scholarly journals Chronicle of Designing of Textbooks – ABC Books, Reading Comprehension and Grammar Books in Albanian Language in Kosovo 1886 – 2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Ragip Gjoshi
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Text Design ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Folk Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Textbook Design

According to the pedagogue and scholar of the school textbooks, the textbook is a basic and mandatory school book, which serves as a basic tool and source of knowledge in the given field of study. Created in support of the education curriculum and didactically shaped, taking into account the psychophysical skills of the students, the subject matter of the course, the type of school, the degree and the profile of education. Students use it in all stages of the learning process and in everyday self-education. It is known that the existence of the scripture is mentioned by the old Babylonia when tile plates were used to write the textual content, as early as four thousand years ago. In addition to that, in ancient Egypt, the texts were written in papyrus, which was used even in old Greece and later in Rome. The parchment was used in the middle Ages, whereby it is believed that the texts were written two thousand years ago. The story of the proper text begins with the discovery of Jan Gutenberg's printing press in 1438. This is where the textbook as a massive book of education derives from. It was an epochal discovery. Meanwhile, while it is known that although Albanian is one of the oldest languages in Europe, it is however documented late. The first documents of the Albanian language are considered from the 15th century (Formula e Pagëzimit, Fjalorthi i A.Von Harfit dhe Perikopeja e Shen Matineut). Meanwhile, Buzuku (Meshari 1555), for us Albanians, is the starting point for text design. It was the time when the didactic reformer Czech pedagogue Jan Amos Komenski (1592-1670), with the first text in Latin, illustrated Orbis sensualium pictus (The Sensual World in Photography), arrived as the founder of the textbook theory. However, it can be concluded that the ABC book, the literature and grammar texts in particular, and the textbook in general, in Kosovo were of multiple importance to Albanians who were deprived of the right to education in Albanian language. The history of textbook design in Albanian language in Kosovo is very new. After the Renaissance, which was marked as a bright epoch in the effort to draft textbooks for Albanian schools, "The Literary Commission" (Komisia Letrare), established in Shkodra in 1916 would join to serve in the name of this cause. The aim of this body was to gather and publish the visions of Albanian folk literature such as: poetry and songs, tales, traditions, lessons, etc. Recently, efforts have been made to compile literary bibliographies in Albanian language. Nevertheless, it would be useful to continue with a bibliography of Albanian Language reading comprehension books in the school tradition in Albania, Kosovo and other areas where Albanians live and are educated in Albanian language. In Kosovo, Mati Logoreci is a pedagogue, is considered to be among the first textbook writers. This patriot and intellectual is a treasure of Albanian tradition in many fields, especially of education and school, as didactic, text analyst, organizer, controversial to highlight scientific, educational, social values. Mati Logoreci has an indisputable value in the history of the Albanian didactic thinking, in particular, the current educational values, adding to these values also some features of contemporary personality traits, traditional learning, within the learning methods. Logoreci was among the first Albanian educators in Kosovo. The path to development of the book in Albanian language in Kosovo was difficult, which at the same time is the best indicator of the situation of this group of the Albanians.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (20) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
A.M. Kulish ◽  
V.V. Turpitko
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Ancient India ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Further Development

Sport has always served to establish peace, to help different peoples of the world to study each other’s culture, to create conditions for the humane resolution of conflicts, to be an opportunity to express their talents. Therefore, he never fell out of sight of society. In this work, the authors present the formation and development of sports in Ukraine and abroad. The main features of the primitive community were identified. It is determined that the invention of the chariot for the physical culture of the states: Babylon, Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient India, China, Persia became the starting point for the further development of sports in this region. It has been found that ancient Greece made a significant contribution to the development of sports. After all, it was the basis of the main principles of modern professional sport. Attention is drawn to the Olympic Games that took place in Ancient Greece: their appearance, conditions, prohibition, and revival Pierre de Coubertin. Further new competitions (Paralympic Games, Olympic Games, etc.) were added to them. It is revealed that international organizations and institutions have been set up to control such competitions. The authors found that religion had a great influence on the formation of physical culture during the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance. Trends in the development of modern sport and the factors that influence it was found out. As a result, it was concluded that sports are currently in the process of transformation. Therefore, the authors indicate what has the greatest influence on the formation and continued existence of sports. The main stages of the formation of physical culture in Ukraine were analyzed. It is also established that Ukraine has built a domestic sport in accordance with world experience in this field. Keywords: sports, physical culture, Olympics, doping, consolidating function.

Jihad as an Individual Duty (farḍ al-ʻayn) in the Ideology of Circassian Sultans (1382–1517)

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-365
Author(s):  
Evgeny I. Zelenev ◽  
Milana Iliushina
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mamluk Period ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Key Aspects

This article is devoted to the study of the development of the theory and practice of jihad during the rule of the Circassian sultans in Egypt and Syria (1382–1517). The purpose of the study is to trace the development of key aspects of jihad, to identify features of its perception in the Mamluk state. An essential feature of the theory of jihad in the Mamluk period is the interpretation of jihad as farḍ al-ʿayn (the individual duty of every Muslim). While studying the theory of jihad, the authors rely on a holistic and balanced approach justified in the papers of M. Bonner and D. Cook and their interpretation of the concept of jihad, which has a centuries-old history of development and a sophisticated, multi-layered set of meanings. Another methodological basis of the present paper was the concept of minimalism and maximalism, developed by Yusef Waghid. The source base for the study of jihad theory is the works of Ibn al-Nahhas (d. 1411), a prominent philosopher of the Mamluk era. The interpretation of jihad as an individual duty of every Muslim, substantiated by Ibn al-Nahhas, was the foundation of the volunteer movement that developed in Egypt and Syria in the 15th century. The doctrine of jihad where the concepts of justice (al-‘adl) and truth (al-ḥaqq) play a key role, was used by the Mamluks and then by the Ottomans as a powerful ideological tool to manipulate the minds of Muslims. The relevance of the study is that the findings are not only true for the Middle Ages but are directly related to the present.

scholarly journals Poeci polscy doby humanizmu wobec Rzymu / Polish Poets of the Age of Humanism and Rome

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-651
Author(s):  
Alina Nowicka-Jeżowa
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Holy See ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Roman Model ◽  
Successive Generations

Summary Based on earlier research, and especially Tadeusz Ulewicz’s landmark study Iter Romano- -Italicum Polonorum, or the Intellectual and Cultural Links between Poland and Italy in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (1999) this article examines the influence of Rome - in its role as the Holy See and a centre of learning and the arts - on Poland’s culture in the 15th and 16th century as well as on the activities of Polish churchmen, scholars and writers who came to the Eternal City. The aim of the article is to trace the role of the emerging Humanist themes and attitudes on the shape of the cultural exchange in question. It appears that the Roman connection was a major factor in the history of Polish Humanism - its inner development, its transformations, and the ideological and artistic choices made by the successive generations of the Polish elite. In the 15th century the Roman inspirations helped to initiate the Humanist impulse in Poland, while in the 16th century they stimulated greater diversity and a search for one’s own way of development. In the post-Tridentine epoch they became a potent element of the Poland’s new cultural formation. Against the background of these generalizations, the article presents the cultural profiles of four poets, Mikołaj of Hussów, Klemens Janicjusz, Jan Kochanowski, and Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński. They symbolize the four phases of the Polish Humanist tradition, which draw their distinctive identities from looking up to the Roman model

PANDORA'S BOX: WALTER CRANE, “OUR SPHINX-RIDDLE,” AND THE POLITICS OF DECORATION

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-326
Author(s):  
Morna O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
Artistic Practice ◽  
Oil Painting ◽  
Homi Bhabha ◽  
Classical Mythology ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Political Agitation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Cultural Hierarchies

WITH WALTER CRANE, marginality is a question of medium. For his contemporaries, Crane's artistic practice embodied the ethos of Arts and Crafts eclecticism, apparent in this view of his studio from 1885 (Figure 15): watercolor, oil painting, tempera, sculpture, design, and illustration vie for our attention. As the painter Sir William Rothenstein recalled, “Crane could do anything he wanted, or anyone else wanted” (292). As an artist, designer, and – crucially – a socialist, Crane disregarded the traditional distinctions between high art and popular culture. With a history of art constructed along the fault lines of media, school, and style, Crane's diverse artistic practice and radical politics defy easy categorization. And this is precisely the point: his work requires the viewer to think across media, to move from the margins of wallpaper and illustration to the center of painting and back again. Or perhaps it is more fruitful to think of this process as one of inversion, placing wallpaper at the center and painting at its margins. According to Homi Bhabha, it is this “disjunctive temporality” (151) of the margins that allows cultural identity and political solidarities to emerge. The forging of political solidarities through art was the crux of Crane's project, and the disruption of established cultural hierarchies signaled the central role of art in political agitation. Visible on the right margin of photograph of Crane's studio (see Figure 15), the watercolor Pandora from 1885 (Figure 16) provides an ideal starting point for an exploration of the ways in which socialist politics move from the decorative margins to the very heart of Crane's art, a process enabled by the artist's politicized reinterpretation of classical mythology.

scholarly journals Historical Course of Neuropsychiatric Effects of Lemon Balm (Melissa Officinalis L.) as a Medicinal Herb

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javid Ghazizadeh ◽  
Reza Mohammadinasab ◽  
Nikolaj Travica ◽  
Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad ◽  
Mohammadali Torbati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Melissa Officinalis ◽  
Lemon Balm ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of

Abstract Affective disorders have become prevalent and costly worldwide chronic conditions. Lemon Balm (Melissa Officinalis L.) is a medicinal plant with beneficial effects on neuropsychiatric disorders. Its potential to specifically treat conditions such as depression and anxiety has been investigated for over 20 centuries. Given the lack of a historical overview of lemon balm in mood disorders, the present review aimed to introduce the historical course of the neuro-psychiatric applications of lemon balm across the centuries. We investigated several viable medieval Arabic sources up to the 15th century, to distinguish the neuropsychiatric applications, especially anxiolytic and anti-depressive effects of lemon balm. In the early centuries, lemon balm was mainly prescribed to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Over time, physicians identified the efficient use of lemon balm in sadness, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, epilepsy, ischemic stroke, amnesia, sciatalgia, and radicular neuropathy. Importantly, it was established that the therapeutic effects of lemon balm in the field of neuro-psychiatric diseases were emphasized by physicians during the Middle Ages. These findings have since been validated in human clinical trials. Lemon balm has also demonstrated the ability to be utilized in epilepsy, amnesia and ischemic stroke. Based on the extensive history of lemon balm in neuropsychiatry, future investigations could use this knowledge to extensively investigate the potential of lemon balm in neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety, and possibly develop an efficient neuropsychiatric remedy.

scholarly journals Moralna wymowa gestu namaszczenia stóp i głowy Jezusa w Quaestio de Maria Magdalena et Maria sorore Lazari et Marthae Joachima z Fiore

Vox Patrum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 175-193
Author(s):  
Jan Grzeszczak
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Joachim Of Fiore

Joachim of Fiore (1135-1202) – a Middle Age exegete and mystic – is the author of an impressive work on the vision of history, whose most renown ele­ment is the tertius status, i.e. the age of the Holy Spirit which precedes the end of the world and the Final Judgment. As an author, Joachim was also interested in the history of religious life in the Middle Ages and in various exegetical tools which he developed to analyze this subject. In his works, especially the minor ones, he also discusses practical problems related to religious life in the 12th century. The small tractate, Questio de Maria Magdalena et Maria sorore Lazari et Marthae, has been preserved in a single 13th century manuscript and is kept in the Biblioteca Antoniana in Padua. In his exegesis on various Gospel passages which deal with the anointing of Jesus’ feet and head in Galilee and Bethany, Joachim of Fiore intends to show that the actions of women who performed this gesture pos­sess a hidden moral significance: the certainty concerning the internal unity that occurs between contemplation and the virtue of humility. An example of this unity is Mary of Bethany who anointed the feet of Jesus and wiped them with her hair (cf. Jn 12:3) as a person who is humble and – at the same time – given to contem­plation. Still – according to Joachim – as a righteous person, she had the right to reach for the head of the Savior.

scholarly journals The Village of Suzdal Opolye and Changes in the System Resettlement in the Second Half of the 14th – 15th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (36) ◽  
pp. 148-163
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Shpolyanskiy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article substantiates the localization of the medieval village of Yasenye in the Suzdal Opolye, mentioned in sources under 1417, which was previously identified with the village of Torki of the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery. Yasenye existed on the watershed, near the spring of the same name in the second half of the 12th – first half of the 15th centuries. The reason for the disappearance of the village and another large settlement synchronized to it, is the expansion of monastic possessions in the microregion. This is confirmed by documents of the 16th–17th centuries, which record the continuation of disputes over the land near the spring, which is claimed by the monastery and the peasants of the surrounding villages. A small plot of the history of Opolye is well combined with the general picture of the decrease in the number of villages in the region in the 15th century, obtained as a result of the work of the Suzdal expedition (leader N. A. Makarov). This allows us to consider the development of monastic land ownership as a significant factor in the transformation of settlement systems in Opolye at the end of the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals The Hybrid Character - between the Representations of the Middle Ages and Today’s Art

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-136
Author(s):  
Cezarina Florina Caloian
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
Children's Book ◽  
Hieronymus Bosch ◽  
Book Illustrations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Fantastic ◽  
Hybrid Character ◽  
The Middle Ages

This paper is a study of the fantastic character throughout the history of human civilization. This type of character has evolved from the hybrid creatures playing a divine role in the art of Assyro-Babylonian civilizations and of Ancient Egypt, to the monstrous characters of the Middle Ages which served as substitutes for sin and the force of evil, visible in the entrelacs of illuminated manuscripts or the gargoyles guarding the walls of Gothic cathedrals, to the characters of non-human origin in children’s book illustrations, and up to the characters found in fantasy films or today’s hybrids, who are in a perfect relationship with technological and cultural evolution. The paper discusses some original visions and working methods, from the slightly humorous portraits signed by Arcimboldo, the hybridization of animal kingdoms, in a much more tragic register, in the works of Hieronymus Bosch or the fantastic character used as a weapon of political and moral satire in the works of Goya and Grandville, to the unexpected, occult and mysterious visions of Ernst Fuchs’ creations or the imaginary universe populated by hybrid beings, of ‘extra-terrestrial origin, found in the works of HR Giger.

Dignity

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Christian Doctrine ◽  
Greek Thought ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Locus Classicus

The concept of dignity typically brings to mind an idea of moral status that supposedly belongs to all humans equally, and which serves as the basis of human rights. But this moralized meaning of dignity is historically very young. Until the mid-nineteenth century, dignity suggested an idea about merit: it connoted elevated social rank, of the sort that marked nobility or ecclesiastic preferment. What explains this radical change in meaning? And before this change, did anything like the moralized concept of dignity exist, that is, before it was named by the term “dignity”? If so, exactly how old is the moralized concept of dignity? In this volume, leading scholars across a range of disciplines attempt to answer these questions by clarifying the presently murky history of “dignity,” from classical Greek thought through the Middle Ages and Enlightenment to the present day. In the process, four platitudes about the history of human dignity are undermined: (1) the Roman notion of dignitas is not the ancient starting point of our modern moralized notion; (2) neither the medieval Christian doctrine of imago Dei nor the renaissance speech of Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man, was a genuine locus classicus of dignity discussion; (3) Immanuel Kant is not the early modern proprietor of the concept; (4) the universalization of the concept of dignity in the postmodern world (ca. 1800–present) is not the result of its constitutional indoctrination by the “wise forefathers” of liberal states like America or France.

scholarly journals Management of Femoral Neck Stress Fracture in an Athlete Using Clodronic Acid: a Clinical Case Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 934-937
Author(s):  
Matteo Vitali ◽  
Pierluigi Pironti ◽  
Andreas Drossinos ◽  
Elisa Pesce ◽  
Vincenzo Salini
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Stress Fracture ◽  
Functional Limitation ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Clodronic Acid ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Femoral Neck Stress Fracture ◽  
The Right

Abstract Stress fractures are common injuries caused by repetitive micro-traumas of the bone. Nowadays, they are widespread amongst the athletes and their treatment is mostly based on the limitation of physical activity, the application of ice, and the administration of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. We present a case of a 26-year-old woman who reported a mono-cortical stress fracture in the anatomical neck portion of the right femur treated with Clody® 200 mg/4 ml. The patient is an amateur runner who complained a progressive pain and functional limitation of the hip joint. No history of recent trauma was present as well as X-rays evidence of fractures. A subsequent magnetic resonance imaging study showed the presence of a mono-cortical stress fracture in the anatomical neck portion of the right femur. The patient was treated with 1 vial of Clody® 200 mg/4 ml a day for 7 days, following 1 vial every 15 days for 2 months without any further therapy as well as physical activity limitation, showing a faster clinical and radiological recovery compared with the most of therapies described in the literature. Concerning our positive experience, the purpose of this study is to give a starting point for further research in order to enlarge the number of studies about that specific approach.

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