Aplikasi Pendayagunaan Asam In-Situ pada Kulit Pikel Terbuang untuk Pembuatan Gelatin Pangan

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Sugihartono Sugihartono
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Type A ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Salt Hydrate ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Hydrolyze Collagen ◽  
Waste Acid

Skinswaste at pre-tanning operations can be processed into food grade gelatin. The degradation of collagen using acid, base, or enzymes produced gelatin. Pickle skins is skins that acidified, the results of the final phase of the pre-tanning operations. The addition of salt on the skin makes the skins pickle not swollen, produced a wide space between collagen fibers and collagen can not be degraded. Thereby directly extract pickle skins or waste will not be obtained gelatin.This study discussed the processing of food gelatin type A pickle skins through the utilization of waste acid it contains. The discussion includes the components of animal skins, pre-tanning waste, acidification of skins, processing gelatin and gelatin from skins picklewaste and usefulness for the food industry. Salt hydrate collagen fibers in the skin pickle including waste can be separated by washing, to a certain extent still acidic skins waste. The remaining acid on the skins pickle waste can be utilized to hydrolyze collagen into gelatin. The resulting gelatin is gelatin type A, that can be used for food industry.ABSTRAKKulit limbah pada operasi pra-penyamakan dapat diolah menjadi gelatin pangan. Pemecahan kolagen menggunakan asam, basa, atau enzim dihasilkan gelatin. Kulit pikel merupakan kulit yang diasamkan, hasil dari tahap akhir operasi pra-penyamakan. Penambahan garam pada kulit pikel menjadikan kulit tidak bengkak, menghasilkan ruang lebar diantara serat kolagen dan menjadikan kolagen tidak dapat terdegradasi. Hal ini berarti ekstrak secara langsung kulit pikel atau limbahnya tidak akan diperoleh gelatin. Dalam kajian ini dibahas pengolahan gelatin pangan tipe A dari kulit pikel limbah melalui pendayagunaan asam yang dikandungnya. Bahasan mencakup komponen kulit hewan, limbah pra-penyamakan, pengasaman kulit, pengolahan gelatin, dan pengolahan gelatin dari kulit pikel limbah melalui pendayagunaan asam yang dikandungnya serta kegunaannya untuk industri pangan. Garam yang menghidrasi serat kolagen pada kulit pikel termasuk limbahnya dapat dipisahkan dengan cara pencucian, sampai batas tertentu kulit limbah masih bersifat asam. Asam yang tersisa pada kulit pikel limbah tersebut dapat didayagunakan untuk menghidrolisis kolagen menjadi gelatin. Gelatin yang dihasilkan adalah gelatin tipe A, dapat digunakan untuk keperluan industri pangan. Kata kunci : Kulit pikel limbah, gelatin, pengasaman, pangan.

Single Crystal Growth of High-Pressure Phases of Ice and Salt Hydrate Far Below the Original Melting Point by Mixing Alcohol: Crystal Structure Determination of Magnesium Chloride Heptahydrate

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keishiro Yamashita ◽  
Kazuki Komatsu ◽  
Hiroyuki Kagi
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Growth Technique ◽  
Salt Hydrate ◽  
X Ray

An crystal-growth technique for single crystal x-ray structure analysis of high-pressure forms of hydrogen-bonded crystals is proposed. We used alcohol mixture (methanol: ethanol = 4:1 in volumetric ratio), which is a widely used pressure transmitting medium, inhibiting the nucleation and growth of unwanted crystals. In this paper, two kinds of single crystals which have not been obtained using a conventional experimental technique were obtained using this technique: ice VI at 1.99 GPa and MgCl<sub>2</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O at 2.50 GPa at room temperature. Here we first report the crystal structure of MgCl2·7H2O. This technique simultaneously meets the requirement of hydrostaticity for high-pressure experiments and has feasibility for further in-situ measurements.

scholarly journals Novel hydrogen chemisorption properties of amorphous ceramic compounds consisting of p-block elements: exploring Lewis acid-base Al–N pair site formed in-situ within polymer-derived silicon-aluminum-nitrogen-based system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shotaro Tada ◽  
Norifumi Asakuma ◽  
Shiori Ando ◽  
Toru Asaka ◽  
Yusuke Daiko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lewis Acid ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Hydrogen Chemisorption ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Polymer Derived Ceramics ◽  
System P ◽  
Ceramic Compounds ◽  
The Relationship

This paper reports on the relationship between the H2 chemisorption properties and reversible structural reorientation of the possible active site around Al formed in-situ within polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) based on...

In Situ Electrochemical Study of Copper Nanoparticles Stabilized with Food Grade Gelatin

2016 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellaine M. Datu ◽  
Mary Donnabelle L. Balela
Keyword(s):  
Electroless Deposition ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Mixed Potential ◽  
Cu Nanoparticles ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Alternative Material ◽  
Kinetics Of

Commercially available conductive inks are typically made up of precious metal nanoparticles, such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag). Thus, cheaper metals like copper (Cu) are currently being explored as alternative material. Though Cu has a comparable conductivity to that of Ag, they tend to oxidize easily when exposed to air and water, which could limit their application. In this work, oxidation-stable Cu nanoparticles with mean diameter as small as 57 nm were prepared by simple electroless deposition in water. Food-grade gelatin was used as stabilizer, which makes the process more economical and environment-friendly. In situ monitoring of mixed potential was carried out during synthesis to understand the kinetics of the reaction. The mixed potential of the solution shifted negatively as the amount of gelatin was increased. This suggests faster reduction rate.

scholarly journals De novo adult acute myeloid leukemia with two new mutations in juxtatransmembrane domain of the FLT3 gene: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismael F. Alarbeed ◽  
Abdulsamad Wafa ◽  
Faten Moassass ◽  
Bassel Al-Halabi ◽  
Walid Al-Achkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Type A ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Treatment ◽  
Acute Myeloid ◽  
New Mutations

Abstract Background Approximately 30% of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) acquire within fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 gene (FLT3) internal tandem duplications (FLT3/ITDs) in their juxtamembrane domain (JMD). FLT3/ITDs range in size from three to hundreds of nucleotides, and confer an adverse prognosis. Studies on a possible relationship between of FLT3/ITDs length and clinical outcomes in those AML patients were inconclusive, yet. Case presentation Here we report a 54-year-old Arab male diagnosed with AML who had two FLT3-ITD mutations in addition to NPM1 mutation. Cytogenetic approaches (banding cytogenetics) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using specific probes to detect translocations t(8;21), t(15;17), t(16;16), t(12;21), and deletion del(13q)) were applied to exclude chromosomal abnormalities. Molecular genetic approaches (polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the Sanger sequencing) identified a yet unreported combination of two new mutations in FLT3-ITDs. The first mutation induced a frameshift in JMD, and the second led to a homozygous substitution of c.1836T>A (p.F612L) also in JMD. Additionally a NPM1 type A mutation was detected. The first chemotherapeutic treatment was successful, but 1 month after the initial diagnosis, the patient experienced a relapse and unfortunately died. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, a combination of two FLT3-ITD mutations in JMD together with an NPM1 type A mutation were not previously reported in adult AML. Further studies are necessary to prove or rule out whether the size of these FLT3-ITDs mutations and potential other double mutations in FLT3-ITD are correlated with the observed adverse outcome.

Expression of rat kidney anion exchanger 1 in type A intercalated cells in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (6) ◽  
pp. F841-F849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia Huber ◽  
Esther Asan ◽  
Thomas Jöns ◽  
Christiane Kerscher ◽  
Bernd Püschel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anion Exchanger ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Type A ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Intercalated Cells ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Anion Exchanger 1 ◽  
Acid Base Status

By enzyme-linked in situ hybridization (ISH), direct evidence is provided that acid-secreting intercalated cells (type A IC) of both the cortical and medullary collecting ducts of the rat kidney selectively express the mRNA of the kidney splice variant of anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) and no detectable levels of the erythrocyte AE1 (eAE1) mRNA. Using single-cell quantification by microphotometry of ISH enzyme reaction, medullary type A IC were found to contain twofold higher kAE1 mRNA levels compared with cortical type A IC. These differences correspond to the higher intensity of immunostaining in medullary versus cortical type A IC. Chronic changes of acid-base status induced by addition of NH4Cl (acidosis) or NaHCO3 (alkalosis) to the drinking water resulted in up to 35% changes of kAE1 mRNA levels in both cortical and medullary type A IC. These experiments provide direct evidence at the cellular level of kAE1 expression in type A IC and show moderate capacity of type A IC to respond to changes of acid-base status by modulation of kAE1 mRNA levels.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Biocides Used in the Modern Food Industry To Control Salmonella enterica, and Links between Biocide Tolerance and Resistance to Clinically Relevant Antimicrobial Compounds

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 3087-3097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orla Condell ◽  
Carol Iversen ◽  
Shane Cooney ◽  
Karen A. Power ◽  
Ciara Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Cross Tolerance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTBiocides play an essential role in limiting the spread of infectious disease. The food industry is dependent on these agents, and their increasing use is a matter for concern. Specifically, the emergence of bacteria demonstrating increased tolerance to biocides, coupled with the potential for the development of a phenotype of cross-resistance to clinically important antimicrobial compounds, needs to be assessed. In this study, we investigated the tolerance of a collection of susceptible and multidrug-resistant (MDR)Salmonella entericastrains to a panel of seven commercially available food-grade biocide formulations. We explored their abilities to adapt to these formulations and their active biocidal agents, i.e., triclosan, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and benzalkonium chloride, after sequential rounds ofin vitroselection. Finally, cross-tolerance of different categories of biocidal formulations, their active agents, and the potential for coselection of resistance to clinically important antibiotics were investigated. Six of seven food-grade biocide formulations were bactericidal at their recommended working concentrations. All showed a reduced activity against both surface-dried and biofilm cultures. A stable phenotype of tolerance to biocide formulations could not be selected. Upon exposure ofSalmonellastrains to an active biocidal compound, a high-level of tolerance was selected for a number ofSalmonellaserotypes. No cross-tolerance to the different biocidal agents or food-grade biocide formulations was observed. Most tolerant isolates displayed changes in their patterns of susceptibility to antimicrobial compounds. Food industry biocides are effective against planktonicSalmonella. When exposed to sublethal concentrations of individual active biocidal agents, tolerant isolates may emerge. This emergence was associated with changes in antimicrobial susceptibilities.

scholarly journals RANCANG BANGUN PENDEKTESIAN ASAM DAN BASA BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO

Jurnal Teknik ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Triyono Suryo Atmojo
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Ph Sensor ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Arduino Uno ◽  
Litmus Paper ◽  
New System

Technological developments have left people tend to get used to working with the aid of automatic devices. The research that led to the automation has also been developed such as the detection of acid-base degree. The detector uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller components as the brains to run the program, and the pH sensor (Power of Hydrogen) as input that detect the state of a solution. In this solution and research tool used can be planned a new system. The system uses a microcontroller as a liaison between chemistry with the world of electrical technology. Produce percentage is almost close to perfect, as evidenced by the accuracy of the output of which is detected by a detector. In this study, the authors designed a detector-based acid-base arduino uno. The aim is to produce an acid-base detector with high accuracy than litmus paper sold in the market. With the alkaline acid detection devices are expected to ease the food industry, restaurants, and households in the detection of acid-base automatically. With an accuracy of ± 0.5 pH (25˚C).

Intestinal base excretion in the seawater-adapted rainbow trout: a role in acid-base balance?

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (10) ◽  
pp. 2331-2343 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Wilson ◽  
K Gilmour ◽  
R Henry ◽  
C Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Opsanus Beta ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
High Fluid

A potential role for the intestine of seawater-adapted teleosts in acid&shy;base regulation was investigated following earlier reports of highly alkaline rectal fluids in the gulf toadfish Opsanus beta. Rectal samples taken from starved seawater-adapted rainbow trout had a high fluid pH (8.90&plusmn;0.03; mean &plusmn; s.e.m., N=13) and base (HCO3-+2CO32-) content of 157&plusmn;26 mequiv kg-1 (N=11). In trout fitted with rectal catheters, rectal fluid was voided at a rate of 0.47&plusmn;0.11 ml kg-1 h-1 (N=8), giving a net base excretion rate of 114&plusmn;15 &micro;equiv kg-1 h-1 (N=7). Drinking rates averaged 3.12&plusmn;0.48 ml kg-1 h-1 (N=8), and accounted for only 6 % of the base excreted via the intestine, indicating substantial net transport of endogenously derived base into the intestine. Rectally excreted base was approximately balanced by an equivalent efflux of net acid from non-rectal sources (possibly as NH4+ excretion via the gills). Samples taken from four sites along the intestine revealed that the most anterior region (the pyloric intestine) was responsible for the majority of HCO3-+2CO32- accumulation. The pyloric intestine was subsequently perfused in situ to investigate possible mechanisms of base secretion. Net base fluxes were found to be dependent on luminal Cl-, 76 % stimulated by amiloride, 20 % inhibited by 10(-4) mol l-1 acetazolamide, but unaffected by either 10(-4) mol l-1 SITS or 2x10(-5) mol l-1 DIDS. This suggests that the mechanism of base secretion within the pyloric intestine may involve a Cl-/HCO3--ATPase. It is speculated that intestinal base secretion may play a role in facilitating osmoregulation of seawater-adapted teleosts.

scholarly journals Acid–base physiology over tidal periods in the mussel Mytilus edulis : size and temperature are more influential than seawater pH

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1897) ◽  
pp. 20182863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Mangan ◽  
Rod W. Wilson ◽  
Helen S. Findlay ◽  
Ceri Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Tidal Cycles ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Two Populations

Ocean acidification (OA) studies to date have typically used stable open-ocean pH and CO 2 values to predict the physiological responses of intertidal species to future climate scenarios, with few studies accounting for natural fluctuations of abiotic conditions or the alternating periods of emersion and immersion routinely experienced during tidal cycles. Here, we determine seawater carbonate chemistry and the corresponding in situ haemolymph acid–base responses over real time for two populations of mussel ( Mytilus edulis ) during tidal cycles, demonstrating that intertidal mussels experience daily acidosis during emersion. Using these field data to parameterize experimental work we demonstrate that air temperature and mussel size strongly influence this acidosis, with larger mussels at higher temperatures experiencing greater acidosis. There was a small interactive effect of prior immersion in OA conditions (pH NBS 7.7/pCO 2 930 µatm) such that the haemolymph pH measured at the start of emersion was lower in large mussels exposed to OA. Critically, the acidosis induced in mussels during emersion in situ was greater (ΔpH approximately 0.8 units) than that induced by experimental OA (ΔpH approximately 0.1 units). Understanding how environmental fluctuations influence physiology under current scenarios is critical to our ability to predict the responses of key marine biota to future environmental changes.

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