Molecular bases of primary monogenic dyslipidemia

Author(s):  
О.Н. Иванова ◽  
П.А. Васильев ◽  
Е.Ю. Захарова

Дислипидемия - одно из наиболее распространенных метаболических нарушений, доминирующий фактор риска заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы. Своевременная диагностика и корректировка липидного профиля могут заметно снизить заболеваемость и смертность от сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Обширная гетерогенная группа заболеваний приводит к устойчивым изменениям липидного профиля. Предлагаемый обзор включает в себя описание метаболизма липидов, молекулярных основ и клинических характеристик первичных моногенных дислипидемий. Мутации двадцати пяти генов являются причиной большинства моногенных дислипидемий. На основании изменений липидного профиля выделяют пять групп фенотипов с экстремальным отклонением уровней маркеров липидного профиля: с высоким и низким уровнем липопротеинов низкой плотности, с высоким и низким уровнем липопротеинов высокой плотности, с высоким уровнем триглицеридов. Для каждого фенотипа обозначены ассоциированные гены, указан ген с чаще всего выявляемыми мутациями. Подробно описаны молекулярные основы наиболее распространенной дислипидемии, характеризующейся существенным повышением уровня липопротеинов низкой плотности - семейной гиперхолестеринемии. Генетическое тестирование пациентов с дислипидемией дает возможность постановки точного диагноза, каскадного обследования и консультирования членов семьи пациента, ранней диагностики для предотвращения или более позднего проявления осложнений. Dyslipidemia is one of the most common metabolic disorders, the dominant risk factor for diseases of the cardiovascular system. Timely diagnosis and correction of the lipid profile can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. An extensive heterogeneous group of diseases leads to persistent changes in the lipid profile. This review includes a description of lipid metabolism, the molecular basis, and clinical characteristics of primary monogenic dyslipidemia. Mutations in twenty-five genes are responsible for most monogenic dyslipidemias. On the basis of changes in the lipid profile, five groups of phenotypes are distinguished with extreme deviation in the levels of lipid profile markers: with high and low levels of low density lipoproteins, with high and low levels of high density lipoproteins, with high levels of triglycerides. For each phenotype, the associated genes are indicated, the gene with the most frequently detected mutations is indicated. The molecular basis of the most common dyslipidemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, is described in detail. Genetic testing of patients with dyslipidemia makes it possible to make an accurate diagnosis, the possibility of cascade examination and counseling of the patient’s family members, the possibility of early diagnosis to prevent or later manifest complications.

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
James B. Campbell

Under certain conditions, serum very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) can inhibit rubella hemagglutination. The level of this non-specific hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) activity increases as the incubation period between serum and antigen is increased. Treatment of serum with heparin–MnCl2 does not precipitate HDL, and may not effect complete removal of all VLDL. This treatment method, therefore, should be considered a source of false-positive reactions, especially when extended serum–antigen incubation periods are used to enhance HI activity and to detect low levels of IgM.


Author(s):  
R. N. Ativie ◽  
A. O. Naiho ◽  
G. T. Olowe ◽  
T. O. Awotidebe ◽  
J. Agono ◽  
...  

Although known for its role in clogging arteries and pathogenesis of heart diseases and stroke, cholesterol (and similar lipids) is also useful in the bio-synthesis of sex and adrenal hormones. Studies have shown three forms of cholesterol-carrying proteins in the blood: high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). With LDL and VLDL being the “bad cholesterol”, this study investigated the effect(s) of a 10-week interval exercise training and a 10-week continuous exercise training on total body Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL and Triglycerides (TAGs) in obese and overweight females. To approach this, one hundred and eleven (111) overweight and obese female subjects (aged between 18-65 years) were ethically recruited and grouped into three of thirty-seven (37) subjects each; (CETG = Continuous Exercise Training Group, IETC = Interval Exercise Training Group, and CG = Control group). While CG had no form of exercise training, IETC received alternate intensity training in ratio 1:3 as 30 seconds of high-intensity exercise with an alternate 90 seconds of low-intensity exercise. Subjects in CETG received similar treatments as IETC but without the low-intensity phase. In both cases, exercise intensity was 65% of heart rate maximum for 20 minutes at the first 2 weeks and was subsequently increased by 5% intensity and 5 minutes duration every 2 weeks till the 10th week with proper profiling and record of serum lipid levels (cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL and TAGs) in each case. Analysis of the differences in mean (ANOVA) for obtained records showed a statistically significant decrease in cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and TAGs after 10 weeks of high-intensity continuous exercise training and a statistically significant increase in HDL after 10 weeks of high-intensity interval exercise training. Thus, lipid profile levels were positively affected by continuous mode of aerobic exercise. Similar but advanced studies with dietetic implications are recommended for further explanation of the reasons for the observed differences.


2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
M. A. Darenskaya ◽  
Ya. L. Danchinova ◽  
Adjitha Aaromal ◽  
L. I. Grebenkina ◽  
S. G. Aleksandrov ◽  
...  

Background. A socially significant order for the training of foreign specialists, including the promotion of Russian education on the international market, certainly requires the organization of the process of students’ adaptation to the educational and information environment of the university. Particular attention deserves the components of the lipid profile, which are part of the overall adaptation syndrome.Aim: to study the features of the lipid profile in foreign students studying at the Irkutsk State Medical University.Methods. In total, 100 students of the medical profile of the Irkutsk State Medical University were enrolled in full-time study: 58 students (36 males and 22 females) were students of Russian nationality and 42 students (32 males and 11 females) – Indian students. Levels of lipid status indicators were determined with the help of Cormay kits on the automatic analyzer BTS-330 using the photometry method.Results. Hindu young men had statistically significantly higher values of triacylglycerols, very low-density lipoproteins and lower levels of high-density lipoproteins in comparison with young Russians. In the groups of girls of Indian origin, the changes concerned increased levels of triacylglycerols and very low-density lipoproteins in comparison with Russians. Gender differences were found only among Russian students – in the form of increased values of cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins in the group of girls compared to boys.Conclusion. The established functional changes in lipid metabolism in foreign students characterize the stress of the adaptive resources of the body, which, probably, can be due to the irrationality of nutrition.


2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohail Bashir Sulehria ◽  
Anser Asrar ◽  
Irshad Hussain Qureshi.

Objective: To compare lipid profile in thrombotic and haemorrhagic stroke patients. Place of Study: All general medical and neurology wards of Mayo Hospital Lahore. Patients and Methods: Study was conducted in 40 consecutive patients of stroke admitted in hospital. Serum lipid (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins and LDL/HDL ratio) were estimated in all selected patients within 7 days of onset of stroke and findings were entered on study proforma specifically designed for this purpose and analyzed statistically by student`s "t" test. Results: Out of 40 patients included in the study, 22(55%) were suffering from thrombotic stroke while 18(45%) suffered from haemorragic stroke. The difference in the values of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins and LDL/HDL ratio was not statistically significant between the two groups of patients. Conclusion: It is concluded that serum lipids i.e., total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins and LDL/HDL ratio does not have any differential effect in the causation of thrombotic or haemorrhagic strokes.


Author(s):  
Valentina O. Mittova ◽  
Anna O. Khoroshikh ◽  
Olga V. Zemchenkova ◽  
Sergey V. Ryazantsev ◽  
Oleg V. Maslov ◽  
...  

The search for early markers of atherosclerosis is an effective method for providing personalized medicine allowing the prevention of the progression of this pathology. The aim of this study was the determination of the total indices of dyslipidemia and the identification of the gender indices of the extended lipid profile in the population of residents of the Southern and Central Federal Districts (Voronezh, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Kursk and Rostov regions) for the identification of early markers of atherogenicity. In a simultaneous clinical study, involving 339 patients (mean age 48 years), the concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL (low density lipoproteins), HDL (high density lipoproteins), apolipoproteins B and A1, the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio and the atherogenic coefficient were determined. For the identification of the relationship between changes in lipid profile indicators with cytolysis syndrome and indicators of carbohydrate metabolism, the activity of ALAT (alanine aminotransferase), GGTP (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) and glucose contentwere also studied. Analysis of the results of the lipid spectrum of the population sample of the middle age group revealed significant metabolic disorders of lipid metabolism with a predominance of atherogenic lipid fractions and a significant excess of indicators of atherogenic lipid fractions in middle-aged men in  comparison with women. It has been shown that the apoB/apoA1 index can be used as an auxiliary marker for early assessment of the prevalence of atherogenic lipid fractions, allowing the identification of risk groups for the development of diseases associated with metabolic disorders


2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
S. T. Yakubu ◽  
T. S. Olugbemi ◽  
P. Onimisi ◽  
O. T. Lasisi

Instant noodles are widely consumed in Nigeria, with large of its by-products although high in energy but constituting environmental pollution in the production areas if allowed to lay waste. An eight-week feeding trial using 240 five-days old Hubbard flex broiler chicks was conducted to access the effect of feeding graded levels of indomie noodle waste (INW) in isonitrogenous diets on serum lipid profile of birds. Birds were allotted five treatments containing three replicates having sixteen birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Five diets were compounded containing indomie noodle waste at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacing maize in the diets. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from severed jugular veins of two birds per replicate and subjected to laboratory analysis for Total Cholesterol, High density lipoproteins, Low density lipoproteins and Triglycerides. Results showed that increase in INW in the diets of broilers increased total cholesterol (148.24mg/dl -192.06mg/dl, SD 61.68) and triglyceride (27.07mg/dL-91.52mg/dl, SD 40.79), favored high density lipoproteins (37.38mg/dL - 77.34mg/Dl, SD 31.88), and lowered values for low density lipoproteins (72.18mg/dL - 112.14mg/dL, SD 58.06) though there was no statistical difference (P>0.05) across the treatments. Indomie noodle waste has the potential to replace maize up to 100% with good effects on High Density Lipoproteins, Total Cholesterol within range and lower Low Density Lipoproteins values.


2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (23) ◽  
pp. 2729-2742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasrin Sharifi ◽  
Reza Tabrizi ◽  
Mahmood Moosazadeh ◽  
Naghmeh Mirhosseini ◽  
Kamran B. Lankarani ◽  
...  

Background and objective: Oxidative stress and inflammation are key parameters in developing metabolic disorders. Hence, antioxidant intake might be an appropriate approach. Several studies have evaluated the effect of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation on lipid profile among patients with metabolic diseases, though findings are controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of CoQ10 supplementation on lipid profile in patients with metabolic disorders. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases until July 2017. Prospective clinical trials were selected assessing the effect of CoQ10 supplementation on different biomarkers. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility of studies, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias of included studies. A fixed- or random-effects model was used to pool the data, which expressed as a standardized mean difference with 95% confidence interval. Heterogeneity was measured using a Q-test and with I2 statistics. Results: A total of twenty-one controlled trials (514 patients and 525 controls) were included. The meta-analysis indicated a significant reduction in serum triglycerides levels (SMD -0.28; 95% CI, -0.56, -0.005). CoQ10 supplementation also decreased total-cholesterol (SMD -0.07; 95% CI, -0.45, 0.31), increased LDL- (SMD 0.04; 95% CI, -0.27, 0.36), and HDL-cholesterol levels (SMD 0.10; 95% CI, -0.32, 0.51), not statistically significant. Conclusion: CoQ10 supplementation may significantly reduce serum triglycerides levels, and help to improve lipid profiles in patients with metabolic disorders. Additional prospective studies are recommended using higher supplementation doses and longer intervention period.


Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 857
Author(s):  
Josep Julve ◽  
Joan Carles Escolà-Gil

Epidemiological studies have shown that low levels of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) [...]


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