Economic Relations as a Necessary Condition for the Formation of the Nation (on the Example of Abkhazians and South Ossetians)

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-52
Author(s):  
Valeriy D. Dzidzoev
Keyword(s):  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Economic Relations

Kant on Civil Self-Sufficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Davies
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Private Individual

Abstract Kant distinguishes between ‘active’ and ‘passive’ citizens and holds that only the former are civilly self-sufficient and possess rights of political participation. Such rights are important, since for Kant state institutions are a necessary condition for individual freedom. Thus, only active citizens are entitled to contribute to a necessary condition for the freedom of each. I argue that Kant attributes civil self-sufficiency to those who are not under the authority of any private individual for their survival. This reading is more textually grounded than the dominant reading, which understands civil self-sufficiency in terms of economic relations alone. I further argue that Kant was interested in relations of authority because he was concerned to eliminate certain forms of corruption. This indicates that Kant’s contested distinction between active and passive citizens was a response to a key problem of any account of public lawgiving.

scholarly journals Basics of Energy Supply Regulation in the Arctic Regions

Federalism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 66-76
Author(s):  
A. A. Gasnikova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Regional Authorities

Energy supply is a necessary condition for supporting normal life and activities of humans. Problem of providing reliable and accessible energy supply becomes extremely important under the Arctic severe climate. Organization of energy supply is affected by many factors. It is suggested to consider natural-resource, economical, social, technological, ecological, and legal factors. Legal factors set legal framework for energy enterprises and energy consumers to act. Economic relations, social guarantees for energy consumers, technological and environmental requirements for energy industry are legally regulated. Thus, legal factors determine other factors of energy supply to significant extent. In this regard, an analysis of the powers and functions of federal and regional authorities in the field of energy supply regulation is relevant. Most of the powers of energy supply regulation are concentrated at the federal level. At the level of the subjects of the Russian Federation energy supply issues are regulated by regional authorities within the framework of their powers. Ensuring reliable energy supply to consumers requires coordinated actions of authorities and energy sector enterprises, taking into account the whole variety of considered factors.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Production System ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
The Face ◽  
Operational Activities

At the present stages of development of economic relations, the question of skillful management of production systems of the enterprise acts as a prerequisite for efficient management, necessary to achieve strategic goals. The presence of the same conditions, resources and potential of enterprises in one industry leads to different results of their activities. For enterprises operating in modern conditions, the use of high-performance production systems helps to increase their competitiveness. The operating system of the enterprise can be considered as a subsystem that includes all activities and elements necessary for the manufacture of products and services. That is, we can say that the organizational set of purposeful interconnected objects (industries, shops, sections, teams, workers, tools and objects of labor, performing various functions and works) due to which the transformation of individual elements of the system into a finished product is called a production system. In the production system, each of its elements is needed to function and maintain it as a whole, which is a manifestation of system dependence in the organization. They operate on the basis of laws and individual principles that work interconnectedly. Because, in order to meet their own needs and create material goods in the face of existing constraints (physical, biological, psychological, etc.), people are forced to unite and interact as effectively as possible. Achieving the so-called "organization effect" is one of the basic principles of production and economic activity of society. Thus, effective management of production systems of the enterprise is a necessary condition for its success, but it is not enough. It should be noted that the production system of the enterprise has an impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of activities in general. It is determined that the main elements of the production process are labor, as a conscious human activity, objects and means of labor. It is noted that the elements of the operating system are material and human objects, as well as generalized the division of production systems into three main types, and identified the main subsystems identified the main production processes by purpose and components. Prospects for further research are the formation of an effective management system for individual processes of operational activities in enterprises, substantiation of areas for improvement of operational activities.

scholarly journals A Theoretical and Methodological Analysis of the Scholars’ Views on Defining the Concept of «Competitiveness»

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (514) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
T. V. Shtal ◽  
◽  
D. A. Shulha ◽  
D. A. Torkut ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
International Competitiveness ◽  
Machine Building ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of

The article is aimed at analyzing the interpretation of the concept of «competitiveness» and defining the importance of attracting the attention of enterprises to this topic. The relevance of the problem of increasing the competitiveness of enterprises is determined not only by the needs of domestic development and life support of the country, but also by those profound changes that are taking place in the modern system of international economic relations, directed towards forming a new international division of labor and a new mechanism for the distribution of the global incomes. Never before in the history of international relations has the phenomenon of competitiveness acquired such actual importance as it does nowadays. Ukraine faces the issue of sustainable economic development, characterized by increased adaptability to environmental changes, as well as the availability of favorable conditions for functioning with a constant increase of competitive advantages. The line between the competitiveness of firms, industries and the competitiveness of the country is extremely conditional. One of the most globalized markets today is the market of machine-building products, which often determines the international competitiveness of the country and its role on the world stage. In this aspect, the issues of formation of competitive advantages of domestic enterprises on international markets as the basis of their long-term presence in these markets become particularly relevant. Having analyzed the theoretical principles of the concept of international competitiveness, it was determined that there is currently no generally accepted definition of the content and understanding of this category. Enterprises should understand that the concepts of «competition» and «competitiveness» are not interchangeable. Companies need to assess the level of international competitiveness in order to understand the state of affairs and take adequate measures if the level of international competitiveness is unsatisfactory. Thus, finding points of growth of the level of international competitiveness and influencing them is a critically necessary condition for the effective activity of an enterprise in the modern world.

ACTIVITIES OF INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CORONAVIRUS CRISIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1769-1781
Author(s):  
S.E. Tsvirko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
International Development ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Development Banks ◽  
Regional Development Banks

The revitalization of international regional development banks’ activities is considered in the article as a necessary condition for solving problems that have arisen in various sectors of the economy in the context of the coronavirus crisis. The aim of the study is to analyze the activities of international regional development banks in the current situation and develop forecasts regarding the directions of their activities, as well as some recommendations. The methodological basis of the work was a systematic approach, the fundamental provisions of economic theory and the theory of international economic relations, methods of comparative analysis, and expert assessments. Statistical data of international economic and financial organizations, as well as publications of foreign and domestic authors were used as sources of information. The stages in providing financial resources for the fight against the coronavirus crisis are highlighted. The article considers and summarizes the approaches of several international development banks to participation in anti-crisis measures. So, first of all, these financial institutions carried out measures such as rapid response and cost support programs in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Going forward, based on the initial anti-crisis measures, new assistance programs are needed to ensure economic growth and sustainable development. To expand their activities, international regional banks have increased the issue of their bonds. One of the areas of activity of international regional development banks is interaction with global financial institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank divisions. It also analyzed the areas of activity of the Eurasian Development Bank (EDB) in the fight against coronavirus, as well as difficulties and problems, including the need for additional capitalization. Thepractical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using the experience of such international regional development banks as the Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank and others in the context of a pandemic to improve the activities of the EDB.

scholarly journals DIGITALIZATION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Business Efficiency

The article considers a number of issues related to the concept of digitalization of entrepreneurial activity, its content, advantages and disadvantages, problems of its perception and implementation in domestic enterprises. The analysis is based on the premise that digitalization, covering all areas of the economy and business, contributes to the establishment of internal and external relations and, ultimately, to increase company productivity and business efficiency. Based on a comparative analysis of the definitions of digitalization, the following interpretation of this term is proposed: “digitalization of entrepreneurship” is a process of business transformation that involves the use of digital technologies to optimize business processes, increase company productivity and improve customer experience. Successful implementation of digitalization requires a proper understanding of these processes by the management of the enterprise. Rapid changes in the external environment in the context of globalization are forcing us to adapt to new digital innovations. Business owners should understand that in order to be competitive in today's environment it is necessary to implement new approaches to doing business and develop new products using digital channels of the enterprise. Digitalization helps to generate new business ideas, increases creativity and innovative approaches to their activities. A component of the digitalization process is to meet the needs of retailers who are constantly changing and interacting with new technologies, seeking to quickly and comfortably meet their own needs. The advantages and disadvantages of digitalization are generalized and grouped. It is noted that the benefits are not guaranteed, and in case of failure may not appear. The key role is played by the qualification of staff: the availability of highly qualified personnel is a necessary condition for successful digitalization, so the appropriate staffing is one of the difficulties faced by the company in the implementation of digitalization processes. Digitalization of entrepreneurship is an innovative creative process, so there can be no standard instructions for its implementation. However, it can be argued that the key to its successful implementation is corporate culture and innovation in activities at all levels of the enterprise in order to implement operational changes. The digitalization of the enterprise will promote the development of new types of business activities, the formation of a new quality of economic relations, the disclosure of intellectual and creative potential of all employees. This is especially important to increase the competitiveness of the enterprise.

The Infancy of Solar-Type Stars and its Relevance for the Origin of Life

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 267-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Montmerle
Keyword(s):  
Main Sequence ◽  
Solar Nebula ◽  
Circumstellar Disks ◽  
T Tauri Stars ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Sequence Evolution ◽  
T Tauri ◽  
Solar Type ◽  
Optical Domain ◽  
The Origin Of Life

AbstractFor life to develop, planets are a necessary condition. Likewise, for planets to form, stars must be surrounded by circumstellar disks, at least some time during their pre-main sequence evolution. Much progress has been made recently in the study of young solar-like stars. In the optical domain, these stars are known as «T Tauri stars». A significant number show IR excess, and other phenomena indirectly suggesting the presence of circumstellar disks. The current wisdom is that there is an evolutionary sequence from protostars to T Tauri stars. This sequence is characterized by the initial presence of disks, with lifetimes ~ 1-10 Myr after the intial collapse of a dense envelope having given birth to a star. While they are present, about 30% of the disks have masses larger than the minimum solar nebula. Their disappearance may correspond to the growth of dust grains, followed by planetesimal and planet formation, but this is not yet demonstrated.

Universal ESEM

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 786-787
Author(s):  
G.D. Danilatos
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Small Gain ◽  
Detection Medium ◽  
Scanning Electron

The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) has evolved as the natural extension of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), both historically and technologically. ESEM allows the introduction of a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber, whereas SEM operates in vacuum. One of the detection systems in ESEM, namely, the gaseous detection device (GDD) is based on the presence of gas as a detection medium. This might be interpreted as a necessary condition for the ESEM to remain operational and, hence, one might have to change instruments for operation at low or high vacuum. Initially, we may maintain the presence of a conventional secondary electron (E-T) detector in a "stand-by" position to switch on when the vacuum becomes satisfactory for its operation. However, the "rough" or "low vacuum" range of pressure may still be considered as inaccessible by both the GDD and the E-T detector, because the former has presumably very small gain and the latter still breaks down.

Analysis of interconnections between technical systems on hierarchically connected technological levels of steel sheet production by hot rolling

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 847-855
Author(s):  
E. N. Shiryaeva ◽  
M. A. Polyakov ◽  
D. V. Terent'ev
Keyword(s):  
Hot Rolling ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
Rolling Mill ◽  
Steel Sheet ◽  
Technological System ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Rolled Sheet ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Hot Rolling Mill ◽  
Technical Systems

Complexity of modern metallurgical plants, presence of great number of horizontal and vertical interactions between their various structural subdivisions makes it necessary to apply a systems analysis to elaborate effective measures for stable development of a plant operation. Among such measures, digitalization of a plant is widespread at present. To implement the digitalization it is necessary to have clear vision about links at all the levels of the technological system of a plant. A terminology quoted, accepted in the existing regulatory documents for defining of conceptions, comprising the technological system. It was shown, that the following four hierarchical levels of technological systems are distinguished: technological systems of operations, technological systems of processes, technological systems of production subdivisions and technological systems of plants. A hierarchical scheme of technological systems of hot-rolled sheet production at an integrated steel plant presented. Existing horizontal and vertical links between the basic plant’s shops shown. Peculiarities of flows of material, energy and information at the operation “rolling” of the technological system “hot rolling of a steel sheet” considered. As a technical system of the technological process of the hot rolling, the hot rolling mill was chosen. A structural diagram of the hot rolling mill was elaborated, the mill being consisted of reheating furnaces, roughing and finishing stand groups, with an intermediate roll-table between them, and down-coilers section. Since the rolling stands are the basic structural elements of the hot rolling mill, structural diagrams of a roughing and a finishing stands were elaborated. Results of the systems analysis of the technological and technical systems, hierarchically linked in the process of steel sheet hot rolling, can be applied for perfection of organization structure of the whole plant, as well as for elaboration mathematical models of a system separate elements functioning, which is a necessary condition for a plant digitalization.

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