scholarly journals CHILD LABOR

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 635-637
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD HASNAYN AHMAD ◽  
JIBRAN MOHSIN ◽  
HASSAN JAVED ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa ◽  
Asim Mumtaz Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita

Background: Child Labor is any kind of work that harms or exploits the children in some way (physically, mentally, morally or blocking access to education). Child labor is quite common in Pakistan, and is still ignored; which depicts the society's attitudes towards child care. Child labor is an ethical dilemma and special attention must be given to this issue. Objective: To determine the factors responsible for child labor in Shadman Market Lahore. Study design: Descriptive, Cross sectional. Place and duration: Shadman Colony Lahore, July-August 2010. Methodology: Structured Pretested questionnaire was used to asses the factors responsible for child labor. Results: Large family size, low income per capita and parental illiteracy were shown to be responsible for child labor. Conclusion: Family size, income per capita and patrental education has a large scale effect on child labor.Key words:- Child labor, Family size, income per capita, parental education. 

scholarly journals Prevalence and Predictors of Maternal Anemia during Pregnancy in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: An Institutional Based Cross-Sectional Study

Anemia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Melku ◽  
Zelalem Addis ◽  
Meseret Alem ◽  
Bamlaku Enawgaw
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maternal Anemia ◽  
Large Family Size ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Background. Anaemia is a global public health problem which has an eminence impact on pregnant mother. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of maternal anemia.Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to April 30, 2012, on 302 pregnant women who attended antenatal care at Gondar University Hospital. Interview-based questionnaire, clinical history, and laboratory tests were used to obtain data. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors.Result. The prevalence of anemia was 16.6%. Majority were mild type (64%) and morphologically normocytic normochromic (76%) anemia. Anemia was high at third trimester (18.9%). Low family income (AOR [95% CI] = 3.1 [1.19, 8.33]), large family size (AOR [95% CI] = 4.14 [4.13, 10.52]),hookworminfection (AOR [95% CI] = 2.72 [1.04, 7.25]), andHIVinfection (AOR [95% CI] = 5.75 [2.40, 13.69]) were independent predictors of anemia.Conclusion. The prevalence of anemia was high; mild type and normocytic normochromic anemia was dominant. Low income, large family size,hookworminfection, and HIV infection were associated with anemia. Hence, efforts should be made for early diagnosis and management ofHIVandhookworminfection with special emphasis on those having low income and large family size.

scholarly journals A Regression Analysis of the Carbon Footprint of Megacities

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1379
Author(s):  
John A. Paravantis ◽  
Panagiotis D. Tasios ◽  
Vasileios Dourmas ◽  
Georgios Andreakos ◽  
Konstantinos Velaoras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Per Capita

Urbanization and climate change are two major issues that humanity faces in the 21st century. Megacities are large urban agglomerations with more than 10 million inhabitants that emerged in the 20th century. The world’s top 100 economies include many North and South American megacities, such as New York, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires; European cities such as London and Paris; and Asian cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul, Beijing and Mumbai. This paper addresses a dearth of megacity energy metabolism models in the literature. Cross-sectional data for 36 global megacities were collected from many literature and Internet sources. Variables included megacity name, country and region; population; area; population density; (per capita) GDP; income inequality measures; (per capita) energy consumption; household electricity prices; (per capita) carbon and ecological footprint; degree days; average urban heat island intensity; and temperature and precipitation. A descriptive comparison of the characteristics of megacities was followed by ordinary least squares with heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors that were used to estimate four alternative multiple regression models. The per-capita carbon footprint of megacities was positively associated with the megacity GDP per capita, and the megacity ecological footprint; and negatively associated with country income inequality, a low-income country dummy, the country household electricity price, and the megacity annual precipitation. Targeted policies are needed, but more policy autonomy should be left to megacities. Collecting longitudinal data for megacities is very challenging but should be a next step to overcome misspecification and bias issues that plague cross-sectional approaches.

scholarly journals Gender Norms and Family Planning Practices Among Men in Western Jamaica

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melonie M. Walcott ◽  
John Ehiri ◽  
Mirjam C. Kempf ◽  
Ellen Funkhouser ◽  
Marion Bakhoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancy ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Large Family Size ◽  
And Gender

The objective of this study was to identify the association between gender norms and family planning practices among men in Western Jamaica. A cross-sectional survey of 549 men aged 19 to 54 years attending or visiting four government-operated hospitals was conducted in 2011. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with taking steps to prevent unwanted pregnancy, intention to have a large family size (three or more children), and fathering children with multiple women. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from the models. Reduced odds for taking steps to prevent unwanted pregnancy among men with moderate (AOR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3-0.8) and high (AOR = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.1-0.6) support for inequitable gender norms was observed. Desiring large family size was associated with moderate (AOR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.3-2.5) and high (AOR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.5-4.3) support for macho scores. For men with two or more children (41%), there were increased odds of fathering children with multiple women among those who had moderate (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.0-4.4) and high (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.1-5.6) support for masculinity norms. Support for inequitable gender norms was associated with reduced odds of taking steps to prevent unwanted pregnancy, while support for masculinity norms was associated with desiring a large family size and fathering children with multiple women. These findings highlight the importance of including men and gender norms in family planning programs in Jamaica.

scholarly journals Food and Nutrition in Pakistan (A Cross-regional Study)

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaheen A. But ◽  
Tallat Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Regional Study ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Almost All

Though the nutritional status of an individual is the outcome of complex interaction of a host of environmental factors, income is the mirror-image of a household's purchasing capacity. Another major factor in determining nutritional status in developing countries is considered to be the family size. Higher income levels are regarded as a prerequisite for the improved nutritional status of household [Berg (1973); Levinson and Morinda (1974); Seyoam, Kindaue and Gebru (1986)]. It is posited that, with improvement in a household's income, the absolute expenditure on food is likely to go up as also the intake of four essential nutrients.1 It has been observed in various studies that food intake level in developing countries varies significantly across income classes (Seyoam, Kindaue and Gebru (1986). A World Bank. study underscored the fact that serious and intensive nutritional deficiencies that exist in almost all developing countries are largely a reflection of poverty (World Development Report 1980). A large family size may adversely affect the nutritional status of every member of a household because it may be associated with decreased per capita human impact i.e. the allocation of food per member is likely to decrease with the increase in the number of household members which, in turn, may have a negative effect on per capita nutrient intake.

scholarly journals Population dynamics and economic development

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Andrea Caravaggio ◽  
Luca Gori ◽  
Mauro Sodini
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Time Optimal ◽  
Per Capita

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>This research develops a continuous-time optimal growth model that accounts for population dynamics resembling the historical pattern of the demographic transition. The Ramsey model then becomes able to generate multiple determinate or indeterminate stationary equilibria and explain the process of the transition from a state with high fertility and low income per capita to a state with low fertility and high income per capita. The article also investigates the emergence of damped or persistent cyclical dynamics.</p>

scholarly journals Socioeconomic and regional differences in active transportation in Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Hérick de Sá ◽  
Rafael Henrique Moraes Pereira ◽  
Ana Clara Duran ◽  
Carlos Augusto Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Active Transportation ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To present national estimates regarding walking or cycling for commuting in Brazil and in 10 metropolitan regions. METHODS By using data from the Health section of 2008’s Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (Brazil’s National Household Sample Survey), we estimated how often employed people walk or cycle to work, disaggregating our results by sex, age range, education level, household monthly income per capita, urban or rural address, metropolitan regions, and macro-regions in Brazil. Furthermore, we estimated the distribution of this same frequency according to quintiles of household monthly income per capita in each metropolitan region of the country. RESULTS A third of the employed men and women walk or cycle from home to work in Brazil. For both sexes, this share decreases as income and education levels rise, and it is higher among younger individuals, especially among those living in rural areas and in the Northeast region of the country. Depending on the metropolitan region, the practice of active transportation is two to five times more frequent among low-income individuals than among high-income individuals. CONCLUSIONS Walking or cycling to work in Brazil is most frequent among low-income individuals and the ones living in less economically developed areas. Active transportation evaluation in Brazil provides important information for public health and urban mobility policy-making

Individual-level and area-level socioeconomic inequalities in hearing impairment among Chinese adults: a population-based study

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2019-213437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanan Luo ◽  
Jiamin Gao ◽  
Xiaoying Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Pure Tone Audiometry ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita

BackgroundIt is unclear whether individual-level and area-level socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with hearing impairment (HI). This study determines an association of individual SES, area SES and their interaction with HI among working-aged adults.MethodsData were obtained from the large, population-based sample of the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability, a cross-sectional study conducted in China. A total of 1 333 528 participants aged 25–59 years were included. HI was measured by pure-tone audiometry (PTA) and audiologists further ascertained for a final diagnosis. Individual SES was defined as a summed of z-scored of education level and household income per capita, and area SES was calculated as a summed of z-scored of county-level income per capita, high school rate, poverty rate and rate of upper-class occupation. Multilevel logistic regression was used.ResultsIndividual and area SES were associated with HI among Chinese working-aged adults. A 1-SD increase in individual SES was associated with decreased risk of HI (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.3 to 0.3). Area SES was positively related to HI (OR=1.2, 95%CI: 1.2 to 1.3). The cross-level interaction on individual and area SES was significantly associated with HI, indicating that among those who lived in higher SES areas, participants with lower SES had a greater likelihood to develop HI.ConclusionsSignificant individual and area socioeconomic inequalities were observed in HI among Chinese working-aged adults. Lower SES adults who resided in prosperous areas may face more deprivation on hearing health than those with higher SES.

scholarly journals Associations of family income with cognition and brain structure in USA children: prevention implications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dardo Tomasi ◽  
Nora D. Volkow
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Low Income Families

AbstractPoverty, as assessed by several socioeconomic (SES) factors, has been linked to worse cognitive performance and reduced cortical brain volumes in children. However, the relative contributions of the various SES factors on brain development and the mediating effects between cognition and brain morphometry have not been investigated. Here we used cross-sectional data from the ABCD Study to evaluate associations among various SES and demographic factors, brain morphometrics, and cognition and their reproducibility in two independent subsamples of 3892 children. Among the SES factors, family income (FI) best explained individual differences in cognitive test scores (stronger for crystallized than for fluid cognition), cortical volume (CV), and thickness (CT). Other SES factors that showed significant associations with cognition and brain morphometrics included parental education and neighborhood deprivation, but when controlling for FI, their effect sizes were negligible and their regional brain patterns were not reproducible. Mediation analyses showed that cognitive scores, which we used as surrogate markers of the children’s level of cognitive stimulation, partially mediated the association of FI and CT, whereas the mediations of brain morphometrics on the association of FI and cognition were not significant. These results suggest that lack of supportive/educational stimulation in children from low-income families might drive the reduced CV and CT. Thus, strategies to enhance parental supportive stimulation and the quality of education for children in low-income families could help counteract the negative effects of poverty on children’s brain development.

scholarly journals Contribution of major food companies and their products to household dietary sodium purchases in Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy H. Coyle ◽  
Maria Shahid ◽  
Elizabeth K. Dunford ◽  
Cliona Ni Mhurchu ◽  
Sarah Mckee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Food ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background The Australian federal government will soon release voluntary sodium reduction targets for 30 packaged food categories through the Healthy Food Partnership. Previous assessments of voluntary targets show variable industry engagement, and little is known about the extent that major food companies and their products contribute to dietary sodium purchases among Australian households. Methods The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the relative contribution that food companies and their products made to Australian household sodium purchases in 2018, and to examine differences in sodium purchases by household income level. We used 1 year of grocery purchase data from a nationally representative consumer panel of Australian households who reported their grocery purchases (the Nielsen Homescan panel), combined with database that contains product-specific sodium content for packaged foods and beverages (FoodSwitch). The top food companies and food categories were ranked according to their contribution to household sodium purchases. Differences in per capita sodium purchases by income levels were assessed by 1-factor ANOVA. All analyses were modelled to the Australian population in 2018 using sample weights. Results Sodium data were available from 7188 households who purchased 26,728 unique products and purchased just under 7.5 million food product units. Out of 1329 food companies, the top 10 accounted for 35% of unique products and contributed to 58% of all sodium purchased from packaged foods and beverages. The top three companies were grocery food retailers each contributing 12–15% of sodium purchases from sales of their private label products, particularly processed meat, cheese and bread. Out of the 67 food categories, the top 10 accounted for 73% of sodium purchased, particularly driven by purchases of processed meat (14%), bread (12%) and sauces (11%). Low-income Australian households purchased significantly more sodium from packaged products than high-income households per capita (452 mg/d, 95%CI: 363-540 mg/d, P < 0.001). Conclusions A small number of food companies and food categories account for most of the dietary sodium purchased by Australian households. Prioritizing government engagement with these groups could deliver a large reduction in population sodium intake.

scholarly journals Contribution of major food companies and their products to household dietary sodium purchases in Australia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy Hannah Coyle ◽  
Maria Shahid ◽  
Elizabeth K Dunford ◽  
Cliona Ni Mhurchu ◽  
Sarah Mckee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Food ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background: The Australian federal government will soon release voluntary sodium reduction targets for 30 packaged food categories through the Healthy Food Partnership. Previous assessments of voluntary targets show variable industry engagement, and little is known about the extent that major food companies and their products contribute to dietary sodium purchases among Australian households. Methods: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the relative contribution that food companies and their products made to Australian household sodium purchases in 2018, and to examine differences in sodium purchases by household income level. We used one year of grocery purchase data from a nationally representative consumer panel of Australian households who reported their grocery purchases (the Nielsen Homescan panel), combined with database that contains product-specific sodium content for packaged foods and beverages (FoodSwitch). The top food companies and food categories were ranked according to their contribution to household sodium purchases. Differences in per capita sodium purchases by income levels were assessed by 1-factor ANOVA. All analyses were modelled to the Australian population in 2018 using sample weights. Results: Sodium data were available from 7,188 households who purchased 26,728 unique products and purchased just under 7.5 million food product units. Out of 1,329 food companies, the top 10 accounted for 35% of unique products and contributed to 58% of all sodium purchased from packaged foods and beverages. The top three companies were grocery food retailers each contributing 12-15% of sodium purchases from sales of their private label products, particularly processed meat, cheese and bread. Out of the 67 food categories, the top 10 accounted for 73% of sodium purchased, particularly driven by purchases of processed meat (14%), bread (12%) and sauces (11%). Low-income Australian households purchased significantly more sodium from packaged products than high-income households per capita (452mg/d, 95%CI: 363-540mg/d, P<0.001). Conclusions: A small number of food companies and food categories account for most of the dietary sodium purchased by Australian households. Prioritizing government engagement with these groups could deliver a large reduction in population sodium intake.

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