scholarly journals METAPHOR RESEARCH IN COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(78)) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Natalia Lutai ◽  
Tetiana Besarab
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Human Thinking

The article emphasizes the fact that within the past decades there has been a significant interest to studying of metaphors, the main reason awakening it is associated with studies conducted in the field of cognitive linguistics. Many scientists who are engaged in cognitive linguistics consider the metaphor not only as a part of the language, but as well as a fundamental part of the way of human thinking, reasoning and imagination. To some extent this statement has been confirmed by a huge number of empirical studies carried out in this area of ​​linguistics recently. The main purpose of this article is to describe the empirical foundations of cognitive linguistic research related to metaphors, to acknowledge various critical remarks regarding works on essential issues in this area, as well as weaknesses in the concept of metaphor represented by cognitive linguists, Plus, some urgent challenges that are to be resolved to define the subsequent research concerning the part of metaphors in language, thinking and culture have been enlightened. It has been pointed out that cognitive linguists, like scientists from any other academic field, are limited in their work owing to the empirical methods they use, for example, when discussing specific theories of language and thinking.

scholarly journals Cognitive linguistics and metaphor research: past successes, skeptical questions, future challenges

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (spe) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Way

An important reason for the tremendous interest in metaphor over the past 20 years stems from cognitive linguistic research. Cognitive linguists embrace the idea that metaphor is not merely a part of language, but reflects a fundamental part of the way people think, reason, and imagine. A large number of empirical studies in cognitive linguistics have, in different ways, supported this claim. My aim in this paper is to describe the empirical foundations for cognitive linguistic work on metaphor, acknowledge various skeptical reactions to this work, and respond to some of these questions/criticisms. I also outline several challenges that cognitive linguists should try to address in future work on metaphor in language, thought, and culture.

scholarly journals Engineering bacteria for cancer therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuhiro Harimoto ◽  
Tal Danino
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Delivery Vehicles

The engineering of living cells and microbes is ushering in a new era of cancer therapy. Due to recent microbiome studies indicating the prevalence of bacteria within the human body and specifically in tumor tissue, bacteria have generated significant interest as potential targets for cancer therapy. Notably, a multitude of empirical studies over the past decades have demonstrated that administered bacteria home and grow in tumors due to reduced immune surveillance of tumor necrotic cores. Given their specificity for tumors, bacteria present a unique opportunity to be engineered as intelligent delivery vehicles for cancer therapy with synthetic biology techniques. In this review, we discuss the history, current state, and future challenges associated with using bacteria as a cancer therapy.

Taking cognisance of cognitive linguistic research on humour

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Dynel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conceptual Blending ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
The One

Abstract This article is meant to give a state-of-the-art picture of cognitive linguistic studies on humour. Cognitive linguistics has had an immense impact on the development of humour research and, importantly, humour theory over the past few decades. On the one hand, linguists, philosophers and psychologists working in the field of humour research have put forward proposals to explain the cognitive processes underlying specifically humour production and reception (e.g. the incongruity-resolution framework and its refinements). On the other hand, humour research has drawn on theories and concepts advanced in contemporary cognitive linguistics taken as a whole (e.g. mental spaces, conceptual blending, salience or conceptual metaphor). The different notions and approaches originating in these strands of research are in various ways interwoven in order to give new insights into the cognitive workings of humour.

Cognitive Linguistics

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Wen ◽  
Kun Yang ◽  
Fangtao Kuang
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Cognitive Social Science

As a new paradigm of linguistics, Cognitive Linguistics has made great achievements over the past 30 years or so. In order to make the latest trends of Cognitive Linguistic research known, this paper presents the outstanding achievements and prominent characteristics of Cognitive Linguistics in various dimensions. In contrast to some other linguistic theories, Cognitive Linguistics has more conspicuous advantages in its theories and other aspects. Cognitive linguistics can offer not only an account of linguistic phenomena but also that of a wide variety of social and cultural phenomena. Therefore, Cognitive Linguistics is not only a school of linguistics but a cognitive social science or a cognitive semiotics, which has lots of implications for various fields or disciplines in the age of big data.

Assessing Medical Evidence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Stegenga
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Allocation Concealment ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Medical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Methods

Medical scientists employ ‘quality assessment tools’ to assess evidence from medical research, especially from randomized trials. These tools are designed to take into account methodological details of studies, including randomization, subject allocation concealment, and other features of studies deemed relevant to minimizing bias. There are dozens of such tools available. They differ widely from each other, and empirical studies show that they have low inter-rater reliability and low inter-tool reliability. This is an instance of a more general problem called here the underdetermination of evidential significance. Disagreements about the quality of evidence can be due to different—but in principle equally good—weightings of the methodological features that constitute quality assessment tools. Thus, the malleability of empirical research in medicine is deep: in addition to the malleability of first-order empirical methods, such as randomized trials, there is malleability in the tools used to evaluate first-order methods.

Microstructural Evolution in Al-Ti Multilayered Film with Annealing

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 836-837
Author(s):  
R. Mitra ◽  
W.A. Chiou ◽  
A.Madan ◽  
R. Hoffman ◽  
J.R. Weertman
Keyword(s):  
Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Ingot Metallurgy ◽  
Multilayered Film ◽  
Multilayered Structures ◽  
Multilayered Films ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Specific Strength ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Deposited Film

There has been a significant interest in the development of dispersion-hardened aluminum for many years for high specific strength and modulus. Such materials are usually processed by powder or ingot metallurgy routes. In this study, Al3 Ti dispersion hardened Al was obtained by annealing Al-Ti multilayers. Al-Ti multilayered films have been characterized in the past by observing the structure of the layers, as well as tensile properties and hardness. This paper reports the structure of Al-Ti multilayers and the evolution of matrix and dispersoid microstructure on annealing.The Al-Ti multilayered structures were prepared by magnetron sputtering using Al and Ti as targets and either Si (100) or NaCl as substrates. The bi-layer thickness was maintained around 16 nm with Ti constituting 12% of the total. The substrate was alternately moved below the Al and Ti targets for the purpose of deposition. The as-deposited film on the substrate and NaCl salts were annealed at 400°C for periods between 1 and 24 h in a vacuum (10−5 torr) furnace.

scholarly journals Mapping the Landscape and Structure of Research on Education for Sustainable Development: A Bibliometric Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Hallinger ◽  
Vien-Thong Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
English Language ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Education For Sustainable Development ◽  
Intellectual Structure ◽  
Geographic Diversification ◽  
The Past ◽  
K 12

This systematic review of research used science mapping as a means of analyzing the knowledge base on education for sustainable development (ESD) in K-12 schooling. The review documented the size, growth trajectory and geographic distribution of this literature, identified high impact scholars and documents, and visualized the “intellectual structure” of the field. The database examined in this review consisted of 1842 English language, Scopus-indexed documents published between 1990 and 2018. The review found that the knowledge base on ESD has grown dramatically over the past 30 years, with a rapidly accelerating rate of publication in the past decade. Although the field has been dominated by scholarship from Anglo-American_European nations, there is evidence of increasing geographic diversification of the ESD knowledge base over the past 15 years. Citation analyses identified authors who have had a significant influence on the development of this literature. Author co-citation analysis revealed three “schools of thought” that comprise the “intellectual structure” of this knowledge base: Education for Sustainable Development, Developing a Sustainability Mindset, Teaching and Learning for Sustainability. Document content analyses led to the conclusion that the current knowledge base is heavily weighted towards critical, descriptive and prescriptive papers, with an insufficient body of analytical empirical studies. Several recommendations are offered for strengthening this literature.

The Situation of Situation Research: Knowns and Unknowns

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Rauthmann ◽  
Ryne A. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Situation ◽  
Person Variables

Over the past 15 years, research on the assessment of psychological situations has flourished. As a result, many basic questions about psychological situations have been answered. We discuss the theoretical and empirical studies that answered these questions, including what situations are; how they can be characterized, taxonomized, and measured; how they relate to person variables; and how persons navigate situations. We first summarize the “knowns” of psychological situation research and then proceed to chart the “unknowns” that have yet to be examined. We conclude with an agenda for future situation research.

scholarly journals “Cognitive Linguistics: Looking back, looking forward”

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Divjak ◽  
Natalia Levshina ◽  
Jane Klavan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Data ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Looking Back ◽  
West European

AbstractSince its conception, Cognitive Linguistics as a theory of language has been enjoying ever increasing success worldwide. With quantitative growth has come qualitative diversification, and within a now heterogeneous field, different – and at times opposing – views on theoretical and methodological matters have emerged. The historical “prototype” of Cognitive Linguistics may be described as predominantly of mentalist persuasion, based on introspection, specialized in analysing language from a synchronic point of view, focused on West-European data (English in particular), and showing limited interest in the social and multimodal aspects of communication. Over the past years, many promising extensions from this prototype have emerged. The contributions selected for the Special Issue take stock of these extensions along the cognitive, social and methodological axes that expand the cognitive linguistic object of inquiry across time, space and modality.

The Great Depression and the Great Recession in Interwar Greece and Today: A comparison

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Lazaretou
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Past ◽  
Greek Crisis ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Terra Incognita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Nominal Anchor

AbstractThe past Greek crisis experience is more or less terra incognita. In all historical empirical studies Greece is systematically neglected or included only sporadically in their cross-country samples. In the national literature too there is little on this topic. In this paper we use the 1930s crisis as a useful testing ground to compare the two crises episodes, ‘then’ and ‘now’; to detect differences and similarities and discuss the policy facts with the ultimate aim to draw some ‘policy lessons’ from history. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to study the Greek crisis experience across the two historical episodes. Comparisons with the interwar period show that the recent economic downturn was faster, larger and more severe than during the early 1930s. More importantly, analysing the determinants of the two crises, we conclude that Greece’s problems arose from its inability to credibly adhere to a nominal anchor.

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