Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19) viral infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1809-1814
Author(s):  
Maanya Bhardwaj
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Central China ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
The City ◽  
Official Status

The city of Wuhan located in Hubei province of central China was burdened with a series of cases presenting with atypical acute respiratory infections in December 2019. Little did people know at that point in time, that a novel virus known as SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) or simply corona virus, was responsible for these peculiar presentations. COVID-19 had begun spreading at an alarming rate worldwide, eventually gaining official status as a global pandemic, as affirmed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) on 11 March 2020. By 6 July 2020, globally, there were 1.5 million cases and around 536 893 deaths. As the pandemic took its toll globally, scientists struggled to classify and specify the manifestations of the virus. Medical practitioners, microbiologists and scientists worldwide gradually joined forces to define COVID-19 as an infection characterised by an immense inflammatory reaction or cytokine storm which may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction (MODS). During the latter half of 2020, multiple hospitals in India, France, America, Germany and Netherlands reported an increasing incidence of fatal invasive fungal infections in recovered SARS-CoV-2 patients. Increased severity of infections as well as mortality was observed in immunocompromised patients and those with co existing medical illnesses such as diabetes and hypertension. Furthermore, even though many patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection, it was noted that their immunity post recovery was significantly diminished, and it was during this period they were more susceptible to fatal bacterial and fungal co-infections. This review article explores the pathophysiology of COVID 19 infection and difference in response to the infection in adult and paediatric populations.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Implications of Novel Corona Virus Pandemic (COVID-19): The Indian Scenario

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (12, 20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Thakur ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The People ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Indian Scenario

The global pandemic Covid-19 and its ill effects has created a fear all over the world. This novel virus has affected 216 countries across the globe. The number of confirmed cases and death are on the hype as per the daily reports by world health organisation and it has sparked an economic crisis. Due to self-isolation, social-distancing, restrictions on transportation services have put every sector of economy on downturn. The people in unorganised sectors are losing their jobs. The demand for manufactured goods and other commodities has been decreased. The demand for medical supplies and essential food items are on an increase. In this article, the socio-economic implications of Covid-19 on India has been summarized. Key Words: Corona Virus (Covid-19), Pandemic, Socio- Economic Implications & Indian Scenario

COVID-19 Disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 957-957
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Conlon ◽  
John D. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Central China ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Wet Market ◽  
The City

A novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2), first appeared in the city of Wuhan in Central China in December 2019. Initial cases appeared to be centred on a so-called wet market, but the outbreak spread rapidly. The World Health Organisation (WHO) declared a Pandemic Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January, 2020. At the time of writing, there have been over 11 million cases globally and more than 500,000 deaths.

scholarly journals Riding the waves: the ongoing impact of COVID-19 on a national surgical training cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orla Hennessy ◽  
Amy Lee Fowler ◽  
Conor Hennessy ◽  
David Brinkman ◽  
Aisling Hogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Training ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Surgical Services ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Surgical Trainees ◽  
Secondary Survey ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The World Health Organisation declared a global pandemic on the 11 March 2020 resulting in implementation of methods to contain viral spread, including curtailment of all elective and non-emergent interventions. Many institutions have experienced changes in rostering practices and redeployment of trainees to non-surgical services. Examinations, study days, courses, and conferences have been cancelled. These changes have the potential to significantly impact the education and training of surgical trainees. Aim To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on training, educational, and operative experiences of Irish surgical trainees. Methods Surgical trainees were surveyed anonymously regarding changes in working and educational practices since the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic on 11 March 2020. The survey was circulated in May 2020 to both core and higher RCSI surgical trainees, when restrictions were at level five. Questions included previous and current access to operative sessions as well as operative cases, previous and current educational activities, access to senior-led training, and access to simulation-/practical-based training methods. A repeat survey was carried out in October 2020 when restrictions were at level two. Results Overall, primary and secondary survey response rates were 29% (n = 98/340) and 19.1% (n = 65/340), respectively. At the time of circulation of the second survey, the number of operative sessions attended and cases performed had significantly improved to numbers experienced pre-pandemic (p < 0.0001). Exposure to formal teaching and education sessions returned to pre-COVID levels (p < 0.0001). Initially, 23% of trainees had an examination cancelled; 53% of these trainees have subsequently sat these examinations. Of note 27.7% had courses cancelled, and 97% of these had not been rescheduled. Conclusion Surgical training and education have been significantly impacted in light of COVID-19. This is likely to continue to fluctuate in line with subsequent waves. Significant efforts have to be made to enable trainees to meet educational and operative targets.

“Air pollution arrested not imprisoned”: The impact of laws invoked on Covid-19 city lockdowns

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Mensah Aboagye ◽  
◽  
Nana Osei Owusu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Air pollution continues to be an environmental problem that poses a lot of health risks to the young and aged. Developed countries have invested heavily to curb this environmental problem, causing severe threats to human lives, yet the results do not look convincing. In developing countries, the situation is difficult than they can imagine, resulting in governments borrowing to fight what looks like a lost battle [1-3]. The in-depth study of this environmental menace - air pollution, suggests that the government enacts stringent measures to help fight this battle. This is because air pollution has natural (volcanic eruption) and anthropogenic (human activities) causes. In December 2019, the deadly Coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak was soon declared as a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO) [4]. Majority of countries have had their share of the impact of this outbreak. Many countries resorted to city lockdown to strictly control the movement of people and economic activities as recommended by WHO.

29 September, International Day of Otolaryngologist

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Oksana Rybachok
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
The World ◽  
Injury Risk Factor ◽  
The Impact

According to the World Health Organisation, deafness is one of the most widely spread sensory disorders in the world affecting about 360 million people worldwide. The causes of deafness can be very diverse, from genetic diseases, the impact of injury-risk factor and infectious agents to the administration of ototoxic drugs. Moreover, otolaryngologists believe that about half of deafness and hearing loss cases could have been prevented. Though otolaryngology was separated as an independent medical science in the mid-18th century, the decision to celebrate the Otolaryngologist Day on September 29 as a professional holiday for medical practitioners in this speciality was made not so long ago. This date at the end of September was chosen on purpose: the influx of patients to medical practitioners in this speciality is observed closer to the mid-autumn, after the first cold snap.

scholarly journals Chronic anticoagulation is not associated with a reduced risk of acute kidney injury in hospitalised Covid-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrine Parker ◽  
Patrick Hamilton ◽  
Prasanna Hanumapura ◽  
Laveena Castelino ◽  
Michelle Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
End Stage

Abstract Background Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation. Severe disease typically presents with respiratory failure but Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and a hypercoagulable state can also occur. Early reports suggest that thrombosis may be linked with AKI. We studied the development of AKI and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 taking chronic anticoagulation therapy. Methods Electronic records were reviewed for all adult patients admitted to Manchester University Foundation Trust Hospitals between March 10 and April 302,020 with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Patients with end-stage kidney disease were excluded. AKI was classified as per KDIGO criteria. Results Of the 1032 patients with COVID-19 studied,164 (15.9%) were taking anticoagulant therapy prior to admission. There were similar rates of AKI between those on anticoagulants and those not anticoagulated (23.8% versus 19.7%) with no difference in the severity of AKI or requirement of renal replacement therapy between groups (1.2% versus 3.5%). Risk factors for AKI included hypertension, pre-existing renal disease and male sex. There was a higher mortality in those taking anticoagulant therapy (40.2% versus 30%). Patients taking anticoagulants were less likely to be admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (8.5% versus 17.4%) and to receive mechanical ventilation (42.9% versus 78.1%). Conclusion Patients on chronic anticoagulant therapy did not have a reduced incidence or severity of AKI suggesting that AKI is unlikely to be thrombotic in nature. Therapeutic anticoagulation is currently still under investigation in randomised controlled studies to determine whether it has a potential role in COVID-19 treatment.

scholarly journals Novel COVID-19 Global Outbreak and a Need for Proactive Dental Care

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prachi Gupta ◽  
Abhinav Garg ◽  
Lovejeet Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Dental Health Care ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Screening Assessment ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The global pandemic Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), which originated in Wuhan, has affected the countries worldwide and has been declared as a public health emergency by World Health Organisation. Because of the exclusive features of dental healthcare set-ups, risk of cross-contamination is greater between patients and dental personnel due to high chances of getting in contact with suspected or asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. Preventive measures are essential to be taken for prevention of furthermore spread of nosocomial infection. The present article provides a brief overview on COVID-19 in dental settings and recommended protocols for screening/assessment, patient management and precautions for dental health care professionals.

scholarly journals Ghana and the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4s) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
David Ofori-Adjei ◽  
Margaret Lartey ◽  
Kwadwo A. Koram
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World

A new virus causing predominantly respiratory tract infection was described in China late 2019. The virus was subsequently named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease it causes as COVID-19. Subsequently the virus spread to many parts of the world. This resulted in the World Health Organisation declaring COVID-19 a global pandemic on 11th March 2020.

Impact on Pharmaceutical Industry due to Sudden Pandemic Attack (COVID-19)

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhanshu Mishra ◽  
Disha Sharma ◽  
Shobhit Prakash Srivastava ◽  
Swati Verma ◽  
Rishabha Malviya
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pharmaceutical Markets ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Health Market ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention Methods

: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first detected in Wuhan, China, in the month of December 2019. Further, in March 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic was described by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a global pandemic. COVID-19 quickly spread around the world in the following months, affecting about 2.5 million individuals by April 2020. World markets, including the pharmaceutical industry, were devastated by this pandemic. Although no specific solution for this emerging infectious disease is currently available, the pharmaceutical industry is helping policymakers meet unmet COVID-19 desires, ranging from research and advancement initiatives on possible prevention methods to the management of the supply chain of drugs in times of crisis. Changes in demand, commodity shortages, contact adjustments, etc., are hindering developments in the mechanism of technology, research and development and are putting an impact on the health market of COVID-19. Other implications of COVID-19 on the physical condition and pharmaceutical market may include acceptance delays, heading to self-sufficiency in the delivery chain, etc. In addition, the pharmaceutical markets are battling to sustain natural consumer flows, as the latest pandemic has had an effect on access to essential drugs at reasonable rates, which is the key priority of all pharmaceutical systems.

scholarly journals 491 Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Emergency Appendicectomy During the Pandemic Of COVID-19 Infection – A Single Centre Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Aladeojebi ◽  
H Salgaonkar ◽  
D Murcott ◽  
C Cheruvu
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Surgical Patient ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Single Centre Experience ◽  
Patient Selection Criteria ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Introduction In March 2020, the World Health Organisation declared a global pandemic with the outbreak of a novel coronavirus. As the morbidity and mortality rates increased, the healthcare system was burdened with grave challenges including decisions on how to manage patients who needed emergency surgery during the pandemic. In the absence of clear guidelines and undetermined effects of peri-operative COVID-19 infection on surgical patient outcomes; our aim was to publish our surgical outcomes for emergency appendicentomies done during the pandemic. Method Prospective data was collated from 1st of March to 5th of June 2020 (n = 132) had appendicectomies over the period stated. Patient demographics, presenting symptoms, peri-operative events, investigations, and post-operative results and complications were documented and analysed. The results were then compared with outcomes of retrospective analysis at the same centre (n = 206) carried out from 1st March to 30th June 2019. Results The incidence of complications of appendicitis were similar without any significant differences. The negative appendix rate was significantly lesser in 2020 group, which may correlate to strict patient selection criteria for surgery. Conclusions Under strict selection protocols to reduce transmission of COVID- 19 and best surgical practice emergency appendicectomy is safe and feasible. However these observations warrant further well-designed future studies.

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