The effect of type and concentration of acid on the characteristics of gelatine from bones of milkfish (Chanos chanos)

Gelatin is derived from the hydrolysis of the animal collagen contained in the bones and skin. Milkfish bones have the potential to be used as raw materials for gelatine production because it is estimated to be 15–20% of the total body weight of the fish. The extraction of gelatine from fish bones is a solution in utilizing the waste of the fish processing industry. Hydrolysis or soaking in an acidic solution against collagen is aimed to eliminate the salt of calcium and other minerals in the cartilage. This research was conducted to determine the influence of acid types and concentration on the milkfish bones gelatine production. This study used a completely randomized factorial design with two factors. The first factor was the type of acid (citric acid, acetic acid, and a mixture of citric and acetic acids), while the second factor was the concentration of acid (5%, 9%, and 13%). The data obtained were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) Advanced test. The results showed that the type and concentration of acid affected the yield, gel strength, viscosity, melting point, and gelling point. The best treatment in this study was extraction using a 9% concentration of citric acid to produce gelatine with a yield of 10.48%, gel strength 283.1 g bloom, viscosity 4.35 cP, melting point 60.1°C, gel point 16.9°C. Identification of gelatine functional groups was carried out on gelatine from the best treatment using FT-IR Spectrophotometer. From the results of FT-IR spectra analysis, it is known that the functional groups present in the sample are – OH, C-O, N-H, C-H, C-N, C=O which are the main functional groups of gelatine. This study showed that the type and concentration of acid affected the characteristics of milkfish bone gelatine

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Biodegradable Oligoesters of ε-Caprolactone and 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-Furancarboxylic Acid Synthesized by Immobilized Lipases

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11091402 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1402 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Todea ◽

Bîtcan ◽

Aparaschivei ◽

Păușescu ◽

Badea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Melting Point ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Polymeric Chain ◽

Chemical Route ◽

Renewable Raw Materials ◽

Immobilized Lipases ◽

Polymeric Compounds ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Candida Antarctica B ◽

Heterocyclic Structure

Following the latest developments, bio-based polyesters, obtained from renewable raw materials, mainly carbohydrates, can be competitive for the fossil-based equivalents in various industries. In particular, the furan containing monomers are valuable alternatives for the synthesis of various new biomaterials, applicable in food additive, pharmaceutical and medical field. The utilization of lipases as biocatalysts for the synthesis of such polymeric compounds can overcome the disadvantages of high temperatures and metal catalysts, used by the chemical route. In this work, the enzymatic synthesis of new copolymers of ε-caprolactone and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid has been investigated, using commercially available immobilized lipases from Candida antarctica B. The reactions were carried out in solvent-less systems, at temperatures up to 80 °C. The structural analysis by MALDI TOF-MS, NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of cyclic and linear oligoesters, with maximal polymerization degree of 24 and narrow molecular weight distribution (dispersity about 1.1). The operational stability of the biocatalyst was explored during several reuses, while thermal analysis (TG and DSC) indicated a lower thermal stability and higher melting point of the new products, compared to the poly(ε-caprolactone) homopolymer. The presence of the heterocyclic structure in the polymeric chain has promoted both the lipase-catalyzed degradation and the microbial degradation. Although, poly(ε-caprolactone) is a valuable biocompatible polymer with important therapeutic applications, some drawbacks such as low hydrophilicity, low melting point, and relatively slow biodegradability impeded its extensive utilization. In this regard the newly synthesized furan-based oligoesters could represent a “green” improvement route.

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Preparation and their Fluorescent Property of Sm2Zr2O7 and Sm2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7 Powders

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.624.22 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 624 ◽

pp. 22-25

Author(s):

Xiao Ge Chen ◽

Hong Song Zhang

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Citric Acid ◽

Size Range ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Emission Spectra ◽

Fluorescent Properties ◽

Gel Method ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Samarium Nitrate

Pure Sm2Zr2O7 and Sm2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7 nano powders were prepared by sol-gel method using zirconium nitrate and samarium nitrate as raw materials, citric acid as solvent and dispersant. The synthesized powders were characterized by XRD, Ft-IR, BET, SEM and Emission spectra. The effect of thermal temperature on particle size of the nano-powders were studied and single phases of Sm2Zr2O7 and Sm2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7 were completely formed at 900°C. The obtained powders consist of abnormal particles with agglomerated structures in size range 7-10nm. Moreover, the strong fluorescent properties of the synthesized products show that these two kinds of powders are potential fluorescent emitted materials.

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The Quality of Alkali Treated Cottonii (ATC) Made from Eucheuma cottonii Collected from Different Regions In Indonesia

SQUALEN Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology ◽

10.15578/squalen.v8i3.37 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 117 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Muhamad Darmawan ◽

Bagus Sediadi Bandol Utomo ◽

Raekal Amral Yuda Mulia

Keyword(s):

Melting Point ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Gel Strength ◽

Ash Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Sulphate Content ◽

Eucheuma Cottonii

The presented study has been carried out in order to study the quality of Alkali Treated Cottonii (ATC) made from Eucheuma cottonii which being collected from different regions in Indonesia (Belitung, Nusa Tenggara Barat and Lampung). The quality variables analyzed were the characteristics of raw materials (Clean anhydrous weed and impurities) and the characteristics of ATC produced (moisture content, ash content, acid insoluble ash content, yield, gel strength, sulphate content, gelling -melting point). The analysis was done in 3 replicates and the data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 15 package software. Results indicated that the raw material from Lampung had a better quality than those from Nusa Tenggara Barat and Belitung. In addition, the characteristics of ATC produced from these three raw materials showed that seaweed from Lampung produced better quality ATC than those from Nusa Tenggara Barat and Belitung in terms of their gel strength, sulphate content and yield.

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Synthesis of thermotropic polyurethanes containing ester mesogen units and their mesophase behavior

e-Polymers ◽

10.1515/epoly.2011.11.1.527 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jian-Feng Ban ◽

Shao-Rong Lu ◽

Chenxi Zhang ◽

Ting Liu ◽

Zhiyi Huang

Keyword(s):

Melting Point ◽

Benzoic Acid ◽

Liquid Crystalline ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Triethylene Glycol ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽

Point Temperature ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Lower Temperature

AbstractA series of novel thermotropic liquid crystalline was synthesized from bi(p-hydroxyl benzoic acid)hydroquinone ester (PHQ), triethylene glycol and 2,4- toluenediisocyanate (2,4-TDI) by altering the molar ratio of PHQ and diol, and PHQ was prepared by using hydroquinone and p-hydroxybenzoic acid as raw materials. The thermotropic mesophase behavior, the melting point temperature (Tm) and the isotropization temperature (Ti) of the synthesized polyurethanes were characterized by FT-IR, DSC and POM. It showed that all of the polyurethane polymers exhibited nematic textures at temperature of 110~230 °C. The shift of the melting and isotropization temperature (Tm, Ti) to lower temperature is discussed to be a consequence of the increasing amount of diol content.

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Pemanfaatan Cangkang Pensi (Corbicula Moltkiana) sebagai Bahan Penyerap Zat Warna Rhodamin B Dalam Larutan

Talenta Conference Series Science and Technology (ST) ◽

10.32734/st.v2i2.500 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Rahmiana Zein ◽

Mutia Khuratul Aini ◽

Hermansyah Aziz

Keyword(s):

Rhodamine B ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Spectra Analysis ◽

Biosorption Capacity ◽

Biosorption Process ◽

Langmuir Isotherm Model ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Cationic Exchange ◽

Rhodamin B ◽

Model Isotherm

Biosorpsi zat warna Rhodamine B menggunakan cangkang Pensi (Corbicula moltkiana) telah dikaji. Percobaan dilakukan dengan system batch guna memperoleh kondisi optimum biosorspi zat warna. Kapasitas biosorpsi zat warna pada pH 2 adalah 0.9958 mg/g, dengan konsentrasi larutan mula-mula 150 mg/L waktu kontak 105 menit, massa biosorben 0.1 g, ukuran partikel 32 µm dan temperature pengeringan biosorben pada 75oC. Model isotherm Langmuir menunjukkan bahwa proses penyerapan berlangsung secara kimia dan biosorpsi homogeny dari adsorbat (Rhodamine B) pada permukaan biosorben membentuk lapisan tunggal dengan nilai R2 0.9966. Analisis XRF menunjukkan bahwa penurunan kadar unsur logam pada cangkang Pensi membuktikan bahwa proses biosorpsi berlangsung dengan pertukaran kation. Hasil analisis spektrum FT-IR membuktikan adanya interaksi antaramolekul Rhodamin B dengan gugus fungsi pada cangkang Pensi. Analisis dengan SEM memperlihatkan bahwa pori-pori cangkang Pensi telah terisi penuh oleh molekul Rhodamin B. Kondisi optimum biosorpsi telah diaplikasikan pada limbah kerupuk merah dengan kapasitas penyerapan sebesar 0,2835 mg/g. The biosorption of Rhodamine B dyes by Pensi (Corbicula moltkiana) shell has been investigated. The experiment was conducted in batch sistem in order to obtain the optimum conditions of dye biosorption. Biosorption capacity of dye was 0.9958 mg/g at pH 2, initial concentration 150 mg/L, contact time 105 minutes, biosorbent mass 0.1 gram, particle size 32 µ m and biosorbent drying temperature was at 75oC. The Langmuir Isotherm model showed chemisorption and homogeneous biosorption process of adsorbates onto the biosorbent surface formed monolayer dye molecules on the biosorbent surface with R2 value was 0.9966. XRF analysis showed that reduction of metals unsure quantity of pensi shell indicated biosorption process was occupied through cationic exchange. The result of FTIR spectra analysis indicated an interaction between Rhodamin B molecules and functional group of pensi shell. SEM analysis showed that the pensi shell pores were completely filled by Rhodamine B molecules. The optimum condition of biosorption has been aplicated in red chips wastewater industry with biosorption capacity was 0.2835 mg/g.

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Polyurethane Composite Foams Synthesized Using Bio-Polyols and Cellulose Filler

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14133474 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3474

Author(s):

Katarzyna Uram ◽

Milena Leszczyńska ◽

Aleksander Prociak ◽

Anna Czajka ◽

Michał Gloc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Polyurethane Composite ◽

Composite Foams ◽

Closed Cell ◽

Ft Ir ◽

The Fourier Transform

Rigid polyurethane foams were obtained using two types of renewable raw materials: bio-polyols and a cellulose filler (ARBOCEL® P 4000 X, JRS Rettenmaier, Rosenberg, Germany). A polyurethane system containing 40 wt.% of rapeseed oil-based polyols was modified with the cellulose filler in amounts of 1, 2, and 3 php (per hundred polyols). The cellulose was incorporated into the polyol premix as filler dispersion in a petrochemical polyol made using calenders. The cellulose filler was examined in terms of the degree of crystallinity using the powder X-ray diffraction PXRD -and the presence of bonds by means of the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR. It was found that the addition of the cellulose filler increased the number of cells in the foams in both cross-sections—parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the foam growth—while reducing the sizes of those cells. Additionally, the foams had closed cell contents of more than 90% and initial thermal conductivity coefficients of 24.8 mW/m∙K. The insulation materials were dimensionally stable, especially at temperatures close to 0 °C, which qualifies them for use as insulation at low temperatures.

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A Methodology Based on FT-IR Data Combined with Random Forest Model to Generate Spectralprints for the Characterization of High-Quality Vinegars

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10061411 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1411

Author(s):

José Luis P. Calle ◽

Marta Ferreiro-González ◽

Ana Ruiz-Rodríguez ◽

Gerardo F. Barbero ◽

José Á. Álvarez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Random Forest ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Principal Component ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Raw Material ◽

Support Vector ◽

Protected Designation Of Origin ◽

Ft Ir

Sherry wine vinegar is a Spanish gourmet product under Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). Before a vinegar can be labeled as Sherry vinegar, the product must meet certain requirements as established by its PDO, which, in this case, means that it has been produced following the traditional solera and criadera ageing system. The quality of the vinegar is determined by many factors such as the raw material, the acetification process or the aging system. For this reason, mainly producers, but also consumers, would benefit from the employment of effective analytical tools that allow precisely determining the origin and quality of vinegar. In the present study, a total of 48 Sherry vinegar samples manufactured from three different starting wines (Palomino Fino, Moscatel, and Pedro Ximénez wine) were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data were combined with unsupervised exploratory techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), as well as other nonparametric supervised techniques, namely, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), for the characterization of the samples. The HCA and PCA results present a clear grouping trend of the vinegar samples according to their raw materials. SVM in combination with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) successfully classified 100% of the samples, according to the type of wine used for their production. The RF method allowed selecting the most important variables to develop the characteristic fingerprint (“spectralprint”) of the vinegar samples according to their starting wine. Furthermore, the RF model reached 100% accuracy for both LOOCV and out-of-bag (OOB) sets.

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Study on Modified Rapeseed Oil/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.1291 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 123-125 ◽

pp. 1291-1294 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bin Lü ◽

Jian Zhong Ma ◽

Dang Ge Gao ◽

Lei Hong

Keyword(s):

Rapeseed Oil ◽

Fourier Transforms ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Infrared Spectrometry ◽

Emulsifying Properties ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Layer Spacing ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Better Than

Modified rapeseed oil(MRO) was prepared by using rapeseed oil, ethylene diamine and acrylic acid as the raw materials. Modified rapeseed oil/montmorillonite(MRO/MMT) nanocomposite was prepared by using modified rapeseed oil and montmorillonite. The emulsifying properties of MRO and MRO/MMT were determined respectively. Fourier transforms infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) results showed that MRO/MMT was prepared successfully. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that modified rapeseed oil could smoothly enter the interlayer of montmorillonite, and modified the montmorillonite; with an increase in the amount of montmorillonite, the layer spacing of montmorillonite in the MRO/MMT lower after the first increase. The results of emulsifying properties indicated that emulsifying properties of MRO/MMT was better than MRO.

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Preparation and Photocatalytic Activity of Cu/BiVO4 by Solid State Grinding Method for Degradation of Methyl Orange

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.321 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 703 ◽

pp. 321-325

Author(s):

Hai Feng Chen ◽

Jia Mei Chen ◽

Zhi Xue Pan

Keyword(s):

Methyl Orange ◽

Solid State ◽

Visible Light ◽

Raw Materials ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Visible Absorption ◽

Illumination Time ◽

Grinding Method ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Degradation Of Methyl Orange

In this work, novel Cu/BiVO4 photocatalyst were prepared by a low-temperature solid state grinding method using Bi (NO3)3•5H2O, NH4VO3 and Cu (NO3)2•2H2O as raw materials. The structure and properties of the samples were characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS); Using the degradation of methyl orange (MO) as the probe, it was simulated as the degradation of sewage under the visible light to study the influence of the illumination time and the amount of photocatalysts. Compared with the pure BiVO4, the visible-light absorption scope of BiVO4 was broadened by doping Cu, the UV-Visible absorption edges were slightly red shift and the band gap was narrower. Comparatively speaking, the results indicted that the doped Cu enhanced the photocatalytic activities of BiVO4.

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Structures and Properties of Self - crosslinking Silicone Resin

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20183802019 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 02019

Author(s):

Yong-xin Zhao ◽

Ying-qiang Zhang

Keyword(s):

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Decomposition Temperature ◽

Light Transmittance ◽

Silicone Resin ◽

Structures And Properties ◽

Vis Spectroscopy ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Good Heat Resistance ◽

Good Heat

Highly transparent silicone resin with self-crosslinking structure was prepared using phenyltrimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, 1,3,5,7-cyclotetra(methyl siloxane) and bisvinyltetramethyldisiloxane as main raw materials. The structure of silicone resin was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The light transmittance was measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal decomposition process. The microstructure of cured self-crosslinking silicone resin is more uniform, resulting in better light transmittance up to 100% in the range of 400nm ~ 800nm. The cured has relatively good heat resistance, the initial thermal decomposition temperature of the cured could be up to 315.8 °C. SEM observations show that the self-crosslinking silicone has a uniform, textured structure, higher transparency compared with the existing condensation silicone material, and can be used as advanced architectural translucent materials and optics packaging materials.

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