scholarly journals Privies in Medieval Vilnius. European Context and Possibilities of Identification

2018 ◽  
pp. 347-360
Author(s):  
И. Каплунайте
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Localization Analysis ◽  
History Of

Туалеты являются неотъемлемой частью повседневной жизни. В историографии эта тема не нова, но ей до сих пор уделяется недостаточно внимания. Может быть, из-за деликатности предмета? Однако неоднозначность темы не отрицает ее актуальности и важности для раскрытия повседневной жизни прошлого. При этом большое значение приобретают различные объекты и сооружения, обнаруженные в ходе археологических исследований. Их детальный анализ раскрывает не только особенности строительства уборных, но и показывает различные аспекты жизни, отношение людей того времени к чистоте и личной гигиене. Анализ локализации выгребных ям отражает культуру утилизации мусора, выявляет некоторые городские технические решения. Содержимое выгребных ям может показать привычки людей в еде, болезни прошлого и даже элементы изобретательности (например, сокрытие дорогих вещей в туалете). В данной статье представлена краткая история уборных, их типов и строительства в Средние века, приведены примеры из Вильнюса и других городов. Кроме того, уделяется внимание возможностям выявления такого типа объектов в ходе археологических исследований и продолжения исследований в лаборатории. Toilets are an integral part of everyday life. In historiography, this topic is not new, but it is still not given enough attention. Perhaps this is due to the delicacy of the object? However, the ambiguity of the topic does not deny its relevance and importance, revealing the daily routine of the past. In this case various objects and constructions, discovered during archeological investigations, becomes very important. Their detailed analysis reveals not only the peculiarities of the construction of the privies, but also shows various aspects of everyday life, the attitude of the people of that time to cleanliness and personal hygiene. Cesspit localization analysis reflects the culture of garbage disposal, reveals some urban solutions. Content of the cesspits can show people’s eating habits, past illnesses, and even ingenuity (for example, by hiding expensive things in the privy). This article presents a brief history of the privies, their types and their construction in the middle Ages, presenting examples from Vilnius and foreign cities. Besides attention is paid to the possibilities of identifying such type of objects during archaeological research and, later, in the laboratory.

Domestic Everyday Life, Manners, and Customs in the Ancient World

1876 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 364-415
Author(s):  
George Harris
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

Thereis nothing which contributes more fully to throw light on the manners and habits of a people, or more forcibly to exhibit to us the tone of thought which prevailed among them, than the rites and ceremonies that they adopted connected with their religion. And the wilder and more extravagant the superstitions which in such a nation prevailed, the more strikingly do they evince the tone of thought and feeling that animated the people. Potent everywhere, and under whatever phase, as was the influence of these notions, they served in each case to develop the whole mind and character of the nation; as each passion, and emotion, and faculty, were exerted to the very utmost on a subject of such surpassing interest to them all. Imagination here, relieved from all restraint, spread her wings and soared aloft, disporting herself in her wildest mood; and the remoter the period to which the history of any particular country reaches, and the more barbarous the condition in which the people existed, the more striking, and the more extraordinary to us, appear the superstitions by which they were influenced. Human nature is by this means developed to the full, all its energies are exerted to the utmost, and the internal machinery by which its movements are impelled, is stimulated to active operation. We gaze with wonder and with awe upon the spectacle thus exhibited. However involuntarily, we respect a people—misguided and erring as they were—whose eagerness to follow whatever their conscience prompted, urged them to impose such revolting duties on themselves; while we regard, with pity and with horror, those hideous exploits which were the fruit of that misguided zeal.

scholarly journals Dermoscopy revealing a case of Tinea Nigra*

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Ricardo Criado ◽  
Lívia Delgado ◽  
Gustavo Alonso Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Glabrous Skin ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Brown Patch ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tinea Nigra ◽  
Skin Conditions

Dermoscopy has being used over the past twenty years as a noninvasive aid in the diagnosis of innumerable skin conditions, including infectious diseases and infestations (Entodermoscopy).Tinea nigra is a superficial phaeohyfomycosis that affects mainly the glabrous skin of palms and soles. We describe a 14 year-old girl with a three-month history of an enlarging brown patch of her hand diagnosed as Tinea Nigra following clinical and dermoscopy examination.These images emphasize the importance of dermoscopy as a diagnostic tool in the daily routine of dermatologists.

1. On the Philological Genius and Character of the Neo-Hellenic Dialect

1875 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
Blackie
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Present State ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Of Greece

The Author showed by a historical review of the fortunes of Greece, through the Middle Ages, and under the successive influences of Turkish conquest and Turkish oppression, how the Greek language had escaped corruption to the degree that would have caused the birth of a new language in the way that Italian and the other Roman languages grew out of Latin. He then analysed the modern language, as it existed in current popular literature before the time of Coraes, that is, from the time of Theodore Ptochoprodromus to nearly the end of the last century, and showed that the losses and curtailments which it had unquestionably suffered in the course of so many centuries, were not such as materially to impair the strength and beauty of the language, which in its present state was partly to be regarded as a living bridge betwixt the present and the past, and as an altogether unique phenomenon in the history of human speech.

scholarly journals Contractive Practices in History of Serbo-Croatian Relations

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-105
Author(s):  
V. Rozumyuk
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
International Tribunal ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Past ◽  
War Criminals ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Common Future

The article examines Serbo-Croatian conflict in the XX - early XXI centuries. The history of the formation of the Serbian and Croatian statehood is analyzed; the reasons for the confrontation between two close Slavic peoples are determined and the evolution of their relationship is highlighted; clarified the determinants that determine the antagonistic nature and demonstrative cruelty of the Serbo-Croatian confrontation. The formation after the “Patriotic War” of 1991-1995 of two parallel “worlds” was stated, as a result of which the Croatian and Serbian communities hardly intersect in everyday life. Constant quarrels and fights on ethnic grounds, burning of flags and desecration of state symbols have been and remain daily occurrences from the very beginning of reintegration, and war criminals convicted by an international tribunal are perceived by the two communities as national heroes and defenders of the Motherland. It points to the gradual aggravation of interethnic confrontation in Croatia and the growth of xenophobic sentiments, which has been observed recently. The conclusion about the failure of past and modern attempts to establish Serbo-Croatian cooperation in building a common future has been substantiated. It is emphasized that the Serbo-Croatian conflict does not look exhausted, not only because of the heavy burden of the past, which causes mutual accusations and long-standing hatred. Attention is drawn to the fact that this confrontation is primarily about the future - about the fate of various national projects. The mirage of “Greater Serbia” still tempts a significant part of the Serbs, who are hatching revanchist intentions, while the Croats are determined to defend their won independence. Accordingly, under certain international conditions, the confrontation of political ambitions in the Balkans can easily flare up with renewed vigor, once again confirming the reputation of this region as a “powder keg” of Europe.

scholarly journals NATIONALHISTORIE EFTER MODERNISMEN - FOLKEBEGREBET I LYSET AF EUROPAS STORE FORTÆLLINGER

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (117) ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Michael Böss
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Main Role ◽  
National History ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Middle Ages

WRITING NATIONAL HISTORY AFTER MODERNISM: THE HISTORY OF PEOPLEHOOD IN LIGHT OF EUROPEAN GRAND NARRATIVES | The purpose of the article is to refute the recent claim that Danish history cannot be written on the assumption of the existence of a Danish people prior to 19th-century nationalism. The article argues that, over the past twenty years, scholars in pre-modern European history have highlighted the limitations of the modernist paradigm in the study of nationalism and the history of nations. For example, modernists have difficulties explaining why a Medieval chronicle such as Saxo Grammaticus’s Gesta Danorum was translated in the mid-1600s, and why it could be used for new purposes in the 1800s, if there had not been a continuity in notions of peoplehood between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age. Of course, the claim of continuity should not be seen as an argument for an identity between the “Danes” of Saxo’s time and the Danes of the 19th-century Danish nation-state. Rather, the modern Danishness should be understood as the product of a historical process, in which a number of European cultural narratives and state building played a significant role. The four most important narratives of the Middle Ages were derived from the Bible, which was a rich treasure of images and stories of ‘people’, ‘tribe’, ‘God’, King, ‘justice’ and ‘kingdom’ (state). While keeping the basic structures, the meanings of these narratives were re-interpreted and placed in new hierarchical positions in the course of time under the impact of the Reformation, 16th-century English Puritanism, Enlightenment patriotism, the French Revolution and 19th-century romantic nationalism. The article concludes that it is still possible to write national histories featuring ‘the people’ as one of the actors. But the historian should keep in mind that ‘the people’ did not always play the main role, nor did they play the same role as in previous periods. And even though there is a need to form syntheses when writing national history, national identities have always developed within a context of competing and hierarchical narratives. In Denmark, the ‘patriotist narrative’ seems to be in ascendancy in the social and cultural elites, but has only partly replaced the ‘ethno-national’ narrative which is widespread in other parts of the population. The ‘compact narrative’ has so far survived due the continued love of the people for their monarch. It may even prove to provide social glue for a sense of peoplehood uniting ‘old’ and ‘new’ Danes.

scholarly journals IDEAS-THEMATIC DIVERSITY LEZGIN PEOPLE RIDDLES

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-365
Author(s):  
A.R. Gasharova
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Working People ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Artistic Skill

The Lezgi folk mystery is one of the interesting genres of Lezgi folklore, created by the working masses for many centuries. Studying them has scientific and practical pedagogical significance. There are no special works devoted to Lezgian folk puzzles. This explains the relevance of our appeal to this genre of folklore. The object of our study is the genre diversity of Lezgian folk puzzles. The main objectives of the work are: conducting a comprehensive, diverse study of the Lezgian folk puzzles and obtaining a holistic view of them. To achieve this goal, we set and solve a number of interrelated tasks, the priority of which are: a) through the prism of folk riddles to consider individual aspects of everyday life, to show how it reflected the worldview of the simple working people in the past; b) to characterize the features and to reveal the artistic skill of the people in the creation of verbal works; c) identify the origins and basic artistic principles of Lezgi folk riddles, etc. The need for a holistic understanding of the actual, theoretical and pedagogical heritage of the Lezgian folk mystery led to historical-comparative and comparative methods of its study.

scholarly journals THE HISTORY OF THE GREAT SELJUK STATE IN AZERBAIJANI HISTORIOGRAPHY

Globus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bayramov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The Political ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

The history of the Seljuk state, which played a significant role in the political, economic and cultural life of the Near and Middle East in the Middle Ages, is one of the most actual problems in Azerbaijani historiography. As it is known, after the establishment of the Seljuk state by the Turks, their main policy was to advance to the west, to seize Anatolia, to turn Anatolia into Turkish lands. The Caucasus region was the gateway to Anatolia. That is why the Caucasus, as well as Azerbaijan was of great military-strategic importance for the Seljuks. After the Dandanekan victory, it was decided at the Congress in Merv to launch new military operations to the East and West. The main target of the attack was Iran, Byzantium and the South Caucasus, because these countries were in political disarray and unable to resist them. Seljuk troops advancing on the Caucasus soon subjugated the local feudal states. The people of Azerbaijan, who have been under the rule of the Seljuk state for more than a century, have played a special role in the political and cultural development of the Seljuk state. However, this problem in national historiography has been a separate research topic only in the second half of the 20th century, which has long been out of sight. The present article is devoted to the study of Seljuk state in Azerbaijani historiography. The article studies the works of prominent Azerbaijani historians Z. Bunyadov, R. Huseynov, N. Akhundova, N.Aliyeva, Sh.Mustafayev, I.Hajiyev, T.Dostiyev and others, who have done research in this area since the second half of the twentieth to the first decade of the twenty-first century and their role in the study of the history of the great state in the medieval Muslim East, the Seljuk State, has been defined

scholarly journals "Dictionary of the Chuvash Language" by N.I. Ashmarin as a Guardian of the Genetic Memory of the People: Linguoculturological Aspect

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Albina Fedorovna Myshkina ◽  
Inessa Vladimirovna Iadranskaia
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Psychological Type ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Technical

The article is devoted to identifying the role of the «Dictionary of the Chuvash language» by N.I. Ashmarin in revealing the mental foundations of modern Chuvash and in determining the sociocultural and psychological type of character of the Chuvash. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that during the period of globalization and universalization of cultures, the return to the original values of the nation, the search for individual-folk traits of a person's character in his worldview and lifestyle, which is most clearly recorded in his language, is of great importance. The human language retains a large amount of information that contributes to its spiritual, scientific, technical and industrial development. Therefore, the analysis of vocabulary also contributes to the study of the history of the development of man, people, nation, humanity. The purpose of the research is to study the socio-historical, cultural and ethical information enshrined in the vocabulary of the people and recorded in this dictionary. The principles of methodology, that reflect elements of conceptology, hermeneutics and general philology are used in the study. It is concluded that the Chuvash language (more broadly, the Chuvash culture) is an integral part of the ancient Turkic world, therefore research in this direction expands the framework of understanding the philosophy, history, theology and everyday life of the Chuvash people.

The General History of the Middle Ages at the V. Babeş University of Cluj (1951-1952)

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
Ionuț Costea
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
The People ◽  
Socialist Realist ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Middle Ages

"The General History of the Middle Ages at the V. Babeş University of Cluj (1951-1952). The 1948 education reform represented, besides a new institutional architecture transposed in accordance with the model of the soviet universities, a process of recycling professors. The process of changing the teaching staff was carried out on at least two levels – the definitive or temporary elimination (sometimes accompanied by incarceration) from the education system on the one hand, and the exertion of severe surveillance and intimidation, thus remodelling the discourse and the behaviour in the spirit of the socialist realist “cultural revolution” on the other hand. The study shed light on a method that led to the expulsion of the professors was the public defamation, the accusation of immorality and of their lack of understanding of the new political transformations of the country, thus labelling the professors as “enemies of the people”. The atmosphere of fear and humiliation was sustained through press campaigns of defamation. Especially the younger university professors were instructed to attack, in the press, the more professionally well reputed and publicly well-known professors. These articles contained not only analyses of the professors’ works and ideas, but also their dismantling, their “exposé” and their human undermining. This paper is a case study on a professor from medieval department of Cluj university, Francisc Pall at the beginning of 1950s years. Keywords: Communism, Romania, education reform, cultural revolution, violence, surveillance. "

The “gloomy past” of St. Petersburg workers in the symbolic space of Leningrad in the 1920s

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-2) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Svetlana Ulyanova ◽  
Ilya Sidorchuk
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
Symbolic Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
Negative Memory ◽  
Past Life ◽  
History Of

The article examines the experience of Soviet propaganda to the history of everyday life by creation a negative memory of the past life of pre-revolutionary St. Petersburg workers. Having studied the scientific and agitation discourse, the authors came to the conclusion that the pictures of the daily life of workers during the tsarist period were an integral part of the formation of the binary opposition “then” - “now”, which implied the maximum discrediting of the pre-revolutionary past in the eyes of the population.

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