scholarly journals Engineering bacteria for cancer therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuhiro Harimoto ◽  
Tal Danino
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Delivery Vehicles

The engineering of living cells and microbes is ushering in a new era of cancer therapy. Due to recent microbiome studies indicating the prevalence of bacteria within the human body and specifically in tumor tissue, bacteria have generated significant interest as potential targets for cancer therapy. Notably, a multitude of empirical studies over the past decades have demonstrated that administered bacteria home and grow in tumors due to reduced immune surveillance of tumor necrotic cores. Given their specificity for tumors, bacteria present a unique opportunity to be engineered as intelligent delivery vehicles for cancer therapy with synthetic biology techniques. In this review, we discuss the history, current state, and future challenges associated with using bacteria as a cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition: The Next Chapter

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Cheng Yan ◽  
Axel Steinbrueck ◽  
Adam C. Sedgwick ◽  
Tony D. James
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fluorescent Chemosensors ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Current State ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Molecule Recognition

Over the past 30 years fluorescent chemosensors have evolved to incorporate many optical-based modalities and strategies. In this perspective we seek to highlight the current state of the art as well as provide our viewpoint on the most significant future challenges remaining in the area. To underscore current trends in the field and to facilitate understanding of the area, we provide the reader with appropriate contemporary examples. We then conclude with our thoughts on the most probable directions that chemosensor development will take in the not-too-distant future.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Clinical Trials

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine A. Nicholson ◽  
James D. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Trial Design ◽  
Sod1 Gene ◽  
Trial Methodology ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
New Era ◽  
Clinical Trial Methodology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

The current state of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) trial design is best understood within the context of ALS research over the past quarter century. Before the early 1990s, trials in ALS were typically small and clinical trial methodology was less rigorous than it is today. With the discovery of the SOD1 gene mutation in the early 1990s, a new era of excitement and innovation for ALS research began. Since then, the number of ALS trials has steadily increased and trial design and methodology has become increasingly sophisticated.

scholarly journals Cognitive linguistics and metaphor research: past successes, skeptical questions, future challenges

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (spe) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Way

An important reason for the tremendous interest in metaphor over the past 20 years stems from cognitive linguistic research. Cognitive linguists embrace the idea that metaphor is not merely a part of language, but reflects a fundamental part of the way people think, reason, and imagine. A large number of empirical studies in cognitive linguistics have, in different ways, supported this claim. My aim in this paper is to describe the empirical foundations for cognitive linguistic work on metaphor, acknowledge various skeptical reactions to this work, and respond to some of these questions/criticisms. I also outline several challenges that cognitive linguists should try to address in future work on metaphor in language, thought, and culture.

scholarly journals Literature Review on Artificial Intelligence in Journalism: A Bibliometric Analysis of Publications Indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 734-744
Author(s):  
Violetta Zorina ◽  
Elizaveta Osipovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Current State ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Web

This article reviews the past-to-present academic literature on artificial intelligence (AI) in journalism. Over the past years, these technologies have attracted the sufficient attention of researchers from various fields of scientific study producing a large number of publications. We have reviewed academic articles published between 2015 and 2021 to provide understanding of the current state of the research on AI in various research areas including journalism. The corpus was gathered by searching publications in two international databases, Scopus and the Web of Science (WoS). 70 empirical studies were selected on the basis of applying AI to journalism. Each article was categorized according to the type of database, period of time, the country of publication, the field of study and the frequency of citations. The applied method of quantitative research allows tracking the development of research within six years in the field of automated journalism. Finally, we put forward several proposals for further research in this field.

scholarly journals METAPHOR RESEARCH IN COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(78)) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Natalia Lutai ◽  
Tetiana Besarab
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Human Thinking

The article emphasizes the fact that within the past decades there has been a significant interest to studying of metaphors, the main reason awakening it is associated with studies conducted in the field of cognitive linguistics. Many scientists who are engaged in cognitive linguistics consider the metaphor not only as a part of the language, but as well as a fundamental part of the way of human thinking, reasoning and imagination. To some extent this statement has been confirmed by a huge number of empirical studies carried out in this area of ​​linguistics recently. The main purpose of this article is to describe the empirical foundations of cognitive linguistic research related to metaphors, to acknowledge various critical remarks regarding works on essential issues in this area, as well as weaknesses in the concept of metaphor represented by cognitive linguists, Plus, some urgent challenges that are to be resolved to define the subsequent research concerning the part of metaphors in language, thinking and culture have been enlightened. It has been pointed out that cognitive linguists, like scientists from any other academic field, are limited in their work owing to the empirical methods they use, for example, when discussing specific theories of language and thinking.

scholarly journals USE OF BACTERIA IN CANCER THERAPY (REVIEW)

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
I. V. Darmov ◽  
Ya. A. Kibirev ◽  
I. V. Marakulin ◽  
S. N. Yanov
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Antitumor Agents ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Current State ◽  
Antitumor Potential

Bacterial drugs for the treatment of malignant tumors have been discovered more than a hundred years ago, but their use in clinical practice has been very limited. In the past decade, there has been a revival of interest in the development of bacterial-based cancer biotherapies, which is associated with advances in genetic engineering and in depth knowledge of the mechanisms of the infectious process and immunity. The purpose of this review is to examine the current state and prospects for the development and use of drugs based on live bacterium, intended for the treatment of malignant tumors. The review presents evaluation data on experimental models of the antitumor potential of various species and strains of bacteria; the most significant results of clinical trials of bacterial antitumor agents; current trends in the design of bacterial strains for targeted drug delivery to the tumor. It is concluded that development of bacterial drugs for cancer therapy is a perspective branch of experimental oncology.

Current state and main directions of preservation and strengthening of health of the working population of Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Bukhtiyarov
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Past ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article presents the results of the analysis of health, working conditions and prevalence of adverse production factors, the structure of the detected occupational pathology in the working population of the Russian Federation. The article presents Statistical data on the dynamics of the share of workplaces of industrial enterprises that do not meet hygienic standards, occupational morbidity in 2015-2018 for the main groups of adverse factors of the production environment and the labor process. The indicators of occupational morbidity over the past 6 years in the context of the main types of economic activity, individual subjects of the Russian Federation, classes of working conditions, levels of specialized occupational health care. The role of the research Institute of occupational pathology and occupational pathology centers in solving organizational, methodological and practical tasks for the detection, treatment, rehabilitation and prevention of occupational diseases is shown. The basic directions of activity in the field of preservation and strengthening of health of workers, and also safety at a workplace are defined.

Stability and Folding of the Unusually Stable Hemoglobin from Synechocystis is Subtly Optimized and Dependent on the Key Heme Pocket Residues.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheetal Uppal ◽  
Mohd. Asim Khan ◽  
Suman Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Molten Globule ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Model System ◽  
Heme Pocket ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Key Residues ◽  
Synechocystis Sp

Aims: The aim of our study is to understand the biophysical traits that govern the stability and folding of Synechocystis hemoglobin, a unique cyanobacterial globin that displays unusual traits not observed in any of the other globins discovered so far. Background: For the past few decades, classical hemoglobins such as vertebrate hemoglobin and myoglobin have been extensively studied to unravel the stability and folding mechanisms of hemoglobins. However, the expanding wealth of hemoglobins identified in all life forms with novel properties, like heme coordination chemistry and globin fold, have added complexity and challenges to the understanding of hemoglobin stability, which has not been adequately addressed. Here, we explored the unique truncated and hexacoordinate hemoglobin from the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 known as “Synechocystis hemoglobin (SynHb)”. The “three histidines” linkages to heme are novel to this cyanobacterial hemoglobin. Objective: Mutational studies were employed to decipher the residues within the heme pocket that dictate the stability and folding of SynHb. Methods: Site-directed mutants of SynHb were generated and analyzed using a repertoire of spectroscopic and calorimetric tools. Result: The results revealed that the heme was stably associated to the protein under all denaturing conditions with His117 playing the anchoring role. The studies also highlighted the possibility of existence of a “molten globule” like intermediate at acidic pH in this exceptionally thermostable globin. His117 and other key residues in the heme pocket play an indispensable role in imparting significant polypeptide stability. Conclusion: Synechocystis hemoglobin presents an important model system for investigations of protein folding and stability in general. The heme pocket residues influenced the folding and stability of SynHb in a very subtle and specific manner and may have been optimized to make this Hb the most stable known as of date. Other: The knowledge gained hereby about the influence of heme pocket amino acid side chains on stability and expression is currently being utilized to improve the stability of recombinant human Hbs for efficient use as oxygen delivery vehicles.

Exploring Nanoemulsion for Liver Cancer Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-268
Author(s):  
Tanmay Upadhyay ◽  
Vaseem A. Ansari ◽  
Usama Ahmad ◽  
Nazneen Sultana ◽  
Juber Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Liquid Dosage Form

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 8.8 million deaths in 2015. Among these, at least 0.78 million people died of liver cancer alone. The recognized risk factors for liver cancer include chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, exposure to dietary aflatoxin, fatty liver disease, alcohol-induced cirrhosis, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and iron overload. The treatment plan for early diagnosed patients includes radiation therapy, tumour ablation, surgery, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Some sort of drug delivery vehicles has to be used when the treatment plan is targeted chemotherapy. Nanoemulsions are a class of biphasic liquid dosage form which are mixtures of oil and water stabilized by a surfactant. They are either transparent or bluish in hue and serve as a wonderful carrier system for chemotherapeutic drugs. These vehicles have a particle size in the range of 20-200 nm allowing them to be delivered successfully in the deepest of tissues. Recent publications on nanoemulsions reveal their acceptance and a popular choice for delivering both synthetic and herbal drugs to the liver. This work focuses on some anti-cancer agents that utilized the advantages of nanoemulsion for liver cancer therapy.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review on Two Herbs of Baijiangcao: Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. ex Trev. and Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 496-517
Author(s):  
Yangcheng Liu ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Jiaqi Wang ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Changlan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Patrinia Scabiosaefolia ◽  
Antiviral Activities

Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. Trev. and Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss, are two species of Patrinia recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia with the same Chinese name “Baijiangcao” and similar therapeutic effect in traditional Chinese medicine. The present article is the first comprehensive review on the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of these herbs. In this review, data on chemical constituents and pharmacological profile of the two herbs are provided. This review discusses all the classes of the 223 compounds (phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenes, saponins and volatile components, etc.) detected in the two herbs providing information on the current state of knowledge of the phytochemicals present in them. In the past three years, our research group has isolated and identified about more than 100 ingredients from the two herbs. Therefore, we published a systematic review of our research papers and studies on the two herbs were carried out using resources such as classic books about Chinese herbal medicine and scientific databases including Pubmed, Web of Science, SciFinder, CNKI. etc. The present review discusses the most thoroughly studied pharmacological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antitumor and antiviral activities) of the two herbs. This comprehensive review will be informative for scientists searching for new properties of these herbs and will be important and significant for the discovery of bioactive compounds from the two herbs and in complete utilization of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. ex Trev. and Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss.

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