Strategi Perencanaan Jumlah Material Tambahan dalam Memproduksi Semen dengan Pendekatan Taguchi untuk Meminimalkan Biaya Produksi (Study Kasus PT Semen Padang)

Cement is a construction material with a specific quality that must be meet standard requirements and customer requirements. Through a good and continuous quality control, it will produce cement with consistent quality as its Quality Planning. Cement quality is calculated after adding water by measuring its setting time, compressive strength developing, heat of hydration, expantion/shrinkage, and its durability to environment effect. In cement application, primary parameter to determine cement quality is its compressive strength. Some factors that affect compressive strength of cement are reactivity and amount of Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) of Clinker, Clinker freelime (free CaO), amount of SO3 in Cement, amount of additional materials (insoluble residue/IR and loss on ignition/LOI), and sieve on 45 µm residue of cement. This research is intended to find how insoluble residue/IR, loss on ignition/LOI, and amount of SO3 will affect compressive strength of cement. Various percentages of IR, LOI, and SO3 in cement will result different compressive strength. Taguchi Method is applied to determine material proportion. With Orthogonal Array calculation for 3 factors and 4 levels, it will result 16 calculation running times (L16 4**3). In laboratory scale, cement for this research has been being manufactured and then its compressive strength for 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days will be measured. Determination of optimal proportion will be calculated by statistic method for higher compressive strength and lower manufacturing cost. Keywords: compressive strenght, cement, taguchi method, proportionAbstrak Semen merupakan bahan konstruksi yang memerlukan kualitas yang sesuai dengan permintaan konsumen dan memenuhi persyaratan standar. Melalui pengendalian kualitas yang baik dan dilakukan secara terus menerus akan diperoleh kualitas semen yang stabil dan sesuai dengan perencanaan kualitas (Quality Planning). Kualitas semen diukur, berdasarkan performansinya saat penambahan air, yaitu bagaimana proses pengikatan semen, perkembangan kuat tekan, panas hidrasi, pemuaian/penyusutan volume dan ketahanan semen terhadap pengaruh lingkungan (durability). Dalam praktek pemakaian semen di lapangan, parameter utama untuk menentukan kualitas semen adalah parameter kuat tekan. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kuat tekan semen adalah reaktivitas dan jumlah trikalsium silikat (C3S) klinker, freelime klinker (CaO bebas), jumlah SO3 dalam semen, jumlah material tambahan (BTL dan LOI) dan kehalusan semen dalam sieve on 45 µm. Pada paper ini akan meneliti faktor yang mempengaruhi kuat tekan semen yaitu parameter BTL, LOI dan SO3. Variasi prosentase parameter BTL, LOI dan SO3 dalam semen akan mempengaruhi pencapaian kuat tekan. Penentuan proporsi material yang akan diteliti menggunakan metode Taguchi. Dengan perhitungan Orthogonal Array untuk 3 faktor dan 4 tingkatan level diperoleh jumlah penelitian yang dilakukan adalah 16 kali (L16 4**3). Pada saat ini sedang dilakukan pembuatan semen skala Laboratorium dan dilanjutkan dengan pengujian kuat tekan semen pada umur 3 hari, 7 hari dan 28 hari. Penentuan proporsi optimal dihitung secara metoda statistika untuk kuat tekan tinggi dan biaya produksi yang rendah.Kata kunci: kuat tekan, semen, metoda taguchi, proporsi

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Effect of Waste Glass on the Properties and Microstructure of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14082073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 2073

Author(s):

Qiubai Deng ◽

Zhenyu Lai ◽

Rui Xiao ◽

Jie Wu ◽

Mengliang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Glass Powder ◽

Setting Time ◽

Potassium Phosphate ◽

Heat Of Hydration ◽

Waste Glass ◽

Hydration Heat ◽

Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement ◽

The Matrix ◽

Powder Content

Waste glass is a bulk solid waste, and its utilization is of great consequence for environmental protection; the application of waste glass to magnesium phosphate cement can also play a prominent role in its recycling. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of glass powder (GP) on the mechanical and working properties of magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC). Moreover, a 40mm × 40mm × 40mm mold was used in this experiment, the workability, setting time, strength, hydration heat release, porosity, and microstructure of the specimens were evaluated. The results indicated that the addition of glass powder prolonged the setting time of MKPC, reduced the workability of the matrix, and effectively lowered the hydration heat of the MKPC. Compared to an M/P ratio (MgO/KH2PO4 mass ratio) of 1:1, the workability of the MKPC with M/P ratios of 2:1 and 3:1 was reduced by 1% and 2.1%, respectively, and the peak hydration temperatures were reduced by 0.5% and 14.6%, respectively. The compressive strength of MKPC increased with an increase in the glass powder content at the M/P ratio of 1:1, and the addition of glass powder reduced the porosity of the matrix, effectively increased the yield of struvite-K, and affected the morphology of the hydration products. With an increase in the M/P ratio, the struvite-K content decreased, many tiny pores were more prevalent on the surface of the matrix, and the bonding integrity between the MKPC was weakened, thereby reducing the compressive strength of the matrix. At less than 40 wt.% glass powder content, the performance of MKPC improved at an M/P ratio of 1:1. In general, the addition of glass powders improved the mechanical properties of MKPC and reduced the heat of hydration.

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Effect of ultrafine natural steatite powder, super plasticizer and VMA on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting cement paste and mortar

International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering ◽

10.1556/1848.2021.00279 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

S. Christopher Gnanaraj ◽

Ramesh Babu Chokkalingam ◽

G. Lizia Thankam ◽

S.K.M. Pothinathan

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Cement Paste ◽

Water Demand ◽

Construction Material ◽

Setting Time ◽

Mineral Admixture ◽

Self Healing ◽

Chemical Admixtures ◽

Hardened Properties ◽

Viscosity Modifying Admixture

AbstractFor the past few decades innovation in construction material has grown a lot. This leads to special concrete such as self-compacting concrete, geopolymer concrete, self-healing concrete, etc. To prepare a special concrete apart from regular concreting material some sort of special materials was also needed, like mineral and chemical admixtures. Hence it is necessary to study the effect of these admixtures in cement paste and mortar before studying the same in concrete. Hence an attempt is made to study the effect of mineral and chemical admixtures in the fresh and hardened properties of cement paste and mortar. For this study ultrafine natural steatite powder is taken as mineral admixture and polycarboxylic based superplasticizer and glenium stream 2 were taken as chemical admixtures. Ultrafine natural steatite powder was used as additive to cement in various percentages like 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Superplasticizer and viscosity modifying admixture were taken as 1.5% and 0.5%, respectively. Then various combinations were worked out. To study the fresh property of cement paste consistency, initial setting time and miniature slump cone test were done based on the results yield stress of cement paste also calculated empirically. To study the hardened property compression test on cement mortar was done. Based on the test results it is clear that the addition of ultrafine natural steatite powder increases the water demand hence reduces the workability. On the other hand, it increases the compressive strength up to a certain limit. Adding superplasticizer increases the workability and reduces the water demand and viscosity modifying admixture reduces the bleeding and segregation effects hence increases the compressive strength.

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Optimizing Mix Proportion of Lightweight Concrete Containing Plastic Waste by Taguchi Method

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.431 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 931-932 ◽

pp. 431-435 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nattakan Dulsang ◽

Prinya Chindaprasirt ◽

Patcharapol Posi ◽

Salim Hiziroglu ◽

Pattraporn Sutaphakdee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Taguchi Method ◽

Water Content ◽

Vinyl Acetate ◽

Orthogonal Array ◽

Lightweight Concrete ◽

Plastic Waste ◽

Ethyl Vinyl ◽

Cement Ratio ◽

Mix Proportion

In this study, mix proportion parameters of lightweight concrete (LWC) containing ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) plastic waste from footwear manufacture were investigated by employing Taguchis method and ANOVA statistics. The mixtures were designed in a L9 orthogonal array with four factors viz., water/cement, water content, EVA content and sand/cement. The results showed that EVA content and water/cement ratio had the significant effect on density and compressive strength of LWC. The density and compressive strength of the LWC containing EVA waste ranged from 1172 to 1441 kg/m3 and from 3.5 to 10.8 MPa, respectively. It can be concluded that the obtained LWC can be classified as masonry concrete. The best possible levels for mix proportions were determined to optimize density and compressive strength of the samples.

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Characterization and Hydration Mechanism of Ammonia Soda Residue and Portland Cement Composite Cementitious Material

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14174794 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (17) ◽

pp. 4794

Author(s):

Dong Xu ◽

Pingfeng Fu ◽

Wen Ni ◽

Qunhui Wang ◽

Keqing Li

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Building Materials ◽

Setting Time ◽

Cement Composite ◽

Cementitious Materials ◽

Heat Of Hydration ◽

Cementitious Material ◽

Cement Industry ◽

Hexagonal Plate ◽

Hydration Mechanism

The use of ammonia soda residue (ASR) to prepare building materials is an effective way to dispose of ASR on a large scale, but this process suffers from a lack of data and theoretical basis. In this paper, a composite cementitious material was prepared using ASR and cement, and the hydration mechanism of cementitious materials with 5%, 10%, and 20% ASR was studied. The XRD and SEM results showed that the main hydration products of ASR-cement composite cementitious materials were an amorphous C-S-H gel, hexagonal plate-like Ca(OH)2 (CH), and regular hexagonal plate-like Friedel’s salt (FS). The addition of ASR increased the heat of hydration of the cementitious material, which increased upon increasing the ASR content. The addition of ASR also reduced the cumulative pore volume of the hardened paste, which displayed the optimal pore structure when the ASR content was 5%. In addition, ASR shortened the setting time compared with the cement group, and the final setting times of the pastes with 5%, 10%, and 20% ASR were 30 min, 45 min, and 70 min shorter, respectively. When the ASR content did not exceed 10%, the 3-day compressive strength of the mortar was significantly improved, but the 28-day compressive strength was worse. Finally, the hydration mechanism and potential applications of the cementitious material are discussed. The results of this paper promote the use of ASR in building materials to reduce CO2 emissions in the cement industry.

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Advancements in Properties of Cement Containing Pulverised Fly Ash and Nanomaterials by Blending and Ultrasonication Method (Review - Part I)

Nano Hybrids and Composites ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.19.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mehmet Serkan Kirgiz

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Water Demand ◽

Review Paper ◽

Setting Time ◽

Heat Of Hydration ◽

Strength Gain ◽

Hydration Properties ◽

Carbon Nano Tube

This review research aims to discuss the results obtained researches on cement containing pure cement, pulverised fly ash, and nanoparticles, in order for eliminating negative side effects underlie the substitution of by–products for pure Portland cement. Nanoparticles (NP) used in these researches are nanoTiO2, nanoSiO2, nanoCaCO3, fibers of carbon nano tube (CNT), nanolimestone (nanoCaCO3), nanoZrO2, nanoclays, and nanometakaolin (nMK) for improving properties of cement systems. Published manuscripts explains two methods regarding on the usage of nanoparticles for cement system: blending and ultrasonication for dispersion of nanoparticles. However, differences between blending and ultrasonication methods suggested by various researchers are also discussed. Experiments reported these papers include the water demand, the density, the setting–times, the heat of hydration, the fluidity, the compressive strength and the flexural strength. According to these results, nanoparticles increase the water demand and heat of hydration of cement; it decreases the density and fluidity for cement mortars, evidently. The most effective nanoparticles on early compressive and flexural strengths are fibers of carbon nano tube and nanoCaCO3. These papers also point effects of these nanoparticles on the strength gain of cement. This review paper inform us until Effect of nanomaterial on water demand and density section in this Part I. Second part of this review paper will explain Hydration properties of Portland pulverised fly ash cement section, Effect of nanomaterial on setting–time section, Effect of nanomaterial on heat of hydration section, Strength gain mechanisms for hardened Portland pulverised fly ash cement paste and mortar section, Effect of nanomaterial on compressive strength section, Effect of nanomaterial on flexural strength (Bending) section, and Conclusion section.

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Chemical and Physical Analyses of Selected Cement Samples in Nigerian Market

Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research ◽

10.3329/bjsir.v44i1.2712 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 41-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

FJ Faleye ◽

S Ogunnubi ◽

O Olaofe

Keyword(s):

Specific Surface ◽

Surface Area ◽

Specific Surface Area ◽

Setting Time ◽

Mean Value ◽

Insoluble Residue ◽

Physical Analysis ◽

Loss On Ignition ◽

Free Lime ◽

Mean Values

The chemical and physical analysis of Diamond, Pure Chem, Dangote and Elephant cements in Nigerian market have been carried out by analysis of metal oxides (A12O3, SiO2, CaO, etc.), physical characteristics of the samples (setting time, loss on ignition, insoluble residue, specific surface area, etc.) and important factors for predicting effectiveness of the cement samples.The mean value of CaO, SiO2, K2O, and A12O3 were 61.45 ± 0.22 and 5.57 ± 0.38 with percentage coefficient of variance as 2.15, 0.92, 53.66 and 6.82, respectively. Dangote had the least CaO (59.60%), insoluble residue (4.70) and setting time (195 sec) while pure chem had the highest specific surface area of 412 m2/kg with Diamond having the least percentage loss on ignition of 5.50. The mean values for time saturation factor, silica ratio, free lime and alumina ratio were 90.10 ± 3.02, 2.23 ± 0.10, 169.00 ± 0.13 and ± 0.79 respectively. The coefficient of variation suggests that there were no significant differences between all these factors except free lime. Pure chem has a free lime value of 2.28 which is highly significance compared with others. An empirical equation has been suggested to predict the variation of the compressive strength against time, which agrees very well with the experimental results. Key words: Cement, Diamond, Dangote, Metal oxide, Pure Chem and Quality paramaters. doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i1.2712 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(1), 41-50, 2009

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Production of calcium silicate Nano-biocomposite and modeling of its flexural and compressive strength with statistics method

10.47277/aanbt/1(3)76 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 72-76

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Taguchi Method ◽

Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽

Setting Time ◽

Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles ◽

Nano Silica ◽

Effective Factor

Nano Fast Cement (NFC) is a nanocomposite with a short setting time for repairing root teeth canals as an alternative to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. The downside of this new tooth restorative material is the poor workability and low compressive strength. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), colloidal nano-silica, and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were added to NFC to improve its physical, mechanical, and biocompatibility properties of NFC. The effects of the three additives on strength were determined. Experiments were designed based on the Taguchi method. The optimum contents of the three additives for the highest compressive strength, flexural strength were also obtained. The results showed that the most effective factor on the mechanical (compressive & flexural strength) properties of NFC is polyvinyl alcohol. Based on the Taguchi method, the optimal (highest value) of the mechanical property is obtained for PVA, nano-silica, and nano-hydroxyapatite contents of 6, .0.5, 0 Wt.%.

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Effects of the incorporation of residue of masonry on the properties of cementitious mortars

10.7764/rdlc.19.3.407-421 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 407-421

Author(s):

Yimmy Fernando Silva ◽

◽

David A. Lange ◽

Silvio Delvasto ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Activity Index ◽

Setting Time ◽

Drying Shrinkage ◽

Heat Of Hydration ◽

Cementitious Material ◽

Pozzolanic Activity ◽

Construction And Demolition Waste ◽

Demolition Waste ◽

Supplementary Cementitious Material

This paper presents results of an experimental study of a residue of masonry (RM), sampled from a construction and demolition waste (CDW), added as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to partially replace up to 50% of Portland cement in the preparation of mortars. The pozzolanic activity (fixed lime and strength activity index), setting time, heat of hydration, the (autogenous and drying) shrinkage and compressive strength tests were carried out. The results show how the RM has a positive activity because the increase of RM replacement level in the mortars generates a lower heat of hydration and autogenous and drying shrinkage. The fixed lime at 28 and 180 days, indicating that the RM exhibits in some degree pozzolanic activity and the Strength Activity Index (SAI) was 77.13% and 84.36% of the compressive strength of 100% OPC mortar at the 7 and 28 days respectively, which conformed to ASTM C311. These results indicate that RM should be considered appropriated for using as a supplementary cementitious material.

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The Effect of Various Grinding Aids on the Properties of Cement and Its Compatibility with Acrylate-Based Superplasticizer

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma15020614 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 614

Author(s):

Ewa Kapeluszna ◽

Łukasz Kotwica

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Setting Time ◽

Reference Sample ◽

Heat Of Hydration ◽

Rheological Parameters ◽

Early Age ◽

Slump Flow ◽

Grinding Aids ◽

Period Duration

The influence of grinding aids (pure triethanolamine and ethylene glycol) on the properties of cements, their compatibility with an acrylate-based superplasticizer and the rheological parameters of mortars were investigated. The presence of surfactants influences the standard properties of cements and the effectiveness of the superplasticizer. The results of the heat of hydration and setting time measurements indicate a delay in the hydration process and an increase in the induction period duration of the surfactant-doped pastes, in relation to the reference sample without grinding aids. Triethanolamine increases early-age compressive strength; the effect was observed for both standard and superplasticizer-containing mortars. The presence of grinding aids decreases the slump flow of mortars and increases rheological parameters such as yield stress (τ0) and viscosity (η).

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Advancements in Properties of Cements Containing Pulverised Fly Ash and Nanomaterials by Blending and Ultrasonication Method (Review- Part II)

Nano Hybrids and Composites ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.24.37 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 37-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mehmet Serkan Kirgiz

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Review Paper ◽

Setting Time ◽

Heat Of Hydration ◽

Strength Gain ◽

Hydration Properties ◽

Setting Times ◽

Current Article

The second part of this review paper will explain Hydration properties of Portland pulverised fly ash cement section, Effect of nanomaterial on setting–time section, Effect of nanomaterial on heat of hydration section, Strength gain mechanisms for hardened Portland pulverised fly ash cement paste and mortar section, Effect of nanomaterial on compressive strength section, Effect of nanomaterial on flexural strength (Bending) section, and Conclusion section. Experiments reported include the setting–times, the heat of hydration, the compressive strength gain, and the flexural strength gain in the current article. According to the result, nanoparticles, especially the GNP, increase the heat of hydration of cement, and accelerate the time of setting evidently, both initial and final setting-time. The most effective nanoparticle on early compressive strength gain and flexural strength gain is the GNP. The article also points the effects of the nanoparticles on the strength gain of cement comprehensively. Consequently, the prominent cement technology can use the nanoparticles dispersed in liquid by ultrasonication method to increase the properties of cement based materials effectively.

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