scholarly journals Protective Effects of Natural Products and Their Derivatives on Genetic Material: A Critical Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 433-462
Author(s):  
Muhammad Torequl Islam ◽  
Cristina Quispe ◽  
Mohammad S. Mubarak ◽  
Bahare Salehi ◽  
Željko Reiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Micronucleus Assay ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Carcinogenic Agent ◽  
Test Systems

Although treatment with natural products and the substances derived from them has gained much attention, it is important to know the genomic safety of these substances prior to their use in humans. The present review aims to present the current knowledge on the genoprotective effects and possible mechanism of actions of natural compounds. Therefore, an up-to-date search was conducted using known databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Clinicaltrials.gov. For the investigation of genotoxic/genoprotective activity of these substances, comet or micronucleus assay were frequently used models applied through eukaryotic test systems, bacterial strains, cultured animal cells or tissues (e.g., mice, rats) but also human by using oxidizing or carcinogenic agent-induced DNA damage capacity. Findings suggest that several extracts, including those from medicinal plants, marine algae or their preparations, antioxidants such as quercetin, retinoids, resveratrol, hyaluronic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, and naringin have shown genoprotective effects in various test systems. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mitogenic, reduction of DNA strand breaks and DNA lesions, formation of micronucleus, and chromosomal aberrations were the observed mechanisms of action of genoprotective substances. In conclusion, this review highlights the importance of natural products, especially dietary antioxidants, which can be safely used for the treatment of various diseases.

scholarly journals A study of pili onPseudomonas aeruginosa

1972 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Filamentous Phage ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Structural Comparison ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Rna Phage

SUMMARYPseudomonas aeruginosacarries polar pili which act as receptors for RNA-containing bacteriophages. In order to confirm, that these pili were not involved in the transfer of the sex factor FP 2, eleven bacterial strains, both FP 2+and FP 2−, were examined in the electron microscope for the presence of pili and tested for sensitivity to the RNA phage PP7. Pili were found on all strains save one which was resistant to phage PP7. It was also found by electron microscopy that about 25 times more pili per cell were present after PP7 adsorption than before it. This result is discussed with reference to the pilus retraction theory, providing further evidence that some kinds of pili retract instead of acting as simple tubes for the transfer of genetic material. The strong supporting evidence provided by the infective processes of male-specific coliphages is discussed and compared to current knowledge ofP. aeruginosaRNA phages.It was also found that pili were present on the host strain for theP. aeruginosafilamentous phage Pf. Although similar in appearance to RNA phage pili, these differed in that they did not adsorb phage PP7. However, it seemed likely that they were receptors for Pf. A structural comparison is made betweenP. aeruginosapili andEscherichia coliF-pili. It is possible thatP. aeruginosapili could be coded for by a plasmid other than FP 2.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3273
Author(s):  
Rosaria Scandiffio ◽  
Federica Geddo ◽  
Erika Cottone ◽  
Giulia Querio ◽  
Susanna Antoniotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors

(E)-β-caryophyllene (BCP) is a bicyclic sesquiterpene widely distributed in the plant kingdom, where it contributes a unique aroma to essential oils and has a pivotal role in the survival and evolution of higher plants. Recent studies provided evidence for protective roles of BCP in animal cells, highlighting its possible use as a novel therapeutic tool. Experimental results show the ability of BCP to reduce pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), thus ameliorating chronic pathologies characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress, in particular metabolic and neurological diseases. Through the binding to CB2 cannabinoid receptors and the interaction with members of the family of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), BCP shows beneficial effects on obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) liver diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, pain and other nervous system disorders. This review describes the current knowledge on the biosynthesis and natural sources of BCP, and reviews its role and mechanisms of action in different inflammation-related metabolic and neurologic disorders.

Evaluation of radiation-induced genotoxicity on hu-man melanoma cells (SK-MEL-37) by flow cytometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Bonfim ◽  
Luma Ramirez de Carvalho ◽  
Daniel Perez Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Micronucleus Assay ◽  
Melanoma Cells ◽  
Dead Cell ◽  
Genotoxic Damage ◽  
Sytox Green ◽  
60Co Source ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Death And Loss ◽  
Cell Fractions

Micronucleus assay is a test used to evaluate genotoxic damage in cells, which can be caused by various factors, like ionizing radiation. Interactions between radiation energies and DNA can cause breakage, leading to use chromosomal mutations or loss of genetic material, important events that could be induced in solid tumors to mitigate its expansion within human body.  Melanoma has been described as a tumor with increased radio resistance.  This work evaluated micronuclei percentages (%MN) in human melanoma cells (SK-MEL-37), irradiated by gamma radiation, with doses between 0 and 16Gy.  Cell suspensions were irradiated in PBS by a 60Co source in doses between 0 and 16Gy, and incubated by 48h.  Then cell membranes were lysed in the presence of SYTOX Green and EMA dyes, preserving nuclear membranes.  Using this method, EMA-stained nuclei could be discriminated as those derived from dead cells, and SYTOX nuclei and micronuclei could be quantified.  Micronuclei percentages were found to be proportional to dose, (R2 = 0.997).  Only the highest dose (16Gy) could induce statistically significant increase of MN (p<0.0001), although cultures irradiated by 4, 8 and 16Gy showed significant increase of dead cell fractions.  Calculation of the nuclei-to-beads ratio showed that 8 and 16Gy could reduce melanoma cell proliferation.  Results showed that although cell death and loss of proliferative capacity could be observed on cultures irradiated at lower doses, genotoxic damage could be induced only on a higher dose. Resistance to radiation-induced genotoxicity could explain a relatively high radio resistance of melanoma tumors.

Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases by Plant-Derived Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Najmi Mohamad Anuar ◽  
Nurul Iman Natasya Zulkafali ◽  
Azizah Ugusman
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components

: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc-dependent metallo-endopeptidase that are responsible towards the degradation, repair and remodelling of extracellular matrix components. MMPs play an important role in maintaining a normal physiological function and preventing diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Natural products derived from plants have been used as traditional medicine for centuries. Its active compounds, such as catechin, resveratrol and quercetin, are suggested to play an important role as MMPs inhibitors, thereby opening new insights into their applications in many fields, such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. This review summarises the current knowledge on plant-derived natural products with MMP-modulating activities. Most of the reviewed plant-derived products exhibit an inhibitory activity on MMPs. Amongst MMPs, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are the most studied. The expression of MMPs is inhibited through respective signalling pathways, such as MAPK, NF-κB and PI3 kinase pathways, which contribute to the reduction in cancer cell behaviours, such as proliferation and migration. Most studies have employed in vitro models, but a limited number of animal studies and clinical trials have been conducted. Even though plant-derived products show promising results in modulating MMPs, more in vivo studies and clinical trials are needed to support their therapeutic applications in the future.

scholarly journals Remedying the Mitochondria to Cure Human Diseases by Natural Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jian-Kang Mu ◽  
Yan-Qin Li ◽  
Ting-Ting Shi ◽  
Li-Ping Yu ◽  
Ya-Qin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Regulation ◽  
The Relationship

Mitochondria are the ‘engine’ of cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism in many human diseases. Many natural products could remedy the mitochondria to alleviate mitochondria-involved diseases. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of the relationship between the mitochondria and human diseases and the regulation of natural products to the mitochondria. We proposed that the development of mitochondrial regulators/nutrients from natural products to remedy mitochondrial dysfunction represents an attractive strategy for a mitochondria-involved disorder therapy. Moreover, investigating the mitochondrial regulation of natural products can potentiate the in-depth comprehension of the mechanism of action of natural products.

scholarly journals Low-Energy Electron Damage to Condensed-Phase DNA and Its Constituents

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7879
Author(s):  
Yingxia Gao ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Léon Sanche
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Wide Range

The complex physical and chemical reactions between the large number of low-energy (0–30 eV) electrons (LEEs) released by high energy radiation interacting with genetic material can lead to the formation of various DNA lesions such as crosslinks, single strand breaks, base modifications, and cleavage, as well as double strand breaks and other cluster damages. When crosslinks and cluster damages cannot be repaired by the cell, they can cause genetic loss of information, mutations, apoptosis, and promote genomic instability. Through the efforts of many research groups in the past two decades, the study of the interaction between LEEs and DNA under different experimental conditions has unveiled some of the main mechanisms responsible for these damages. In the present review, we focus on experimental investigations in the condensed phase that range from fundamental DNA constituents to oligonucleotides, synthetic duplex DNA, and bacterial (i.e., plasmid) DNA. These targets were irradiated either with LEEs from a monoenergetic-electron or photoelectron source, as sub-monolayer, monolayer, or multilayer films and within clusters or water solutions. Each type of experiment is briefly described, and the observed DNA damages are reported, along with the proposed mechanisms. Defining the role of LEEs within the sequence of events leading to radiobiological lesions contributes to our understanding of the action of radiation on living organisms, over a wide range of initial radiation energies. Applications of the interaction of LEEs with DNA to radiotherapy are briefly summarized.

Protective effects of natural products against drug-induced nephrotoxicity: a review in recent years

2021 ◽  
pp. 112255
Author(s):  
Chen Gao ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Yuwei Chen ◽  
Qingtao Wang ◽  
Zhihui Hao
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Drug Induced

scholarly journals A Tool Derived from the Vicia faba Micronucleus Assay, to Assess Genotoxicity, Cytotoxicity or Biostimulation of Novel Compounds Used in Agriculture

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Perrine Klein ◽  
Lorelei Chauvey ◽  
Jean Kallerhoff ◽  
Eric Pinelli ◽  
Marie Morard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Lead Nitrate ◽  
Micronucleus Assay ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Rapid Tests

The increased use of biostimulants in conventional agriculture and organic farming requires the implementation of rapid tests to determine their effectiveness in enhancing plant growth and protection against abiotic stresses. However, their innocuity to plant health has rarely been demonstrated. We used the Vicia faba Micronucleus Assay, as described by the standard AFNOR EN ISO 29200(2020-05) to reveal biostimulant, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of four commercialized wood-based products by comparing mitotic indices and micronucleus frequencies with respect to the controls. Neither genotoxicity, as measured by micronucleus frequency (MN), nor cytotoxicity, assessed by Mitotic index counts, was observed. Additionally, one of these stimulants (BHS®) conferred protective effects against contaminants (maleic hydrazide or lead nitrate). We describe that plotting micronuclei frequency against mitotic indices allows discrimination between cytotoxic/genotoxic effects from growth levels. Vicia faba experiments were successfully transposed to other agronomical important crops such as corn and sunflower. This technique can be valuable to industrials, to assess growth, potential cytoxicity and genotoxicity effects of any new biostimulant or organic.

scholarly journals Phytoplankton of the Curonian Lagoon as a New Interesting Source for Bioactive Natural Products. Special Impact on Cyanobacterial Metabolites

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1139
Author(s):  
Donata Overlingė ◽  
Anna Toruńska-Sitarz ◽  
Marta Cegłowska ◽  
Agata Błaszczyk ◽  
Karolina Szubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Breast Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Curonian Lagoon ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Bioactive Natural Products ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Sample Component

The bioprospecting of marine and brackish water systems has increased during the last decades. In this respect, microalgae, including cyanobacteria, and their metabolites are one of the most widely explored resources. Most of the bioactive compounds are isolated from ex situ cultures of microorganisms; however, analysis of field samples could also supply valuable information about the metabolic and biotechnological potential of microalgae communities. In this work, the activity of phytoplankton samples from the Curonian Lagoon was studied. The samples were active against antibiotic resistant clinical and environmental bacterial strains as well as against serine proteases and T47D human breast adenocarcinoma cells. No significant effect was found on Daphnia magna. In addition, using LC-MS/MS, we documented the diversity of metabolites present in field samples. A list of 117 detected cyanopeptides was presented. Cyanopeptolins constituted the largest class of cyanopeptides. As complex bloom samples were analyzed, no link between the observed activity and a specific sample component can be established. However, the results of the study showed a biotechnological potential of natural products from the Curonian Lagoon.

scholarly journals Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) is a key regulator of intestinal homeostasis and protects against colitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Tran ◽  
Charlotte Scholtes ◽  
Mario Songane ◽  
Claudia Champagne ◽  
Luc Galarneau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Colitis ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism ◽  
Receptor Alpha ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Estrogen Related Receptor

AbstractThe estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) is a primary regulator of mitochondrial energy metabolism, function and dynamics, and has been implicated in autophagy and immune regulation. ERRα is abundantly expressed in the intestine and in cells of the immune system. However, its role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unknown. Here, we report a protective role of ERRα in the intestine. We found that mice deficient in ERRα were susceptible to experimental colitis, exhibiting increased colon inflammation and tissue damage. This phenotype was mediated by impaired compensatory proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) following injury, enhanced IEC apoptosis and necrosis and reduced mucus-producing goblet cell counts. Longitudinal analysis of the microbiota demonstrated that loss of ERRα lead to a reduction in microbiome α-diversity and depletion of healthy gut bacterial constituents. Mechanistically, ERRα mediated its protective effects by acting within the radio-resistant compartment of the intestine. It promoted disease tolerance through transcriptional control of key genes involved in intestinal tissue homeostasis and repair. These findings provide new insights on the role of ERRα in the gut and extends our current knowledge of nuclear receptors implicated in IBD.

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