SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH (IMT) PRIA DEWASA DALAM KAITANNYA DENGAN FAKTOR RISIKO PENYAKIT JANTUNG KORONER DI  PERDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN BOGOR-JAWA BARAT

The objectives of this research was to study social economy and body mass index of men andit’s correlation with risk factor of coronary heart disease in rural and urban of Bogor, West Java. The amount of samples were 100 adult men aged 25-39 of years. Samples were devided into two categories of expense which as < Rp 500.000/capita/month (low income) and ³ Rp 500.000/cap/month,- (high income). Results of this study showed that using independent t-test there was a significant difference between low income and high income samples in rural area in the case of family size, education level, income per capita, total expenditure, nutritional knowledge score and HDL cholesterol level. In urban area, we found significance difference in the case of family size, education level, income per capita, total expenditure, total cholesterol level, LDL and HDL cholesterol level between low income and high income samples. Spearman rank correlation test in rural area showed significance correlation between education level, income per capita, total expenditure, and nutritional knowledge score with HDL cholesterol level. Income per capita and total expenditure correlated significantly with total cholesterol level and BMI correlated significantly with level of triglyceride. Meanwhile, in urban area we found significant correlation between education level, total expenditure, nutritional knowledge score, and BMI with total cholesterol level. Education level and nutritional knowledge score correlated significantly with LDL cholesterol level, and BMI correlated significantly with level of triglyceride.

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Population dynamics and economic development

Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B ◽

10.3934/dcdsb.2021178 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

pp. 0

Author(s):

Andrea Caravaggio ◽

Luca Gori ◽

Mauro Sodini

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Low Income ◽

Continuous Time ◽

Demographic Transition ◽

Optimal Growth ◽

Low Fertility ◽

High Fertility ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

Time Optimal ◽

Per Capita

This research develops a continuous-time optimal growth model that accounts for population dynamics resembling the historical pattern of the demographic transition. The Ramsey model then becomes able to generate multiple determinate or indeterminate stationary equilibria and explain the process of the transition from a state with high fertility and low income per capita to a state with low fertility and high income per capita. The article also investigates the emergence of damped or persistent cyclical dynamics.

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Socioeconomic and regional differences in active transportation in Brazil

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s1518-8787.2016050006126 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 50 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Thiago Hérick de Sá ◽

Rafael Henrique Moraes Pereira ◽

Ana Clara Duran ◽

Carlos Augusto Monteiro

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Active Transportation ◽

Metropolitan Region ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Monthly Income ◽

Metropolitan Regions ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

Per Capita ◽

Using Data

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To present national estimates regarding walking or cycling for commuting in Brazil and in 10 metropolitan regions. METHODS By using data from the Health section of 2008’s Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (Brazil’s National Household Sample Survey), we estimated how often employed people walk or cycle to work, disaggregating our results by sex, age range, education level, household monthly income per capita, urban or rural address, metropolitan regions, and macro-regions in Brazil. Furthermore, we estimated the distribution of this same frequency according to quintiles of household monthly income per capita in each metropolitan region of the country. RESULTS A third of the employed men and women walk or cycle from home to work in Brazil. For both sexes, this share decreases as income and education levels rise, and it is higher among younger individuals, especially among those living in rural areas and in the Northeast region of the country. Depending on the metropolitan region, the practice of active transportation is two to five times more frequent among low-income individuals than among high-income individuals. CONCLUSIONS Walking or cycling to work in Brazil is most frequent among low-income individuals and the ones living in less economically developed areas. Active transportation evaluation in Brazil provides important information for public health and urban mobility policy-making

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Where Is the Growth Potential of Demand? Expenditure on Clothing and Footwear in Polish Households

Kwartalnik Ekonomistów i Menedżerów ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0009.4570 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Marlena Piekut

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Education Level ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

Different Types ◽

Per Capita

The aim of the article is to recognize the differences in the level and share of expenditure on clothing and footwear in different types of households and identify the characteristics of households with greatest financial potential influencing the expenditure on clothing and footwear. In Poland every year spending on clothing and footwear increased. The strongest determinants of spending were: income per capita, age, education level head home. The largest expenditure on clothing and footwear was recorded in households of people with the greatest income, among young people, with higher level of education, in higher positions in the hierarchy of the organization, in households with fewer children to support.

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AKTIVITAS FISIK, ASUPAN ENERGI, DAN PRODUKTIVITAS KERJA PRIA DEWASA: STUDI KASUS DI PERKEBUNAN TEH MALABAR PTPN VIII BANDUNG, JAWA BARAT

Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan ◽

10.25182/jgp.2008.3.2.71-78 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Noni Eka Jaya Wardani ◽

Katrin Roosita

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Physical Activity Level ◽

Average Energy ◽

Working Hours ◽

Activity Level ◽

Font Size ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

Men Workers ◽

Per Capita

The cross sectional design was used in this study to elaborate physical activity, energy consumption, and work productivity of men workers. The total number of sample is 72 men. The inclusion criteria of the sample is the head of household’s women tea pickers at Tea Plantation PTPN VIII Bandung, West Java who have children 0-72 month age and willing to be interviewed. The place of the research was chose purposively. Malabar Plantation was chosen from the other five plantations (clusters) cause of its easier access and the homogenous characteristics inter cluster. Data collected was analyzed statistically. In general, more than a half of samples had active or moderately physical activity level (PAL=1.89). The physical activity level of samples during work day (average PAL=1.93) was higher than holiday (average PAL=1.77) (p<0.05). The working hours during holiday were substituted by doing domestic chores and miscellaneous recreational activities. There are significant differences (p<0.05) of energy requirement based on three calculation (Schofield equation, Oxford equation, and energy RDI on WNPG (2004)). Average energy consumption of men workers were 87.2 - 121.2%. Majority of samples (76.4%) had wages per month below the regional minimum wages. The working hours of more than a half of samples were below seven hours per day and had wages per hour below standard regional minimum wage. Based on correlation analysis, there are significant correlation between 1) education level with physical activity level; 2) age, income per capita, and family size with wage per month; 3) age and physical activity level with working hours; and 4) age and income per capita with wages per hour.

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CHILD LABOR

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.04.2653 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 18 (04) ◽

pp. 635-637

Author(s):

MUHAMMAD HASNAYN AHMAD ◽

JIBRAN MOHSIN ◽

HASSAN JAVED ◽

Ghulam Mustafa ◽

Asim Mumtaz Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family Size ◽

Child Labor ◽

Low Income ◽

Large Scale ◽

Parental Education ◽

Large Family ◽

Access To Education ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

Per Capita

Background: Child Labor is any kind of work that harms or exploits the children in some way (physically, mentally, morally or blocking access to education). Child labor is quite common in Pakistan, and is still ignored; which depicts the society's attitudes towards child care. Child labor is an ethical dilemma and special attention must be given to this issue. Objective: To determine the factors responsible for child labor in Shadman Market Lahore. Study design: Descriptive, Cross sectional. Place and duration: Shadman Colony Lahore, July-August 2010. Methodology: Structured Pretested questionnaire was used to asses the factors responsible for child labor. Results: Large family size, low income per capita and parental illiteracy were shown to be responsible for child labor. Conclusion: Family size, income per capita and patrental education has a large scale effect on child labor.Key words:- Child labor, Family size, income per capita, parental education.

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A National and Regional Analysis of the Effects of Ageing and Education on Demand for Commercial Health Insurance in China.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-492604/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiang Chen ◽

Gerard Abou Jaoude

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Regional Analysis ◽

Education Level ◽

Disposable Income ◽

Dependency Ratio ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

On Demand ◽

Per Capita ◽

Commercial Health Insurance

Abstract Background: Social health insurance (SHI) in China has reached 95% coverage and facilitated progress toward Universal Health Coverage (UHC). However, elderly populations are currently under-represented, amplifying regional disparities and threatening progress toward UHC. Some households seek commercial health insurance (CHI) to complement SHI. This study is the first to investigate the effect of ageing and education on demand for CHI by region in China. Methods: Drawing on 2011 to 2018 data for 31 out of 34 provinces from the China Insurance Yearbook and Statistic Yearbook, fixed effects models were built for national and regional multivariate regression analyses. The analysis included CHI demand as the dependent variable, education level and elderly dependency ratio as independent variables, and disposable income per capita, SHI coverage, as well as health expenditure per capita as control variables.Results: Findings from the national analysis indicate a significant positive relationship between CHI demand and education level (17.3, p=0.01), elderly dependency ratio (24.1, p<0.001), disposable income per capita (179.5, p=0.04), and health expenditure per capita (0.12, p<0.001). However, no significant association is found between SHI coverage and CHI demand. In the regional analysis, a significant positive between education level and CHI demand is only found for the Eastern region (29.1, p<0.05). Similarly, a significant positive relationship between the elderly dependency ratio and CHI demand is observed for the Eastern (25.9, p<0.05) and Central regions (18.5, p<0.05). Of the three control variables investigated, disposable income per capita is not found to have an effect on CHI demand in any of the three regions. Conclusions: Results from this study build on existing evidence and draw attention to regional disparities in China, particularly in terms of education, and the resulting effect on CHI demand. Findings support calls for more elderly-oriented public health policy and insurance reform in China.

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A study on consumption of composite flour and bread in global perspective

British Food Journal ◽

10.1108/bfj-10-2018-0714 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Sait Engindeniz ◽

Zhansaya Bolatova

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Food Product ◽

Income Level ◽

Education Level ◽

Global Perspective ◽

Composite Flour ◽

Social Significance ◽

Content Type ◽

Study Results ◽

Per Capita

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine composite flour and bread consumption, and to analyse economic efficiency by comparing Kazakhstan and Turkey. Design/methodology/approach The material of the study was analysed through cross-section, χ2 and T-test, data collected from the online questionnaires of 269 families from Kazakhstan (131 families) and Turkey (138 families). The families were classified into four categories on the basis of their income level and into three categories on the basis of their education level and age level. Findings According to the study results, Kazakhstan and Turkey families consume different types of flours and breads; the consumption of composite flour per capita has been 2 kg/month, but the bread consumption per capita has been 2 pieces/day. A χ2 analysis has shown that country, family size, age, sex, income and occupation had a significant effect on flour and bread consumption. It was detected that the price of composite flour products and bread is related to the income of a family. According to the survey data, in Kazakhstan and Turkey, the average monthly income of the families have been calculated as $675, and the average income per person have been calculated as $170. Families purchase of composite flour products and bread has been $6. There is an increase amount of flour and bread consumption (p<0.010) in the low-income level, but in families with high-income level, there is a decrease amount of consumption. The price of flour products and bread is associated with the income of a family; these products have seen as reasonable and practical products. The income level and age level affect the consumption of flour and bread. Although the education level and occupation of consumers are varied, flour and bread have been preferred by every age group of consumers as a conventional food, whether it is a healthy food or not. New trend of consumption healthy products as a composite flour and bread influences on consumers purchase. Originality/value Flour and bread constitute the main and strategically important food product worldwide. The food security of a country depends on the state of the grain economy and the broad availability of the population. Grain production is the largest branch of agricultural production, and it has an important economic and social significance. The flour and bread were the main economic and political problem thousands of years ago.

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THE ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING TOURISM INDUSTRY AND ITS IMPLICATION TOWARD ECONOMIC GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY, INCOME PER CAPITA, LOCAL INCOME AND LEVEL OF POVERTY (A Study in Nusa Tenggara Timur)

Business and Entrepreneurial Review ◽

10.25105/ber.v11i2.1934 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 93

Author(s):

Daniel Mutis

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Low Income ◽

User Satisfaction ◽

Regional Growth ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Government Assistance ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Government

The background phenomenon of the tourism industry problem in East Nusa Tenggara was low compared to its potential realization of the tourism industry and the welfare of the area that has not been optimal. How to influence the tourism ir.dustry in the area of East Nusa Tenggara and how the tourism industry also influences the welfare of the area. The research objective was to obtain empirical evidence and assess the linkages between economic phenomena on the influence of government assistance, infrastructure, education, tourism industry, tourism products, credit linkages, public attitudes on tourists, and tourism user satisfaction of the tourism industry and its implications on economic growth, employment, income per capita, the PAD and the level of poverty as a landmark study in the area of East Nusa. Study sample is limited to I5 districts / cities that do not have the regional growth during the period of 5 years in East Nusa Tenggara. The techniques analysis of this research using path analysis. The study concluded that the factors are investigated Simultaneously have a significant effect on the tourism industry. Partially, government assistance has an influence domain. The tourism industry is more affected by direct and indirect influence of other factors. It also concluded that the tourism industry significantly influence economic growth and employment, but not against income per capita, PAD, and the level of poverty. Advised to the government to encourage synergy and quality of the factors studied Especially government aid Government needs to develop. tourist infrastructure that facilitate accessibility to tourist sites. In addition to improving the quality and quantity of tourism products, tourism education tourism industry players also need to be tailored to the characteristics of tourist attractions and served Bureaucracy in order to facilitate credit and lending their effectiveness monitored The tourism industry needs to be maintained as labor-intensive economic sectors that contribute to economic growth. The government also advised to encourage the growth of economy higher than population growth, empower the tourism industry as a source of local revenue, and increase employment opportunities and income distribution for low-income communities.

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Why regions fail (or succeed). The Role of Government Institutions in the Long-Run

European Journal of Government and Economics ◽

10.17979/ejge.2019.8.2.4989 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 114-144

Author(s):

Filippo Bonanno

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Low Income ◽

The European Union ◽

Role Of Government ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

Government Institutions ◽

Long Run ◽

Quality Of Institutions ◽

Per Capita

This paper represents an attempt to reconcile some general intuitions provided by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson in the book “Why Nations Fail” with the case of the deep regional disparities in the economic performances observed within the “Western” European Union during the period 2001-2015. By adopting an approach to growth analysis based on binary response models, this paper quantifies the extent to which the quality of government institutions has shaped regional economic performances in the European Union throughout the period comprising the Great Recession. Empirical results show that: 1) The higher is the quality of institutions, the higher is the probability that a region with high income per capita will grow above the levels of the European Union as a whole. 2) The higher is the quality of institutions, the lower is the probability that a low-income region will grow below the levels of European Union as a whole. 3) The higher is the quality of institutions, the higher (lower) is the probability that any region, regardless of its income per capita, will outperform (underperform) the European Union as a whole. 4) The higher is the quality of Institutions, the lower is the probability that a region will “fail” to grow.

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Assessment of knowledge and practice of vaccination of dogs against rabies by dog owners in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

10.25259/anmrp_1_2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Audu Onyemocho ◽

Agwa Moses ◽

Aboh Kisani ◽

Omole Namben Victoria ◽

Anejo-Okopi Joseph

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Life Time ◽

Knowledge Score ◽

Educational Status ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Knowledge And Practice ◽

Dog Owners ◽

The Relationship

Objective: Rabies, one of the oldest and fatal infectious diseases known to human race, is transmitted by infected dogs. The global target of zero dog-mediated rabies human deaths has been set for 2030; however, the realization of this goal poses challenges in most low-income countries where rabies is endemic due to weak surveillance. Dogs have been increasingly deployed for domestic uses over the years, especially for security purposes. This study assessed the assessment of knowledge and practice of vaccination of dogs against rabies by dog owners. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was employed to study 400 dog owners in Makurdi metropolis through multistage sampling techniques. Sighting of valid dog vaccination card was used as criteria for current vaccination. Bivariate analysis was carried out to establish the relationship between the respondent knowledge of rabies and dog vaccination with significant value set at P < 0.05. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 31 (Â ± 0.8) years, majority of them had tertiary and secondary education (40.0% and 39.0%, respectively), 26.0% were traders, and 50.0% were married. Overall, 73.0% of the respondents had good knowledge score, 61.0% had seen at least a rabid dog in their life time, and 74.0% have a history of dog vaccination, but evidence of up to date vaccination of dogs by owners was seen in only 18.0% of all the vaccination cards sighted. The relationship between the educational status of the respondents, their knowledge score, and their dog vaccination was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Knowledge of rabies among dog owners in Makurdi was good, but the practice of dog vaccination was poor. Educational status was a good predictor of practice. Awareness campaign on dog vaccination should be strengthened and adequate measures should be put in place at the veterinary hospitals in Makurdi for vaccination of dogs.

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