scholarly journals Book as a Cure of the Condemned: From the History of Penitentiary System of Western Siberia (second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
Olga N. Naumenko ◽  
Evgeny A. Naumenko
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Political Prisoners ◽  
Prison Literature ◽  
Compensation Factor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Revolutionary Literature ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

Historical experience of education by the means of books, known as culture of reading, started being weakened in “the age of Internet”. Novelty of the article is in the described process of impact of the book on criminals in the territory of Western Siberia considered through the cultural, historical and psychological aspects. With the use of previously unknown archival materials there are revealed the cure methods of the condemned by using the book, and the relationship to the prison literature of the political prisoners. The personality of prisoners differed by a set of moral qualities, but almost all of them were ready to the perception of people around and themselves through the literature. Illiteracy was the main obstacle in education of the condemned, but the administration of prisons opened prison schools and organized reading literature aloud. The first prison libraries appeared in the 1860-ies and were replenished generally at the expense of philanthropists. F.M. Dostoyevsky’s novels “Crime and Punishment” and “Notes from the Dead House”, fairy tales and poems by A.S. Pushkin were the most popular books: they filled life with romanticism and were a compensation factor. Political prisoners denied any educational methods, preferring to read revolutionary literature. It is impossible to track extent of impact of book on the process of correction of criminals, but it is possible to claim that libraries started forming the atmosphere of book which is the most important condition of education in prisons, and is a necessary prerequisite for correction of a convicted person.

Augustine

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Marenbon
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Human History ◽  
City Of God ◽  
Subsequent Discussion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter investigates Augustine's role in addressing the Problem of Paganism. After the Sack of Rome in 410 CE, Augustine set out to produce his most ambitious work, a Christian rethinking, not just of the history of Rome, but of the relationship between God and the course of human history. Written in the safety of North Africa, the City of God (CG), begun probably in 412 but not finished until about fourteen years later, is both an intellectual masterpiece and a foundational book for the Problem of Paganism. Although the problem has somewhat different contours for him from those it would take on in the Middle Ages, in the City of God and other works Augustine looks closely at three of the main strands of the problem — wisdom, salvation, and virtue — and takes positions which set the agenda for almost all subsequent discussion.

When Memory Challenges History: Public Contestation of the Past in Post-Suharto Indonesia

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Political Prisoners ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Army Officers ◽  
Current Controversy ◽  
Official History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractServing to legitimate the power of a political regime, official history is usually radically questioned as the regime collapses. Such is the case in Indonesia since the fall of Suharto in May 1998. Yet, unlike many other countries which have experienced transitions from authoritarian or totalitarian rule to democracy, post-Suharto Indonesia is witnessing an ambivalent critique of the official history, especially regarding the "September 30, 1965 affair" (the killing of six top Army officers by a regiment of Presidential guards which brought about Suharto's rise to power). On one hand, there is a public query over who masterminded the killings; on the other hand, there are reactionary responses towards the claims of victimization among ex-political prisoners associated with the September 30,1965 movement, as they articulate their experiences of the past tragedy. This paper attempts to explore the current controversy surrounding the official history of the September 30, 1965 affair through discussions of the paradox of memory, and the relationship between memory and history.

scholarly journals PARTICIPATION OF DANYLO SHUMUK IN THE NORILSK UPRISING

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (30) ◽  
pp. 98-104
Author(s):  
Yurii Finikovskyi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Prisoners ◽  
Political Prisoner ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Hunger Strike ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Major Strike ◽  
The Relationship

The Norilsk uprising was a major strike by Gulag inmates in Gorlag, a special camp mostly for political prisoners, in the summer of 1953, shortly after Joseph Stalin’s death. About 70% of inmates were Ukrainians, many of whom had been sentenced for 25 years to the so-called «Bandera Standard». It was the first major revolt within the Gulag system in 1953-1954. Between May 26 and August 4, 1953, the inmates of the Gorlag-Main camp went on strike, which lasted 69 days. This was the longest uprising in the history of the Gulag. The preconditions for the uprising can be seen as the following: the arrival of waves of prisoners to the Gorlag, who had participated in the uprisings of 1952, the death of Stalin on March 5, 1953 and the fact that the amnesty that followed his death only applied to (non-political) criminals and convicts with short prison terms, the percentage of which was very low in Gorlag. All categories of inmates took part in the uprising, with the leading roles played by former military men and participants of national liberation movements of western Ukraine, Georgia and the Baltics. Norilsk uprising combined various forms of protest – hunger strike, resignation, riot, armed uprising. One of the leaders of the uprising was Danylo Shumuk, a former employee of one of the UPA’s political divisions. The article describes the participation of a Ukrainian political prisoner, a participant in the national liberation movement in Volyn during World War II, Danylo Shumuk in the organization of the Norilsk Uprising of Political Prisoners (June-August 1953). The process of creating a conspiratorial formation by an activist – a «Selfhelp organization», the goals, composition, methods of activity of its members, the relationship between them are shown. On the basis of domestic and foreign sources, the forms of protest of prisoners and their demands were analyzed. The main results of the struggle of political prisoners and their future fate are highlighted. It is evidence-based the Ukrainian central role in Norilsk uprising, which was one of the strongest in the history of the Gulag, and resulted its reformation.

scholarly journals Numerical modelling of past retreat and future evolution of Chhota Shigri glacier in Western Indian Himalaya

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (75pt2) ◽  
pp. 136-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prateek Gantayat ◽  
Anil V. Kulkarni ◽  
J. Srinivasan ◽  
Maurice J Schmeits
Keyword(s):  
Indian Himalaya ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chhota Shigri Glacier ◽  
Climatic Scenarios ◽  
History Of ◽  
Glacier Length ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT The history of glacier length fluctuations serves as a reliable indicator of the past climate. In this paper, a numerical flowline model has been used to study the relationship between length variations of Chhota Shigri glacier and local climate since 1876. The simulated front positions of Chhota Shigri glacier are in agreement with those observed. After a successful simulation of the past retreat, the model was also used to predict future evolution of the glacier for the next 100 years under different climatic scenarios. These simulations indicate that the Chhota Shigri glacier may lose ~90% of its present volume by 2100 if the local temperature increases by 2.4 K, and for a temperature rise of 5.5 K, the glacier loses almost all its volume.

scholarly journals Educational Institutions of Labor Reserves in Western Siberia at the Beginning of the Great Patriotic War (1941–1942)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-594
Author(s):  
I. G. Dokuchaeva
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Restructuring Process ◽  
Training Institutions ◽  
The Relationship

The evacuation of industrial enterprises, educational institutions, and millions of Soviet citizens during the Great Patriotic War is a tragic page in the history of Russia. This complex operation involved the evacuation and placement of hundreds of schools and factory training institutions in the rear areas of the country. The article describes the scale and complexity of the restoration of the work of educational institutions of Labor Reserves in the conditions of Western Siberia at the initial stage of the war. It includes an analysis of the restructuring process of Labor Reserve schools. The author evaluates the importance of mobilization measures taken to attract young people to accelerated vocational training. The paper also features the problem of the relationship between the management of the Labor Re-serves and the industrial and transport enterprises where students had to do practical training and got employed after graduation. The research offers a comparative statistics of growth in the number of educational institutions and stu-dents.

scholarly journals Anatomy of the Protests of Political Exiles in Western Siberia in the 1880s

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 654-672
Author(s):  
Oleg A. Milevsky
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Political Exile ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Relationship

Using the methods of regional history, the present paper studies some little-known pages of the history of the political exile life in Western Siberia. The present case gives us a new perspective on the institution of political exile, and insights into the relationship between the provincial government and political exiles. The article is based on hitherto unstudied documents from the archives of Tobolsk and Surgut. The focus is on collisions of political exiles with the local administration, which resulted in a series of protests by political exiles. Reconstructing the daily life of exiled revolutionaries, the author analyzes the decision-making by central and provincial authorities towards exiled revolutionaries. Special attention is paid to the life circumstances of political prisoners in the Tobolsk North, in particular in the town of Surgut, where the confrontation between exiles and the local administration reached an extreme degree of tension, leading in 1888 to the "Surgut protest". These events later triggered the Yakut protest of 1889, the largest in the history of political exile, which ended in direct bloodshed. The author emphasizes the short-sightedness of the tsarist government as well as the petty and vindictive desire of officials at all levels to brutally and often excessively punish opponents of the existing political system. These factors had harmful consequences for the Russian Empire. On the one hand, the relationship between the government and the opposition became more tense; on the other, the harsh treatment of poli- tical exiles seriously undermined the prestige of the autocracy on the international scene, moving world public opinion into the direction of supporting the Russian revolutionary movement.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHINESE EMPEROR KANGXI AND THE DZUNGAR KHAN GALDAN DURING THE DZUNGAR-CHINESE WAR OF 1690-1697

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-655
Author(s):  
O.N. Boldyreva ◽  
Wang Xia
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chinese Author ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

The study of the history of the Dzungar khanate is of particular interest to world and national Orientalism. Problems of formation, activity and decline of this state in the XVII-XVIII centuries were studied at different times by Orientalists from Russia, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and other countries. And now the history of the Dzungar khanate is an important aspect of Oriental studies, especially in studies on the history of Central Asia. The relevance of the article is due to the extreme interest in Oriental studies in modern science, namely in Central Asia. For centuries, the Kalmyk khanate had relations with China, Dzungaria, Kazakh zhuzes. The khanate established friendly relations with some states, and with others, despite the zeal to find a mutually beneficial solution, contact could not be established. Almost all of this was influenced not by the Kalmyk khanate itself, but by the relations of other states together, for example, China and Dzungaria. The subject of study in this article is the Dzungar-Chinese relations at the end of the XVII century. These relations are described in the book of the Chinese author of Mongolian origin Altan-Ochir “A brief history of Oirat-Mongols”. The authors of the article tried to reconstruct the picture of the events of that time with the help of translation and make short conclusions.

scholarly journals The relationship of architecture and cultural landscape on the example of the city of Almaty

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
History Of ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
Culture Design ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article substantiates the significance of the traditional culture of Kazakhstan in the field of art and design training. It describes the uniqueness of Kazakhstan's design, which is closely intertwined with various aspects of the theory and history of culture, and also reflects examples of integration into world culture. The author emphasizes the importance of studying the origins of national culture and its features, which are necessary for preserving the continuity of generations. The authors suggest using the potential of folk art heritage in the educational process for the development of aesthetic and moral qualities of the individual. Key words: education, traditional Kazakh culture, design, continuity.

scholarly journals The Word „master/Master” Sounds Strange…

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-178
Author(s):  
Iwona Kabzińska
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Early Age ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ways Of Being

The author avoids using the term master/Master, instead referring to the concept of a Teacher when describing the people who played a significant role in her life and who are the main protagonists of this article. These people are the Professors Anna Kutrzeba-Pojnarowa and Witold Dynowski, ethnologists, excellent lecturers and researchers; and also people full of passion, respect for the achievements of other scholars, fascinated with the history of the discipline they represent and the interrelation of “macro” and “micro” history. First and foremost, they are great PEOPLE. Reminiscing about encounters with them, the author presents the model relationship between a teacher and a pupil, close to her, which is not limited to passing knowledge. The relationship is based on kindness, openness to others, and motivating them to overcome their limitations, fears and difficulties. The skills of noticing the potential of others, encouraging them to develop, acceptance, keeping one’s spirits up, support and co-existence should also be mentioned. Another person who also played the role of Teacher, although she has never been designated as such by the author, is her Grandmother Janina Orzechowska. She was the one who shaped the author’s attitudes to life, her way of looking at other people, her passions and ways of being. She was the person whose selfless love expressed by her behavior, gestures and looks accompanied the author from an early age. The motif of the relationship is very explicit in the text. The author emphasizes that relationships are not always joyful and constructive. Sometimes they clip one’s wings, they hurt and take away the light. Relationships which are beautiful in the beginning can also change under the influence of an illness, of one person affecting the others. The author describes changes like that via the example of the relationship with someone who appears in the text as the anonymous Teacher. It was a person from whom the author received a bitter lesson in life, far from fairy tales with a happy end.

scholarly journals Life and Work of Lieutenant Colonel of Militia Alexey N. Ovchinnikov in 1920s – 1941

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 884-896
Author(s):  
V. A. Ovchinnikov ◽  
E. V. Suverov
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Early History ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Novosibirsk Region ◽  
Political Views ◽  
History Of ◽  
Moral Qualities

This article reconstructs the early history of the Soviet militia in Western Siberia. The research was based on the personal archive of Lieutenant Colonel A. N. Ovchinnikov and previously unpublished official documents stored in the archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Altai Krai and in the Novosibirsk Region. The research featured A. N. Ovchinnikov’s professional activity and personal participation in the development of militia in the Altai Krai and Kuzbass. When A. N. Ovchinnikov joined the militia forces, the institution was undergoing some radical reforms, e.g. it merged with the Joint State Political Directorate, became militarized and politicized, etc. In the 1920s – 1940s, the Soviet militia turned into a command and administrative system that made collectivization and industrialization possible. Militia officers were evaluated not only by their professional qualities, but also by their party affiliation, political views, and education. The sources made it possible to reveal A. N. Ovchinnikov’s personal position in the process of militia development in the 1930s – 1940s. Despite the constant personnel shortage and the low level of education, the party managed to improve the discipline, qualifications, moral qualities, and political consciousness of militia officers, thus increasing their performance. The authors believe that personal historic narratives can be a valuable contribution to the historical studies of Soviet militia.

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