The purpose of the research was to find out the effect of the main fertilization system in the crop rotation scheme on the yield and quality of seeds of moustachioed pea varieties in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
Materials and methods. Field studies were carried out in the period 2016–2020 in the stationary crop rotation scheme of V.Y.Yuriev Plant Production Institute of NAAS of Ukraine. The soil is powerful, poorly leached chernozem. The object of study were seven zoned varieties – Deviz, Tsarevych, Otaman, Oplot, Korvet, Haiduk and Malakhit. The experiment scheme included three backgrounds: 1 – crop rotation (without fertilizers); 2 – organic (manure aftereffect); 3 – organo-mineral (aftereffect of manure + N30P30K30 in the main application). The cultivation technology is generally accepted for the zone. The experimental results were statistically processed by the method of analysis of variance.
Results and discussion. In unstable weather conditions 2016–2020 on the unfertilized background, the highest yield level was provided by the varieties Tsarevych (2.33 t/ha), Haiduk (2.28 t/ha) and Oplot (2.27 t/ha) with an excess of the standard variety Deviz by 0.19–0, 25 t/ha. Depending on the year of research, the maximum yield of these varieties varied within 3.04–3.21 t/ha, the minimum yield was 0.77–0.88 t/ha, and the range of variation was 2.27–2.38 t/ha. The productivity of the above mentioned varieties (2.75–2.77 t/ha) exceeded the standard by an average of 0.43–0.45 t/ha on the organic background, and compared with the unfertilized background, the increase in grain yield was 0.44–0.45 t / ha or 18.9–21.5 %.
The highest yield (3.04–3.07 t/ha) and an increase in grain (0.77–0.84 t/ha) were provided by the varieties Tsarevych, Haiduk and Oplot on the organo-mineral background. This testifies to their good response to fertilizers and the possibility of cultivation using intensive technology. During the years of research, the maximum yield of these varieties was 4.16–4.39 t/ha, the minimum – 1.27–1.51 t/ha, and the highest range of its variation was from 2.79 t/ha to 2.89 t/ha. The smallest increase in grain on the organo-mineral background of fertilization was obtained in the varieties Malakhit and Korvet – 0.47 t/ha and 0.56 t/ha respectively. At the same time, the range of yield variation over the years was the smallest – 2.43–2.44 t/ha.
The most favourable weather conditions for peas were in 2016, 2017 and 2020. Accordingly, this provided the highest level of average yield of varieties in terms of backgrounds: without fertilization – 2.70–2.72 t/ha, organic – 2.87–3.23 t/ha, organo-mineral – 3.14–3.83 t/ha. In the most unfavourable weather conditions of 2019, regardless of the nutritional background, the Tsarevych and Otaman varieties were more resistant to drought. The average yield of these varieties on the unfertilized background was 0.81 t/ha. At the same time, organic and organo-mineral nutritional backgrounds provided a significant increase in the grain – respectively 0.39 t/ha and 0.48 t/ha.
Conclusions. On average for 2016–2020, the Tsarevych and Haiduk varieties were the most responsive to fertilization. The increase in grain of these varieties were consistently high – 0.44 and 0.47 t/ha on the organic background (aftereffect of manure) and 0.84 and 0.79 t/ha with the main application of N30P30K30 on the organic background respectively. On average, organic and organo-mineral fertilizer backgrounds for Tsarevych and Haiduk varieties ensured an increase in their productivity 0.38 t/ha and 0.69 t/ha respectively, with a yield under control (without fertilizers) of 2.21 t/ha.
The dependence of the quality of pea grain on the variety and nutrition background was revealed. The highest protein content of grain was obtained in less productive varieties of Korvet and Malakhit with indicators, in the control of 24.09 and 23.35%, and on the organic-mineral background – 24.63% and 23.39% respectively.
The possibility of the simultaneous increase in yield and protein content in the grain of the Haiduk variety has been established. The most significant gross protein harvest was obtained on the organic-mineral nutritional background in the Haiduk, Oplot and Tsarevych varieties (0.682–0.689 t/ha) with an increase of 16.8–17.8% in comparison with the standard variety Devyz. The increase in the gross yield of protein per hectare, in most varieties, depended on the level of their yield rather than on the protein content in the grain
Methods of improving efficiency of soft spring wheat cultivation technology
