scholarly journals Comparison of energy intensity of different food materials and their energy content

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S1) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
M.A. Maysami ◽  
W. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Northwest Of Iran ◽  
Increasing Demand

The energy embodied in different food materials refers to energy input in its production in agricultural and or livestock farms in direct or indirect forms. In this work, it is intended to make a comparison among the energy intensity of cereals, cow milk and bull meat production. The study was performed to evaluate the energy flow in dairy farms and related feedstuff production farms in the northwest of Iran. According to the results, the energy intensity of wheat and maize corn is 4.35 and 9.19 MJ kg-1 , respectively, while they have the energy content of nearly 15 MJ kg-1 as food materials with almost 15% moisture content. The energy intensity of ECM milk was calculated to be 5.81 MJ kg-1 , while it has the energy content of only 3.15 MJ kg-1 , with a water content of 87.2%. As for boneless meat, for a bull mass of up to 400 kg, the energy intensity was 75.4 MJ kg-1 while it was 103.8 MJ kg-1 for bulls up to 700 kg body mass. It is much higher than for milk and cereals, while, it has only 8.8 MJ kg-1 energy content for the fresh state with nearly 70% water content. A comparison of these energy values indicates the high use of resources, harmful to the environment, for products of animal origin, especially for meat. This issue will get worse with an increasing demand for animal products in the future. Therefore, replacing bull meat with less energy-intensive food materials such as cereals and other meat, e.g. poultry, could reduce pressure on the environment.

8.1 Appraisal and finance of intensive animal production schemes

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 439-448
Author(s):  
W. Schaefer-Kehnert
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Wide Experience ◽  
The One

It is a world-wide experience that economic growth creates an increasing demand for food of animal origin, and, once a certain income level is reached, the demand for food of vegetable origin shrinks. Therefore, the proportion of animal products in the human diet is almost an indicator of the income level achieved by certain population groups or whole countries (excluding vegetarian societies on the one hand and pastoral societies on the other). FAO's provisional food balance sheets (FAO, 1977) indicate that, in most low income countries, animal products contribute less than 10% to total energy intake, whereas in high income countries they contribute almost 50%

SUSFEED - Sustainable feed design applying circular economy principles: the case former food in pig nutrition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Danilo Chiarelli ◽  
Alice Luciano ◽  
Francesca Fumagalli ◽  
Annalisa Silvetti ◽  
Luciano Pinotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Positive Feedbacks

<p>In developing countries, as a result of increasing per capita GDP (Tilman et al., 2011; FAOSTAT, 2017), we are observing shifts in diets towards increasing consumption of animal products (Pimentel et al., 2008). An example of shifting diet is represented by China, where during the last two decades’ demand for and consumption of animal origin has grown rapidly. Public debates and scientific literature principally focused on how these habits affect the amount of required limited resources, addressing those changes as unsustainable, but which can be the effects of a shift in animal diets? SUS-Feed is a projects founded by Fondazione Cariplo aims at evaluating the effects of substituting conventional cereals with former food products in pig’s diets, by addressing its impacts on growth performance, gut health, pig wellbeing, as well as its sustainability assessment and its implications in natural resources saving. In fact, among others, pigs represent an interesting case study, providing 36% of total meat production (113Mtons worldwide) and 51% of energy from animal products (124kcal/cap/day – global average) (FAOSTAT, 2017).</p><p>Pig diet is mainly composed by soybeans and maize, whose harvested area worldwide are rapidly exploding, accounting for 187Mha and 111Mha for maize and soybean in 2013 respectively, creating environmental problems such as water scarcity, deforestation, pollution, fires. In order to assess the potential positive feedbacks of such conversion on natural resources, focus of our presentation, a spatial distributed physically based model is applied in order to quantify water and land saving by introducing former food products and the consequent positive feedback on water scarcity, water pollution and deforestation.</p>

scholarly journals Global Warming Potential of a New Waterjet-Based Recycling Process for Cathode Materials of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Batteries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Leonard Kurz ◽  
Mojtaba Faryadras ◽  
Ines Klugius ◽  
Frederik Reichert ◽  
Andreas Scheibe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Mechanical Removal ◽  
Increasing Demand

Due to the increasing demand for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), the need for vehicle battery raw materials is increasing. The traction battery (TB) of an electric vehicle, usually a lithium-ion battery (LIB), represents the largest share of a BEV’s CO2 footprint. To reduce this carbon footprint sustainably and to keep the raw materials within a closed loop economy, suitable and efficient recycling processes are essential. In this life cycle assessment (LCA), the ecological performance of a waterjet-based direct recycling process with minimal use of resources and energy is evaluated; only the recycling process is considered, waste treatment and credits for by-products are not part of the analysis. Primary data from a performing recycling company were mainly used for the modelling. The study concludes that the recycling of 1 kg of TB is associated with a global warming potential (GWP) of 158 g CO2 equivalents (CO2e). Mechanical removal using a water jet was identified as the main driver of the recycling process, followed by an air purification system. Compared to conventional hydro- or pyrometallurgical processes, this waterjet-based recycling process could be attributed an 8 to 26 times lower GWP. With 10% and 20% reuse of recyclate in new cells, the GWP of TBs could be reduced by 4% and 8%, respectively. It has been shown that this recycling approach can be classified as environmentally friendly.

Responding to the increasing global demand for animal products: implications for the livelihoods of livestock producers in developing countries

2004 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Thomas ◽  
D. Rangnekar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Global Demand

Livestock production currently accounts for some 40% of the gross value of world agricultural production, and its share is rising (FAO, 2002). Livestock production is the largest user of agricultural land; directly through grazing of pastures and indirectly through the production of forage crops and other feeds. Over the next 20 years, there will be a massive increase in demand for food of animal origin in developing countries, and this increase will be greater than for either the major cereals or roots and tubers (IFPRI, 1995; Delgado et al., 1999).

scholarly journals Potential of bio-drying applied to exhausted grape marc

Wine Studies ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Cristina Rada ◽  
Marco Ragazzi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Self Heating ◽  
Grape Marc ◽  
Thermal Drying ◽  
Energy Options ◽  
Potential Rate

In the present work, experimentation was carried out to study the behavior of exhausted grape marc during the bio-drying process. This process was chosen as an alternative to the typical grape marc thermal drying approach. The aim was to reduce the moisture level thanks to the biological exothermal reactions, and to increase the energy content in the biodried grape marc. The target was the generation of a product interesting for energy options. For the development of the research, a biological pilot reactor and a respirometric apparatus were used. Results demonstrated that bio-drying can decrease the water content saving the original energy content. The final material could be assumed like a solid recovered fuel, class 5:1:1 with a very low potential rate of microbial self-heating.

scholarly journals Evaluation of sensitivity of modified star protocol microbiological method for beta-lactame antibiotics detection in raw cow milk

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Branka Borovic ◽  
Danka Spiric ◽  
Branko Velebit ◽  
Vesna Djordjevic ◽  
Brankica Lakicevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cow Milk ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Initial Validation ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Antibiotic residues when present in animal tissues, through food chain, can enter human body, causing allergic reactions or facilitating the development of resistant bacterial strains. In order to determine the presence of antibiotics in animal tissues, it is appropriate to use convenient, reliable and sensitive methods. Microbiological methods applied for the detection of antibiotic residues in primary products of animal origin are based on the sensitivity of specific bacterial strains to a particular group of antibiotics. Regulatives on the amount of pesticides, metals and metalloids and other toxic substances, chemotherapeutics, anabolics and other substances which can be found in food ("Off. Gazette", No. 5/92, 11/92 - corr. and 32/02), state that milk and milk products can be used in commercial purposes only if not contain antibiotics in quantities that can be detected by reference methods. The applied method is modified STAR (Screening test for detection of antibiotics) protocol, regulated by the CRL (Community Reference Laboratory) Fougeres, France, in which the initial validation of the method had been carried out. In accordance with the demands of Regulative Commission EC No657/2002, the sensitivity of modified STAR protocol for beta lactam antibiotics group was examined , that is, there was carried out a contracted validation of the method, which initial validation had been performed at CRL. In a couple of series of experiments, 20 blank samples of raw cow milk originating from animals not treated by antibiotics, had been examined. By the beginning of the experiment samples were stored in a freezer at -20?C. Samples of raw cow milk enriched by working solutions of seven beta-lactam antibiotics, in order to obtain concentrations at the level of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 MRL (Maximmum Residue Limit) for each given antibiotic (Commission Regulation EC No. 37/2010). For detection of beta-lactam antibiotics, there was used Kundrat agar test with previously inoculated G.stearothermophilus ATCC 10149 strain. Aliquots of 30 _l of working solution at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 MRL concentration level, for each antibiotic, were inflicted on two paper disks placed on inoculated Kundrat agar surface. Petri plates with Kundrat agar previously inoculated with G.stearothermophilus , on which the samples were deposited, were incubated for 12-15h at 55oC. The obtained width of microorganisms growth inhibition zone, that is supposed to be at least 2.0 mm, measured from the disc edge, demonstrated the capability to detect all the tested 7 antibiotics from the beta lactam group at a level below the MRLs. Consequently, this proves that use of this method it is possible to meet the demands of Regulative Commission EC No. 37/2010.

Importance of grass ecosystems for milk and meat production

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г. Благовещенский ◽  
В. Конончук ◽  
С. Тимошенко
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Model Development ◽  
General Meeting ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Model Modification ◽  
Maize Cultivation ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Farmer Income

Данные материалы представляют оценку эффективности распространённых в Европе, основанных на травяных агроэкосистемах технологий производства молочной и мясной продукции, представленных на 27-м Генеральном собрании ЕФЛ 1721 июня 2018 года в Ирландии. В докладах отражается существенное сокращение травяных систем, активизация возделывания кукурузы и использования зернофуражных кормов в рационе, перевода скота на стойловое содержание. Вместе с тем значительная часть материалов отражает возможность пастбищного содержания скота, базирующегося на основе низкозатратного производства животноводческой продукции. Отражается положительное влияние качественной полноценности этой продукции на здоровье человека. Оценивается нетто пищевого протеина человека в зависимости от диеты. Показывается необходимость изменения экономической модели, при которой доход фермеров определяется функцией цены за продаваемую продукцию, субсидий/прямых оплат, ассоциированных стоимостью продукции. Выгоды использования травяных агроэкосистем в производстве ведут к обещающим новым моделям, в которых фермеры финансово вознаграждаются за их добавочный вклад в экосистемное обслуживание. Особое внимание должно уделяться молодым фермерам, представляющим следующую генерацию фермерства. This article reviews the grass ecosystem-based technologies of milk and meat production widespread in Europe and presented at the 27th European Grassland Federation General Meeting (1721 of June 2018, Ireland). The reports showed significant decrease in grass ecosystems, increase in maize cultivation area, grain forage use and indoor livestock maintenance. Most works reported the possibility of low-cost production of animal products based on cattle grazing. Influence of such products was described to be positive on human health. Net protein was evaluated for humans as affected by a diet. The necessity of economic model modification was shown determining farmer income through the product price function, subsidies and direct payments associated with product price. Using grass mixtures in production results in new model development, providing farmers with additional income as a result of their role in ecosystem cultivation. New generation of farmers should be paid special attention.

The composition of the milk of antarctic (Arctocephalus gazella) and subantarctic (A. tropicalis) fur seals at Macquarie Island

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon D. Goldsworthy ◽  
Helen M. Crowley
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Arctocephalus Gazella ◽  
Macquarie Island ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Fur Seal ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Subantarctic Fur Seals

The composition of milk collected from 36 antarctic (Arctocephalus gazella) and 17 subantarctic fur seals (A. tropicalis) breeding sympatrically at Macquarie Island was examined over the first 100 days of lactation in the 1990/91 season. The mean composition of milk in A. gazella and A. tropicalis was 41.3% and 44.6% water, 39.8% and 38.6% lipid, 18.1% and 16.1% protein, and the estimated gross energy content of milk was 19.9 and 18.9 kJ g–1, respectively. Neither the composition of milk nor its energy density differed significantly between species, despite a difference of 4–6 months in lactation length. Water content of milk could be used to predict lipid (r2 = 0.67) and protein (r2 = 0.57) content, but was most accurate at predicting gross energy content (r2 = 0.97). These relationships were the same for each species. The water content of milk decreased throughout the first 100 days of lactation in both species, while lipid, protein and energy content all increased. The addition of maternal mass into regression analysis with days post-partum increased the significance of models predicting the content of lipid and proteins in the milk, but not those predicting the water or gross energy content. Milk collected on the first day of 2-day attendance bouts had, on average, 9% greater lipid content, and 5% greater protein content than milk collected on the second day. The growth rates of subantarctic fur seal pups were significantly lower than those of antarctic fur seal pups over the first month of growth, suggesting that (despite similar milk composition, attendance patterns and diet of the two species of fur seal) the overall rates of energy transfer from mother to pup in subantarctic fur seals is lower than in antarctic fur seals.

A Crop Production Ecology (CPE) Approach to Sustainable Production of Biomass for Food, Feed and Fuel

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Haverkort ◽  
P.S. Bindraban ◽  
J.G. Conijn ◽  
F.J. de Ruijter
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Production Ecology ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Natural Resource Base

With the rapid increase in demand for agricultural products for food, feed and fuel, concerns are growing about sustainability issues. Can agricultural production meet the needs of increasing numbers of people consuming more animal products and using a larger share of crops as fuel for transport, electricity and heat, while still sustaining the natural resource base? In addition to economic models and learning from statistics and trends, there is a perceived need for decision support tools at global, field and plant levels and for the certification of best practices based on crop production ecology (CPE). This paper illustrates the need for and availability of a generic approach to sustainability principles, criteria, indicators and norms to ensure maximum efficiency in the use of resources such as land, water, chemicals and energy in crop biomass production at various levels of scale. The authors propose a method based on a transportable CPE approach, covering ranges of commodities and environments, to address choices in agricultural production: which crop to promote where, how it should be grown to optimize the efficient use of resources, how to certify the best practices and which crop properties need genetic improvement to make the best use of scarce resources in adverse conditions.

A computer model of cadmium metabolism in the sheep with regard to the human food chain

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 15-15
Author(s):  
S.H. Prankel
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Kidney Cortex ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Human Food Chain

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential toxic heavy metal which is added to soil in phosphorous fertilizers and sewage sludge. Cd enters the human food chain via animals fed on crops from these soils, food of vegetable origin and smoking. In chronic exposure situations Cd accumulates in the liver and kidney of animals and man. Intake resulting in a Cd concentration of over 200μg/g wet weight in the kidney cortex results in kidney damage in humans (Friberg et al., 1974). With the prohibition of disposal of sewage sludge at sea in 1998, it is likely that more Cd will be deposited on soils. Current limits for Cd in animal feed are intended to prevent food from animal origin from exceeding legal Cd limits. This work examines the behaviour of Cd in the ovine body and models organ Cd from given intakes to investigate whether current limits in feed are safe and result in animal products fit for human consumption.

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