet Criteria. Finally, the positional accuracy is declared in the metadata.

Inspection and Determination of a Vehicle Arson Case According to Diesel Fuel and Gasoline

2013 ◽  
Vol 339 ◽  
pp. 751-755
Author(s):  
Li Li Yu ◽  
Shu Jun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Inspection Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Criminal Investigators ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Combustion Residue ◽  
Material Evidence

From a vehicle arson case, it briefly introduced the basic situation and investigation of fire, particularly discussed the inspection process of samples, even compared some main components with suspected criminal tool at length. The results showed that it was deteced gasoline composition in extracted material evidence of vehicle combustion residue,but the vehicle were diesel fuel car. Then it analysed in detail the difference of gasoline, diesel oil and mixture of gasoline and diesel oil on composition. Their composition characteristics were both have aromatic hydrocarbons, such as dimethylbenzene series, trimethylbenzene series, tetramethylbenzeneseries, methylindane, naphthalene series, But alkane composition and distribution was not the same, as diesel contained C11-C20 linear paraffin and branched paraffin which obviously normal distribution, even the content of alkanes was significantly higher than aromatic hydrocarbon.but gasoline was different , not only the alkane characteristics is not obvious, but also aromatic hydrocarbons high content; While the content of alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbon were similar in mixture. By comparing the plastic drum left on scene with inspected samples, their gasoline characteristics were the same, Thus we can determine the plastic drum was criminal tool of setting fire, it could provide powerful evidence to solve cases for fire investigators and criminal investigators.

Determination of Bioactive Components of Waste Leaves from Chinese Hackberry by GC/MS

2011 ◽  
Vol 230-232 ◽  
pp. 930-934
Author(s):  
Gong Xiu He ◽  
Dang Quan Zhang ◽  
Qi Mei Liu ◽  
Kuan Peng
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
History Of ◽  
Celtis Sinensis ◽  
Analytical Result ◽  
Main Components

Chinese Hackberry (Celtis sinensis) tree has high adaptability to environment and tolerance to water stress, and a long history of utilization and plantation in many countries. However, researches on Chinese Hackberry were mostly focused on the biomass analyses and utilizations of its wood, and lacked those to analyze the chemical components of extractives of Chinese Hackberry leaves, which was very important to recover and utilize the polluting waste Chinese Hackberry leaves. Therefore, the chemical components of benzene/ethanol extractives of Chinese Hackberry leaves were analyzed by method of GC/MS in order to identify top value-added bioactive components from waste leaves of Chinese Hackberry tree. The analytical result showed that the main components of benzene/ethanol extractives of freeze-dried Chinese Hackberry leaves by GC/MS analysis were identified 10 components (106 peaks) as: Sesquirosefuran (48.57%), Thiophene, 2-ethyltetrahydro- (20.01 %), Hexatriacontane (8.67%), Octadecane (8.60%), 1-Eicosanol Pregn-4-en-3-one, 20-hydroxy-, (20R)- (4.52%), 1-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone (3.63%), 1,3-Diphenyl-(4H)1,2,4-triazoline- (1.92%), Tricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undecane-1-carboxylic acid (1.69%), Eucalyptol (1.60%), etc. As the first report here, our result by GC/MS showed that the benzene-methanol extractive of freeze-dried Chinese Hackberry leaves can be developed into top value-added materials of spicery, biomedicines, and biofuel.

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