scholarly journals GENETIC DIVERSITY OF ANCIENT POPULATIONS IN THE CAUCASUS AND THE ADJACENT STEPPES DURING THE ENEOLITHIC-BRONZE AGE (V-II mill. BC): MAIN RESULTS AND ISSUES OF CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-114
Author(s):  
В. А. Трифонов ◽  
Е. Б. Прохорчук ◽  
К. В. Жур
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
The North ◽  
Genetic Pool

В статье представлен обзор новейших результатов анализа ДНК древних народов Кавказа и сопредельной степи в эпоху энеолита - бронзы (V-II тыс. до н. э.) и рассматриваются проблемы их культурно-исторической интерпретации. Выделено семь особенностей общей палеогенетической картины региона: 1. Формирование генотипа кавказских охотников-собирателей не позднее XII тыс. до н. э. и его раннее распространение за пределы Кавказа; 2. Существование на Кавказе непрерывной генетической преемственности с эпохи верхнего палеолита; 3. Раннее, не позднее VI тыс. до н. э., появление кавказского и связанного с ним переднеазиатского (иранского и анатолийского) генетического компонента в степном генетическом пуле; 4. Сохранение генетических различий между населением Кавказа и открытой степи на протяжении всей эпохи энеолита - бронзы; 5. Существование вдоль северных склонов Кавказа генетической буферной зоны, которую, в зависимости от исторических и климатических условий, занимали степняки или кавказцы; 6. Односторонняя проводимость потока генов через Кавказ только в направлении с юга на север; 7. Преобладание культурного разнообразия над генетическим. Отмечается, что проблемы культурно-исторической трактовки генетических данных связаны в разной степени с несогласованностью между генетической и археологической таксономиями, недооценкой генетиками археологического контекста и наивной интерпретацией археологами различий в ДНК как культурных атрибутов. The paper provides an overview of the recent DNA analysis of the ancient populations of the Caucasus and the adjacent steppes during the Eneolithic-Bronze Age (V-II mill. BC) and explores the issues of cultural and historical interpretation of the results. Seven specific features of the general paleogenetic picture of the region have been singled out: 1. Development of the genotype of the Caucasian hunters-gatherers not later than 12 000 years ago and its early spread beyond the Caucasus; 2. Existence of genetic continuity in the Caucasus starting from the Upper Paleolithic; 3. Early appearance of the Caucasus and the related Near East (Iranian and Anatolian) genetic component in the steppe genetic pool, not later than VI mill. BC; 4. Preservation of genetic differences between the population of the Caucasus and the steppe population throughout the entire Eneolithic-Bronze Age; 5. Existence of a genetic buffer zone along the northern slopes of the Caucasus occupied either by the steppe population or the Caucasian population depending on historical and climatic conditions; 6. One-way gene flow across the Caucasus only from the south to the north; 7. Predominance of cultural diversity over genetic diversity. It is emphasized that the issues of the cultural and historical interpretation of genetic data are related, in varying degrees, to inconsistency between genetic and archaeological taxonomies, overlooking of the archaeological context by genetic scientists and naive interpretation of differences in DNA as cultural attributes by archaeologists.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon dating of the bronze age bone pins from Eurasian steppe

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Shishlina ◽  
Johan Plicht ◽  
Elya Zazovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
14C Dating ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Eurasian Steppe ◽  
Culture Formation ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Bronze Age

AbstractBone catapult and hammer-headed pins played one of very specific roles in funerary offerings in the Bronze Age graves uncovered in the Eurasian Steppes and the North Caucasus. Scholars used different types of pins as key grave offerings for numerous chronological models. For the first time eight pins have been radiocarbon dated. 14C dating of bone pins identified the catapult type pin as the earliest one. They marked the period of the Yamnaya culture formation. Then Yamnaya population produced hammer-headed pins which became very popular in other cultural environments and spread very quickly across the Steppe and the Caucasus during 2900–2650 cal BC. But according to radiocarbon dating bone pins almost disappeared after 2600 cal BC.

scholarly journals ORCHIDS GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR BLOOMING FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY

2017 ◽  
pp. 07-10
Author(s):  
P. KARUPPAIAH
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
The North ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Micro Propagation ◽  
Planting Materials

India is bestowed with different agro-climatic conditions and soil. This makes the country particularly suitable for growing a wide variety of horticulture crops especially flowers. Among the flowers, the orchids represent a fairly young, highly diverse, and successful family of flowering plants, the Orchidaceae. It is still in an active state of speciation. Some of their botanically significant features are presence of intricately fabricated and long-lasting flowers. The numerical strength of orchids, in terms of species have been variously assessed between 17,000 and 35,000. The orchids are in cosmopolitan in distribution. Rhizanthella gardneri and R. slateri are subterranean in habit and Corallorrhiza innata a rootless parasite. The orchids are essentially out breeders, having adapted to insect pollinations. India with a vast geographic expanse and climatic ones ranging from tropical to temperate, supports a rich diversity of flora. The orchids have naturalized here in great profusion; the North Eastern, the Himalayan, and the Peninsular regions (on the main land) and the Andaman and Nicobar region (off shores) are the major orchid habitats in the country, while the occurrence of nearly 1100 species in 157 genera are representing all the major orchid tribes. Efforts have been made to evolve strategies for ensuring the survival and maintenance of genetic diversity that still exists in these plants. In this connection, one need not overstress the importance of orchid breeding. Unfortunately, orchid breeding is still in infancy in the country. Now, there is a need to improve floriculture breeding to reduce the foreign exchange for good quality planting materials. Hence, it is important to explore the orchid wealth of the country. Important floriculture traits, geographical distribution and utility of orchids will also be discussed at length. Further, there is a need to create suitable varieties to different agro-climatic horti-silvi system and socio-economic condition. Since floriculture trade and consumption are increasing rapidly worldwide, there is a blooming opportunity for India to achieve better growth in its production and export due to presence of high amount of diversity in indigenous orchids flora, thus earning valuable foreign exchange through florist trade, nursery of plant saplings, potted plants, bulb and seed production, micro-propagation and other value added products of orchids.

The genetic diversity of the genus Mus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the eastern part of the North Caucasus

BMC Zoology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimat Tembotova ◽  
Ekaterina Kuchinova ◽  
Albina Amshokova ◽  
Ekaretina Kononenko
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Mt Dna ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Nucleotide Variability ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background There are two species of Mus in the Caucasus: M. musculus and M. macedonicus. M. musculus is widespread in the Caucasus, where the species is found everywhere from the Black to the Caspian Sea. M. macedonicus is ubiquitous Transcaucasia. The most north-astern border of its distribution in the Caucasus, according to the literature, is located in the Derbent region, near the border between Dagestan and Azerbaijan. Results Cytochrome b mt-DNA of genus Mus research in this study in the Eastern Caucasus. About 70% of M. musculus haplotypes from the lowlands of Dagestan were recorded for the first time. One of these haplotypes accounts for approximately 25% of the total species diversity of haplotypes. M. macedonicus was found in only one locality, the Sarykum barchans, where this species prevails in number and accounts for 70% of the total number mice of the genus Mus. The species is characterized by low values of genetic diversity and nucleotide variability, which may indicate that the population originated from a small number of founders and may explain its relative isolation from the main range. The dating of the appearance of the ancestors of M. musculus in the east of the Russian Caucasus corresponds to 99-66 thousand years ago (at a mutation rate of 3-10% per million years). Conclusion The results obtained suggest that the history of the appearance of M. musculus in the Eastern Caucasus is more ancient and is not associated with human agricultural activities. We believe that possibly the ancestral range of M. musculus covered the eastern and western coasts of the Caspian Sea in the territory of southern Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Iran. In this paper M. macedonicus, a Balkan-Asia Minor species, was registered for the first time in the North Caucasus. This species was registered in the center of Dagestan, where it inhabits sympatrically (on the territory) and syntopically (on the same biotope) with M. musculus. The low values of genetic diversity of M. macedonicus in the North Caucasus suggest that the population originated from a small group of founders.

Neolithic and Bronze Age cultural communities of the steppe zone of the USSR

Antiquity ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 63 (241) ◽  
pp. 793-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dergachev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Eurasian Steppe ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Soviet Central Asia ◽  
Distinguishing Features

The culture-historical development of Neolithic and Bronze Age communities under Eurasian steppe conditions is indissolubly linked with the establishment and development of early forms of productive economy, and displays a number of distinguishing features, which are the product of both natural and historical factors.Within the USSR, the steppe extends from the mouth of the Danube to the upper reaches of the Ob and the Altai mountains (Milkov 1977). To the north, the steppes naturally grade in to the forest zone to form a belt of transitional foreststeppe landscape. To the south, the steppe is bounded by the coast of the Black Sea, the foothills of the Caucasus and beginning in the Lower Volga region the semi-deserts and, further south, deserts of Soviet Central Asia.

scholarly journals Anatolia as a bridge from north to south? Recent research in the Hatti heartland

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Thomas Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North

AbstractThis paper aims to reappraise and evaluate central Anatolian connections with the Black Sea region and the Caucasus focusing mainly on the third millennium BC. In its first part, a ceremonial item, the knobbed or ‘mushroom’ macehead, in its various appearances, is discussed in order to reconstruct a possible pattern of circulation and exchange of shapes and values over a longer period of time in the regions of Anatolia, southeast Europe and the Caucasus in the third and late second to early first millennium BC. The second part is devoted to the archaeometrical study of selected metal and mineral artefacts from the Early Bronze Age necropolis of Resuloğlu, which together with the contemporary settlement and graveyard at Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe represent two typical later Early Bronze Age sites in the Anatolian heartland. The high values of tin and arsenic used for most of the smaller jewellery items are suggestive of an attempt to imitate gold and silver, and the amounts of these alloying agents suggest a secure supply from arsenic sources located along the Black Sea littoral in the north and probably tin ores to the southeast of central Anatolia. This places these ‘Hattian’ sites within a trade network that ran from the Pontic mountain ridge to the Taurus foothills.

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF BROILER CHICKEN BRANDS RAISED IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID ZONES OF NORTHERN NIGERIA USING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 456-461
Author(s):  
A. Y. Abdullahi ◽  
M. Nasir ◽  
A. G. Khalee ◽  
R. M. Ashiru ◽  
H. M. Zango ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Hot Dry Season ◽  
Semi Arid

A sector of broiler production is growing very fast to meet the high demand of meat in Nigeria. However, high mortality rates among the broilers especially during the hot dry season in arid and semi-arid zones is worrisome. There is a need for molecular genetics study that could aid in management, conservation and sustainable exploitation of this species. To evaluate the genetic diversity of broilers raised in these regions, a total of forty-six broilers were randomly sampled from eight different brands (Agrited, Amo, Chi, Fol-hope, Obasanjo, Olam, Yammfy and Zatech) for mitochondrial DNA analysis. Four haplotypes were detected among all the samples used that belong to the four strains. The sequences of mitochondrial regions revealed high haplotype diversity (0.78600) and low nucleotide diversity (0.00286).  Lower genetic diversity observed may increase the chances of rapid disease infection and distribution during any disease outbreak. Introduction of new strains of broilers with high genetic diversity is highly recommended. Future study should be conducted on the performance of these strains during the extremely hot temperature period in arid and semi-arid zones of Nigeria. This is to provide reliable information for the sake of local broiler farmer’s benefit who invests largely on this sector. The study will also help the geneticists from these brands to develop a strain that could survive and perform excellently under severe climatic conditions of the rural areas of arid and semi-arid zones of Nigeria

scholarly journals BRONZE AGE TEXTILE FROM THE CHESMENKA 3 KURGAN GROUP IN THE VORONEZHREGION: TECHNOLOGY, ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION AND RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.И. Шишлина ◽  
О.В. Орфинская ◽  
Д.В. Киселева ◽  
А.В. Сурков
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
86Sr Ratio ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
The North ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Wool Fibers ◽  
Radiocarbon Chronology

Статья посвящена анализу сложного аксессуара, найденного в могильнике Чесменка 3, курган 2, погребение 4. Для изготовления многокомпонентного изделия использовались материалы разного происхождения: войлок, на который льняными нитями были пришиты пронизи, нанизанные на шерстяные нити. Радиоуглеродное датирование фрагмента льняной нити позволило отнести захоронение ранней покровской культуры к 1800–1700 гг. до н. э. Определение вариаций отношений стронция 87Sr/86Sr во фрагменте льняного шнура и сравнительный анализ с фоновыми «изотопными метками» указывают на возможные западные ареалы происхождения растительного сырья. Использование шерстяных нитей и войлока соотносится с хронологией и траекторией распространения шерстяного волокна и шерстяных тканей в начале II тыс. до н. э. из южных регионов Кавказа и прилегающей степи на север. The paper analyzes a composite accessory discovered in the Chesmenka 3 cemetery, kurgan 2, grave 4. Various materials were used to make the item. It consists of several components such as felt, tubular beads strung on wool threads and sewn onto the felt with a linen thread. Radiocarbon dating of linen thread fragment helped relate this grave to the early Pokrovka culture (1800–1700 BC). The variation in the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the linen thread fragment and comparative analysis with the use of background «isotopic signatures» point to likely western areas of plant raw material sources. The use of wool fibers and woolen cloths correlates with the chronology and the distribution pattern of wool fibers and wool cloths in the early second millennium BC, i.e. from the southern areas of the Caucasus and the adjacent steppes to the north.

scholarly journals Horse's hoof motif in the art of ancient nomads (genesis and symbolism)

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-105
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kisel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
The South ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Altai Region ◽  
Additional Detail ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Bronze Age

Among the motives of the ancient nomads’s art, the horse’s hoof attracts special attention of specialists. The sign of hoof is reproduced in the form of a schematic image of a part of a leg (sometimes a pair of hind legs) or an abstract pattern of the hoof’s footprint. Several regional cultural and stylistic areas can be distinguished. The first area is located in the Sayano-Altai region and adjacent territories. The figurative element of the hoof here is presented mainly on ladles and less often on cheek-pieces, and the abstract element of the hoof’s footprint placed on petroglyphs and harness buckles. The second area includes the Dnieper region, the Kuban region, the Caucasus and Iran, where both depicted elements are placed on the cheek-pieces. The South Ural is considered as a buffer zone where European and Asian influences collided. The figurative element here adorns mainly the cheek-pieces, while the abstract element decorates the buckles. The Khakass-Minusinsk Hollow and Kazakhstan are special areas with specific sets of items. The hoof signs in petroglyphs were depicted from the end of the Bronze Age up to the ethnographic time. The hoof signs on items appeared in the second half of the 8th – first half of the 7th century BC. The earliest finds were found in Altai. Probably the Asian territories played the most important role in the development of the hoof’s motive. The disappearance of the horse hoof images from nomadic art occurred in the 3rd century BC. In the second half of the 7th century BC the motive penetrated the Middle East with the carriers of the ancient nomadic culture. The motive of the horse’s hoof transformed into an additional detail of the animal’s figure — a mouth or an ear. The horse hoof was associated with certain ideas among the ancient nomads. The image of a horse’s hoof in petroglyphs served as a pictogram, ethnic or social emblem. The motive depicted on the objects could also serve as a symbol of a certain group of people. Presumably, these were the royal Scythians, known by the «History» of Herodotus, — an association of nomads those played a significant part in the formation of the archaic Scythian culture.

scholarly journals Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far end of Eurasia

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (13) ◽  
pp. 3428-3433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Valdiosera ◽  
Torsten Günther ◽  
Juan Carlos Vera-Rodríguez ◽  
Irene Ureña ◽  
Eneko Iriarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
European Population ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Bronze Age

Population genomic studies of ancient human remains have shown how modern-day European population structure has been shaped by a number of prehistoric migrations. The Neolithization of Europe has been associated with large-scale migrations from Anatolia, which was followed by migrations of herders from the Pontic steppe at the onset of the Bronze Age. Southwestern Europe was one of the last parts of the continent reached by these migrations, and modern-day populations from this region show intriguing similarities to the initial Neolithic migrants. Partly due to climatic conditions that are unfavorable for DNA preservation, regional studies on the Mediterranean remain challenging. Here, we present genome-wide sequence data from 13 individuals combined with stable isotope analysis from the north and south of Iberia covering a four-millennial temporal transect (7,500–3,500 BP). Early Iberian farmers and Early Central European farmers exhibit significant genetic differences, suggesting two independent fronts of the Neolithic expansion. The first Neolithic migrants that arrived in Iberia had low levels of genetic diversity, potentially reflecting a small number of individuals; this diversity gradually increased over time from mixing with local hunter-gatherers and potential population expansion. The impact of post-Neolithic migrations on Iberia was much smaller than for the rest of the continent, showing little external influence from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Paleodietary reconstruction shows that these populations have a remarkable degree of dietary homogeneity across space and time, suggesting a strong reliance on terrestrial food resources despite changing culture and genetic make-up.

Pictures and people. Seals, figurines and Peloponnesian imagery

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 185-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Weiberg
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Initial Description ◽  
Seal Impressions ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Coastal Settlement

The point of departure for this paper is the publication of two Early Helladic sealing fragments from the coastal settlement of Asine on the north-east Peloponnese in Greece. After an initial description and discussion they are set in the context of sealing custom established on the Greek mainland around 2500 BCE. In the first part of the paper focus is on the apparent qualitative differences between the available seals and the contemporary seal impressions, as well as between different sealing assemblages on northeastern Peloponnese. This geographical emphasis is carried into the second part of the paper which is a review and contextualisation of the representational art of the Aegean Early Bronze Age in general, and northeastern Peloponnese in particular. Seal motifs and figurines are the main media for Early Helladic representational art preserved until today, yet in many ways very dissimilar. These opposites are explored in order to begin to build a better understanding of Peloponnesian representational art, the choices of motifs, and their roles in the lives of the Early Helladic people.

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