scholarly journals Current trends in paediatric infections in the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Lobzin ◽  
S. V. Rychkova ◽  
A. N. Uskov ◽  
N. V. Skripchenko ◽  
V. V. Fedorov
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Comparative Dynamics ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Diseases ◽  
The Russian Federation

The onset of 2020 clearly demonstrated that infection agents pose a major threat to mankind. Current infectiology is shaped by resurrection of “old” seemingly forgotten infections, emergence of “new” infection agents, unusual combinations of known agents, evolving resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs, transformation of human microbiome leading to distortions in herd immunity and, ultimately, emergence of healthcare-related infectious diseases, not letting alone threats of bioterror. Infection agents evolve together with mankind. Novel facets emerge in infectiology, alongside with trends in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases that become more diverse as the list of pathogens grows. Human and infection agent links extend beyond antagonistic relations towards symbiosis. Microorganisms adapt quickly in the new technogenic environment giving rise to novel pathogens and making it unlikely for the mankind to get free from infections any time soon.The total economic damage from infectious diseases increases by year, despite continuous improvement in therapy. Infectious mortality in children aged 0 to 14 years is the top fourth among other causes of death. The work assesses comparative dynamics of “common” childhood infections in the Russian Federation during 2018–2020. We analyse official statistics on paediatric infectious morbidity, comparative dynamics of main infectious diseases (acute respiratory diseases, intestinal infections of bacterial and viral nature, neuroinfections, anthropozoonotic infections, viral hepatitises), assess trends in morbidity of vaccine-preventable infections in children and adults in the Russian Federation, with greater detail towards selected regions, from January 2018 to April 2020.

scholarly journals Practical Recommendations of Scientific Society for the Study of Human Microbiome and Russian Gastroenterological Association (RGA) for Probiotics in Treatment and Prevention of Gastroenterological Diseases in Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-89
Author(s):  
V. T. Ivashkin ◽  
I. V. Mayev ◽  
D. I. Abdulganieva ◽  
S. A. Alekseenko ◽  
N. Yu. Ivashkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Functional Constipation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Aim. To provide practical recommendations on the use of probiotics for the treatment and prevention of gastroenterological diseases in adults.General provisions. Probiotics are living microorganisms that benefit the health of the host when administered in adequate amounts. The main functions of probiotics include the support for colonisation resistance, the metabolism of food substrates and utilisation of end metabolites, the production of substrates necessary for the macro-organism, as well as the regulation of local and adaptive immune responses. Probiotics can be registered in the Russian Federation as biologically active food additives (BAFA) or as pharmaceutical products (drugs) in accordance with the microbiological standards and legislative requirements of the Russian Federation. The probiotics registered in the Russian Federation as BAFA for adults include bacteria of the Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia genera, and fungi of the Saccharomyces genus; probiotics registered as drugs — bacteria of Lactobid, Lactobacid, Escherichia and Enterococcus genera and fungi of the Saccharomyces genus. Some probiotics registered in the Russian Federation include probiotic strains that have proved to be effective for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, the prevention of C. difficile-associated disease, the eradication of H. pylori infection, as well as for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and functional constipation.Conclusions. The clinical efficacy of probiotics depends on the probiotic strains included in their composition and is confirmed by a comparative analysis of the results of appropriate clinical studies. Not all probiotics registered in the Russian Federation as BAFA or drugs contain bacterial or fungal strains; as a result, the expected clinical effect may not be achieved.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL-PATHOGENETIC ASPECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE INTESTINAL INFECTIONS IN ADULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-145
Author(s):  
Murad Z. Shakhmardanov ◽  
V. V. Nikiforov ◽  
Y. N. Tomilin ◽  
S. V. Burova
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Diarrhea Syndrome

The incidence of acute intestinal infections in the Russian Federation remains high and does not tend to decrease. The General susceptibility of the population, the variety of pathogens of infectious diseases accompanied by diarrhea syndrome, necessitates the improvement of clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis in the treatment of patients with diarrhea at the primary stage of medical care. The article presents the etiological and epidemiological aspects of the most common in the Russian Federation acute intestinal infectious diseases accompanied by diarrhea syndrome: food toxicoinfections, viral gastroenteritis, salmonellosis, shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, pseudomembranous colitis. The sources of infection and pathways of pathogens are characterized. The pathogenesis of the main types of diarrhea caused by various pathogens of intestinal infections is described. It is shown that the action of enterotoxins of pathogens that activate adenylate cyclase contributes to the development of secretory type of diarrhea; the place of localization of the pathological process is the small intestine. Pathogens exhibiting high invasive activity contribute to the development of inflammatory type of diarrhea; the pathological process is localized in the colon. With direct damage to enterocytes of the small intestine by pathogens of viral gastroenteritis, an osmotic type of diarrhea is formed, associated with a violation of the digesting and absorption function of the small intestine. Presented distinctive clinical criteria of three types of diarrhea: color, consistency of the stool, the presence of pathological impurities in it. The differences of abdominal syndrome in the analyzed nosology: the nature and localization of abdominal pain. The presented differential diagnostic signs of diarrhea and abdominal syndrome allow for early diagnosis of infectious disease before laboratory confirmation and contribute to the improvement of the algorithm of medical care in acute intestinal infections accompanied by diarrhea syndrome.

Risk-oriented Model of the Organization and Implementation of the Federal State Energy Supervision

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
F.V. Matveenkov ◽  
◽  
D.A. Tolstova ◽  
O.V. Masharova ◽  
O.V. Sachkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
State Energy ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
State Control ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
The Russian Federation

Risk-oriented approach in the implementation of control (supervision) activities is an important state task that affects the country economy. As part of the implementation of the priority area of reforming control and supervision activities, the Federal Law «On the state control (supervision) and municipal control in the Russian Federation» was adopted, which comes into force on July 1, 2021. In order to implement the Federal Law «On state control (supervision) and municipal control in the Russian Federation», it is advisable to revise the regulation on the federal state energy supervision. It is required to study the issue of taking into account the risks of causing harm (damage) to legally protected values when carrying out control (supervision) activities in relation to the subjects (objects) of the energy sector, as well as criteria for assigning it to the risk category and indicators of the risk of mandatory requirements violation. Currently, the only criterion for assigning the harm (damage) to the risk category is the dependence on the established and (or) transmitted capacity of the energy facilities used, which is nonobjective due to the changes in the normative-regulatory framework for the implementation of control and supervision activities. It is required to study the issue of categorization depending on the established (transmitted) capacity of the object, the amount of economic damage as a result of the implementation of emergency situations and (or) emergency incidents (in value terms), the number of people killed (irretrievable losses), the number of people whose vital functions were disrupted as a result of the implementation of emergency situations and (or) emergency incidents.

scholarly journals About the Results of Monitoring Researches of Ballast Waters and Data of Identification of the Vibrioes Strains Selected During the Ships Researches in Russian Seaports in 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
S. Yu. Vodyanitskаyа ◽  
O. V. Sergienko ◽  
N. G. Ivanova ◽  
V. V. Balachnova ◽  
I. V. Arkhangelskаya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
International Convention ◽  
International Standard ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ballast Waters ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
First Time

Relevance. In September, 2017 the International Convention on Control of Ships’ Ballast Waters and sediments, in which the Russian Federation takes part, came into effect.Aim of article is to cover the results of implementation of the Convention in Russia, regarding selection and analysis of ballast waters tests for compliance with the international standard.Material and methods. The materials for work were data on ship arrivals at the international seaports of the Russian Federation, provided by sanitary and quarantine departments of the Russian ports, and monitoring researches of ballast waters in seaports of some regions of the Russian Federation. Analytical, bacteriological, molecular methods were applied.Results. The studies of ballast waters in the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions have been conducted for the first time in 2018, and in the Rostov region the study lasts since 2010. The laboratory researches of ships’ ballast showed that E. coli, Enterococcus spp. were in norm, V. cholerae O1 and O139 in ballast were absent. 12 of 21 ballast water tests investigated by specialists of the Rostov region laboratories contained V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139, ballast was taken on the ships which arrived from Romania and Turkey.Сonclusion. The results of the molecular and genetic researches suggest that there is a probability of V. сholeraе introduction brougth with ship ballast. Management decisions are demanded to ensure biological safety of shipping and to decrease intestinal infections incidence in residents of the seaside cities.

scholarly journals PLANNING AND EVALUATION OF BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES OF ATAZANAVIR PRODUCTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
N. E. Uvarova ◽  
N. N. Eremenko ◽  
G. V. Ramenskaya ◽  
D. V. Goryachev
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Antiretroviral Drug ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

The Government of the Russian Federation approved the State strategy of combating the spread of HIV aimed at prevention of HIV epidemic. One of the goals of the Strategy is to increase the coverage of antiretroviral therapy for people infected with HIV, which includes extensive use of generic drugs. In order for a generic drug to be authorised, the applicant has to submit a report on the results of the bioequivalence studies in which the generic product was compared to the reference product. Atazanavir is an antiretroviral drug, which is also the drug of choice for the treatment and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The aim of this study was to analyze the protocols and reports of atazanavir products bioequivalence studies, which were submitted for expert examination  to the FSBI “SCEEMP” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and to prepare recommendations  for planning of bioequivalence studies of atazanavir products. The analysis of a number of studies revealed significant differences in the study design and number of subjects. The main reason for these differences is the conflicting data on the intrasubject coefficient of variation of atazanavir, which means that atazanavir may be considered a highly variable drug. The analysis helped to formulate  recommendations for the design of bioequivalence  studies of atazanavir products,  including studies of the maximum dose, studies under fed conditions, and consideration  of atazanavir variation when planning the study design.

Incidence of healthcare-associated infections among puerperas and newborns in Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
O. A. Orlova ◽  
Yu. A. Abramov ◽  
V. G. Akimkin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infections ◽  
Puerperal Sepsis ◽  
Quality Of Medical Care ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Intrauterine Infections

One of the leading problems of modern public health is healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), which lead to significant social and economic damage, and affect the quality of medical care. The proportion of HAIs in obstetric institutions among all the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation for 9 years decreased by 1.7 times. The number of puerperas of HAIs decreased by 1.4 times, and HAIs of newborns decreased by 1.6 times. The proportion of puerperal sepsis in the structure of purulent-septic infections of puerperas is 1.7 ± 0.5 %, and sepsis of newborns is 4.4 ± 1.5 %. The average incidence of puerperas of IUPS was 2.0 ± 2.1 per 1,000 births. The incidence of HAIs in newborns was 2.0 ± 1.8 per 1,000 newborns. The ratio of HAIs of newborns to intrauterine infections on average was 1: 9, and in some regions 1:2–1:150. The obtained data on the incidence of HAIs in puerperas and newborns indicates the insufficiency of a systematic approach to recording, analyzing and predicting the incidence of HAIs, which requires a detailed development of standard epidemiological definitions of the case HAIs of puerperas and newborns, intrauterine infections of newborns, as well as a detailed analysis of risk factors for the development of HAIs in obstetric facilities.

scholarly journals PSXIV-5 Results of external use of staphylococcal toxoid for the prevention of mastitis in cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 315-315
Author(s):  
Dariya Kashtanova ◽  
Valerii G Skopichev ◽  
Flura Alistratova ◽  
Polina A Polistovskaia ◽  
Nataliya A Panova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
North West ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Mastitis in cows in the farms of the Russian Federation cause great economic damage. Economic losses include the cost of treating cows and the cost of recycled milk. In the farms of the North-West region of the Russian Federation mastitis occurs in 20–30% of lactating cows. An important task is to find effective ways to prevent mastitis. The task of our research included the study of the effectiveness of external use of staphylococcal toxoid. For the experiment, 2 experimental groups of dry cows of 10 animals each were formed. For the first group of cows, 5 days before the expected date of calving, an ointment containing staphylococcal toxoid and dimethyl sulfoxide was applied to the area of the milk mirror. Udder treatment was performed once a day for five days. Cows of the second group were immunized with Starvac® vaccine in accordance with the instructions, twice during the dry period. The third group of cows (n = 20) was the control. After calving, the concentration of immunoglobulins in colostrum was examined in all cows. In cows of the first group, the concentration of immunoglobulins G, M and A in colostrum was 8.59 ± 0.9; 1.1 ± 0.13 and 5.42 ± 0.9 g / l, respectively. The concentration of immunoglobulins in cows of the first group was higher, on average, by 1.3–2.0 times in comparison with cows that were given the Starvac vaccine. In comparison with the control group, the growth of all classes of immunoglobulins was determined by 2.2 - 5.2 times (P < 0.01). The results obtained showed high efficacy of external use of staphylococcal toxoid together with dimethisulfoxide.

scholarly journals RESULTS OF MONITORING STUDIES ON CATTLE LEUCOSIS IN THE ALTAI REGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
V. V. Razumovskaya ◽  
A. A. Korobkova
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Uneven Distribution ◽  
Altai Region ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
The Russian Federation

Infection caused by the leucosis virus takes the leading position in the structure of infectious diseases of cattle in the Russian Federation. In the Altai Region it has wide but uneven distribution. The task of specialists breeding dairy cattle is to form herds uninfected with the leucosis virus.

scholarly journals Conversion of a maternity hospital to an infectious diseases hospital in the context of a coronavirus infection pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Sergey N. Perehodov ◽  
Nikoloz Yu. Sakvarelidze ◽  
Svetlana G. Tsakhilova ◽  
Elena V. Lunina
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

Coronavirus infection caused by a new strain of SARS-CoV-2 virus contributed to an increase in the number of infectious patients. The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and Rospotrebnadzor took over the organization of work to combat the pandemic. In Moscow, medical and preventive events were organized by the Government of the capital and the Department of Health of the city. As soon as possible, it was decided to reassign medical institutions to infectious hospitals for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 or with suspicion of it. “Maternity hospital No. 8” – the branch of State Clinical Hospital named after V. P. Demikhov was redesigned as a hospital on March 13, 2020. The decision was due to the presence of isolated boxes and an intensive care unit in the institution. The task was solved in one day: the first patients with coronavirus infection were admitted to the hospital for medical care at 17:00 on March 13, 2020.

scholarly journals Economic damage from smoking associated with four groups of chronic non-communicable diseases in the Russian Federation in 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
I. D. Sapunova ◽  
A. V. Kontsevaya ◽  
A. O. Myrzamatova ◽  
D. K. Mukaneeva ◽  
M. B. Khudyakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Russian Federation
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