scholarly journals Exploring the Consumer Co-Operative Relationship with Their Members: An Individual Psychological Perspective on Ownership

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Saroj Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Psychological Ownership ◽  
Psychological Perspective ◽  
Strong Linkage ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

It is argued in co-operative literature that a distinctive feature of consumer co-operatives is the strong linkage between customers and their co-operative organization.  Another distinctive feature identified is the nature of ownership.  Bridging these two is the claim that is the nature of ownership that creates the special bond between customers and their cooperatives.  In this theoretical paper, we elaborate this idea further, employing a psychological ownership perspective.  Limiting our work on the individual-level, we analyze co-operative literature through the definition of psychological ownership, development mechanisms, and underlying motives showing that the feelings of ownership can be an essential part of being a member.  Our concluding remarks are for the attention of both researchers and practitioners.

scholarly journals Risk ratios for contagious outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (138) ◽  
pp. 20170696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Morozova ◽  
Ted Cohen ◽  
Forrest W. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Infectious Disease Transmission ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Risk Ratios

Epidemiologists commonly use the risk ratio to summarize the relationship between a binary covariate and outcome, even when outcomes may be dependent. Investigations of transmissible diseases in clusters—households, villages or small groups—often report risk ratios. Epidemiologists have warned that risk ratios may be misleading when outcomes are contagious, but the nature of this error is poorly understood. In this study, we assess the meaning of the risk ratio when outcomes are contagious. We provide a mathematical definition of infectious disease transmission within clusters, based on the canonical stochastic susceptible–infective model. From this characterization, we define the individual-level ratio of instantaneous infection risks as the inferential target, and evaluate the properties of the risk ratio as an approximation of this quantity. We exhibit analytically and by simulation the circumstances under which the risk ratio implies an effect whose direction is opposite that of the true effect of the covariate. In particular, the risk ratio can be greater than one even when the covariate reduces both individual-level susceptibility to infection, and transmissibility once infected. We explain these findings in the epidemiologic language of confounding and Simpson's paradox, underscoring the pitfalls of failing to account for transmission when outcomes are contagious.

Linking middle-managers' ownership feelings to their innovative work behaviour: the mediating role of affective organisational commitment

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Michael J. Mustafa ◽  
Siti Khadijah Zainal Badri ◽  
Hazel Melanie Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Middle Managers ◽  
Psychological Ownership ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Innovative Work ◽  
Innovative Work Behaviour ◽  
Contextual Determinants ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Middle-managers' innovative behaviours are considered an essential determinant of firm-level innovativeness. While prior research has traditionally focused on the contextual determinants of middle-managers' innovative work behaviour (IWB), research regarding individual-level determinants continues to remain scant. Particularly lacking is research which explores how middle-managers' ownership feelings influence their IWB. This study investigates whether middle-managers' affective commitment mediates the relationship between their psychological ownership and their IWB. Data are collected from 110 middle-managers – supervisor dyads in a large Malaysian IT organisation. Findings from this study contribute to enhancing our understanding of the individual-level determinants of middle-managers' IWB.

scholarly journals Social exclusion in primary healthcare settings: the time for measurement has come

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Patrick O’Donnell ◽  
Khalifa Elmusharaf
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Social exclusion is a concept that has been discussed and debated in many disciplines in recent decades. In 2006 the WHO Social Exclusion Knowledge Network published a report detailing their work explaining the relevance of social exclusion to the domain of health. As part of that work, the authors formulated a complex definition of social exclusion that has proven difficult to adapt or operationalize in healthcare settings. We looked at this WHO work, and at other published evidence, and decided that social exclusion is a concept that is worth measuring at the individual level in healthcare settings. We suggest that the primary healthcare space, in particular, is an ideal setting in which to do that measurement. We have examined existing social exclusion measurement tools, and scrutinised the approaches taken by their authors, and the various domains they measured. We now propose to develop and validate such a tool for use in primary healthcare settings.

scholarly journals Towards a definition of anti-oppressive dietetic practice in Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Eric Ng ◽  
Caroline Wai
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Diversity And Inclusion ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Increasingly, dietitians have found ourselves working with racialized clients, communities, and colleagues across the health and food systems in Canada. We are often asked to treat the adverse health outcomes of Black, Indigenous, and racialized communities resulting from these oppressions at the individual level. However, it is the role of dietitians to engage in efforts to "reduce health inequities and protect human rights; promote fairness and equitable treatment" (College of Dietitians of Ontario, 2019). An anti-oppression approach is required for dietitians to understand how their power and privilege shape the dietitian-client relationship. The purpose of this commentary is to propose a shift from cultural competence or diversity and inclusion in dietetics to an explicit intention of anti-oppressive dietetic practice. We begin our exploration from the Canadian context. We draw from our background working in health equity in public health, and our experiences facilitating equity training using anti-oppression approaches with dietetic learners and other public health practitioners. In creating a working definition of anti-oppressive dietetic practice, we conducted a scan of anti-oppression statements by health and social services organizations in Ontario, Canada, and literature from critical dietetics. A literature search revealed anti-oppressive practice frameworks in nursing and social work. However, this language is lacking in mainstream dietetic practice, with anti-oppression only discussed within the literature on critical dietetics and social justice. We propose that "dietitians can engage in anti-oppressive practice by providing food and nutrition care/planning/service to clients while simultaneously seeking to transform health and social systems towards social justice."

La brecha de ciberseguridad en América Latina frente al contexto global de ciberamenazas

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-43
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Aguilar Antonio
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

This research is based on the hypothesis that the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean are lagging behind in the construction of cyber defense capabilities to face the international context of cyber threats, with respect to the member countries of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), both in the organizational plan, as in the individual. To prove this statement, the text is divided into six sections. The first part presents the global environment of cyber threats, the economic losses suffered by governments and companies according to reports from information security firms such as Kaspersky, Microsoft, Verizon and International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). The second part presents the internet securitization process, the immersion of cybersecurity in national security studies, and the definition of cyber capabilities and the delimitation of threats to the Nation-State from cyberspace are addressed. The third part shows the trajectory of NATO as an organization in the development of cyber capabilities in the last twenty years. In the fourth part, a set of National Cybersecurity Strategies (ENCS) of NATO countries and allies is analyzed from the individual level, from which their main elements are extracted and their general anatomy is outlined. In the sixth part, an approach to different regional or global cybersecurity environments is presented based on measurements of the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI), of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), and the National Cyber Security Index (NSCI) of the Estonian E-Governance Academy. The fifth section presents the context of cybersecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to studies made by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Organization of American States (OAS), as well as private cybersecurity firms. In the sixth, two case studies of Mexico, from the 2019-2020, are briefly presented, which represent the lack of maturity of its ENCS and development of cyber capabilities, an aspect that it shares with most of the countries of Latin America and Caribbean. Finally, brief conclusions are presented on the aspects to be strengthened by the region.

Fatigue and the older stroke patient

2020 ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
Ian I. Kneebone ◽  
Daniel Kam Yin Chan
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Stroke Patient ◽  
Medical Management ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Case Vignette ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Stroke Research ◽  
Fatigue Management ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

‘Fatigue and the older stroke patient’ explores with the help of a case vignette and a conceptual model, the complex field of fatigue after stroke. It looks at the definition of fatigue, assessment of fatigue in older stroke patients, mechanisms of fatigue, medical management, and psychological treatment of post-stroke fatigue. While fatigue is common after stroke, research into its management is in its infancy. With respect to the older person there is in particular a deficiency in research not only into fatigue management but also its nature and origins in this age group. Older people often have multiple medical comorbidities that can also cause fatigue and these need to be addressed appropriately. Nonetheless, clinically both psychological and medical management offer treatments that at the individual level may be worthwhile. Further rigorous empirical research particularly considering older people after stroke might assist in refining understanding and treatment of fatigue in this population.

scholarly journals Role Ambiguity in Sport Teams

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Eys ◽  
Albert V. Carron ◽  
Mark R. Beauchamp ◽  
Steven R. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Role Ambiguity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Future Research ◽  
First Year ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The general purpose of the present study was to examine the nature of role ambiguity in sport teams and to explore the construct validity of the operational definition of role ambiguity developed by Beauchamp, Bray, Eys, and Carron (2002). Role ambiguity was operationalized as a multidimensional construct (Scope of Responsibilities, Behavioral Responsibilities, Evaluation of Performance, and Consequences of Not Fulfilling Responsibilities) that occurs in two contexts, offense and defense. Consistent with the a priori hypothesis, perceptions of role ambiguity exhibited some degree of within-group consistency and group-level variability, but most of the variance in role ambiguity was seen at the individual level. Also, perceptions of role ambiguity decreased from early to late season. Finally, veteran athletes experienced less role ambiguity than first-year athletes at the beginning of the season, but not at the end. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Considering the Differential Impact of Three Facets of Organizational Health Climate on Employees’ Well-Being

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zandra M. Zweber ◽  
Robert A. Henning ◽  
Vicki J. Magley ◽  
Pouran Faghri
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Organizational Health ◽  
Employee Health ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

One potential way that healthy organizations can impact employee health is by promoting a climate for health within the organization. Using a definition of health climate that includes support for health from multiple levels within the organization, this study examines whether all three facets of health climate—the workgroup, supervisor, and organization—work together to contribute to employee well-being. Two samples are used in this study to examine health climate at the individual level and group level in order to provide a clearer picture of the impact of the three health climate facets.k-means cluster analysis was used on each sample to determine groups of individuals based on their levels of the three health climate facets. A discriminant function analysis was then run on each sample to determine if clusters differed on a function of employee well-being variables. Results provide evidence that having strength in all three of the facets is the most beneficial in terms of employee well-being at work. Findings from this study suggest that organizations must consider how health is treated within workgroups, how supervisors support employee health, and what the organization does to support employee health when promoting employee health.

scholarly journals A CONTINUUM MODEL FOR ALIGNMENT OF SELF-PROPELLED PARTICLES WITH ANISOTROPY AND DENSITY-DEPENDENT PARAMETERS

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (07) ◽  
pp. 1250011 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIC FROUVELLE
Keyword(s):  
Local Density ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Macroscopic Model ◽  
Continuous Version ◽  
Vicsek Model ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
New Feature ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
General Method

We consider the macroscopic model derived by Degond and Motsch from a time-continuous version of the Vicsek model, describing the interaction orientation in a large number of self-propelled particles. In this paper, we study the influence of a slight modification at the individual level, letting the relaxation parameter depend on the local density and taking in account some anisotropy in the observation kernel (which can model an angle of vision). The main result is a certain robustness of this macroscopic limit and of the methodology used to derive it. With some adaptations to the concept of generalized collisional invariants, we are able to derive the same system of partial differential equations, the only difference being in the definition of the coefficients, which depend on the density. This new feature may lead to the loss of hyperbolicity in some regimes. We then provide a general method which enables us to get asymptotic expansions of these coefficients. These expansions shows, in some effective situations, that the system is not hyperbolic. This asymptotic study is also useful to measure the influence of the angle of vision in the final macroscopic model, when the noise is small.

Predator-Prey Interactions

Ecology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy C. Roth II ◽  
Maria Thaker
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Community Interactions ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Prey Interaction ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Phenotypic Responses

All animals are either predators or prey and, in most cases, they are both. The interactions involved in attempting to eat and avoid being eaten have strong and wide-reaching influences across all facets of ecology, from individual phenotypic responses and population dynamics, to community interactions, and even to how we attempt to manage and conserve the natural world. As in many subfields of ecology, the science behind predator-prey investigations has been driven by theory, including important advances in generating and testing predictions. This article highlights the breadth of influence that predator-prey interactions have on ecology. The sections that follow address the effects of predator-prey interactions, such as those at the individual level, expressed through behavior, morphology, physiology, and life history, as well as their effects on population dynamics and community composition. At the individual level, the predator-prey interaction will be arranged in two perspectives: those of the predator and those of the prey. The article also considers the less typical and more integrative aspects of predator-prey interactions, such as their physiological and neurological mechanisms and their relevance for questions associated with conservation. In addition, this article will consider the validity of including parasitism and herbivory within the broad definition of predation. A great deal of debate is ongoing as to whether these two ecological interactions possess similar enough qualities with predation to be characterized as one phenomenon. Those sections of this article will cover this debate and provide the reader with resources with which to consider this question.

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