scholarly journals Fiscal Decentralisation of Services: The Case of the Local Public Sector in European Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 26-43
Author(s):  
Martina Halaskova ◽  
Renata Halaskova ◽  
Beata Gavurova ◽  
Matus Kubak
Keyword(s):  
Public Services ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
High Level

Services are a dynamically developing economic sector in all countries. The paper focuses on public services, evaluated from the perspective of fiscal decentralization. It aims to evaluate the level of fiscal decentralization of expenditures in selected categories of public services in European countries. For this purpose, government expenditures by the local government sector are analyzed in the set of the selected 28 European countries in the period 2010-2018. Cluster analysis has been carried out in order to determine four clusters of countries based on their level of decentralization of expenditures on services. The results show differences in the extent of decentralization between the European countries in the provision of specific public services and reflect the form of financing of local public needs. A low level of fiscal decentralization of expenditures on services (public order and safety; housing and community amenities; recreation, culture, and religion) was observed in the majority of the countries. However, the majority of the countries failed to prove a high level of fiscal decentralization of expenditures on services (social protection, health, education) and a medium level of decentralization of expenditures in terms of general public services and services of economic affairs. These findings demonstrate that the degree of decentralization of public services is determined, to a certain degree, determined by country history and its geographical location, as well as by the different roles of sector-specific public policies. The findings can be helpful for creators of local public policies, strategic plans, and financial concepts.

scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of High Temperature on Mortality in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Mushtaq Ahmad Khan Barakzai ◽  
S.M. Aqil Burney
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

The objective of this paper is to model and study the impact of high temperature on mortality in Pakistan. For this purpose, we have used mortality and climate data consisting of maximum temperature, variation in monthly temperature, average rainfall, humidity, dewpoint, as well as average air pressure in the country over the period from 2000 to 2019. We have used the Generalized Linear Model with Quasi-Poisson link function to model the number of deaths in the country and to assess the impact of maximum temperature on mortality. We have found that the maximum temperature in the country has a significant impact on mortality. The number of deaths in Pakistan increases as the maximum temperature increases. We found that, as the maximum temperature increase beyond 30 °C, mortality increases significantly. Our results indicate that mortality increases by 27% when the maximum temperature in the country increases from medium category to a very high level. Similarly, the number of deaths in the country increases by 11% when the temperature increases from medium temperature to high level. Furthermore, our study found that when the maximum temperature in the country decreases from a medium level to a low level, the number of deaths in the country decreases by 23%. This study does not consider the impact of other factors on mortality, such as age, medical conditions, gender, geographical location, as well as variability of temperature across the country.

scholarly journals Equality and Poverty: Views From Managers and Professionals From Public Services and Household Heads in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIVIANE HELENA FRANÇA ◽  
Celina Maria Modena ◽  
Ulisses Eugenio Cavalcanti Confalonieri
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Belo Horizonte

Abstract Background: Tackling poverty requires reconsideration of quantitative factors related to "who" is poor and by "how much” and qualitative factors addressing "what poverty means in these individuals’ lives". Greater understanding is required concerning the types of access actually used by families in poverty in attempts to meet their basic needs. Poverty must be addressed based on the question: “Inequality of what?” It is in reflecting on the realities of such groups when their basic needs are not met that public policies can be improved and implemented with legitimate priorities. Objective: Describe coverage and access to public health, education and social assistance services and the related effects on the quality of life of families in extreme poverty.Methods: An exploratory mixed methods study was performed applying Amartya Sen's “basic capability equality” framework, with: 1) 27 interviews with managers and professionals from public services serving territories with extreme poverty; 2) Survey with a systematic proportionate stratified sample of 336 heads of households in extreme poverty, from a total 2,605 families. The resulting data was analyzed with thematic content analysis and descriptive statistics, respectively.Results: The managers and professionals described the lives of families in extreme poverty with phrases such as, “These people suffer. Sadness weighs on their lives!” and “Depression is the most common illness”. Their precarious circumstances and inadequate access were cited as causes. Quality of life was considered bad or very bad by 41.4% of heads of households. A total income of less than 1/3 of the minimum wage was received by 56.9%. One or more people were unemployed in the family in 55.8% of cases. For 53.3%, public services “did not meet any or few of their needs”. The main social determinants of health were described as: Alcohol and drugs 68.8%; Lack of good health care 60.7%; Absence of income/work 37.5%. The following were identified as solutions to improve their quality of life: 1 - Health 40.5%; 2 - Education 37.8%; 3 - Employment 44.6%.Conclusions: The social determinants of poverty and health must be addressed jointly through intersectoral public policies and egalitarian mechanisms that promote investment in social protection.

Does Taxation Influence Efficiency of Public Services Provision: Case of European Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 152-158
Author(s):  
Igor F. Molotok
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Social Contributions ◽  
The Government

Public services are identified as services provided by the government of certain jurisdiction (country or local community) in order to ensure citizens’ welfare and social protection. The efficiency of public services provision depends on numerous economic, social, and institutional factors. In turn, numerous scientific debates are about the optimization of taxation in order to increase the efficiency of public goods provision. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to clarify empirically the cohesion between public services provision and taxation for the sample of European countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and Ukraine) for 2005-2018. Correlation analysis and panel data regression analysis results allow concluding that provision of public goods (safety, education, health care) highly dependent on social contributions and taxes on goods and services, and less on taxes on income, profits, and capital gains. Moreover, tax growth dynamics in chosen European countries is twice, triple or even five times more rapid than growth dynamics of all dependent variables (only government expenditures on education and social contributions annual growth rates are almost equal). Such a discrepancy might result in an increase of social tensions, shadow economy, intensification of tax avoidances and tax evasion processes, lack of population to government loyalty. All this proves the necessity of improvement of financial resources redistribution in order to improve the efficiency of public services provision. Keywords: budget, government expenditure, government efficiency, public goods, tax revenue.

scholarly journals A Constituição e as políticas públicas em Portugal

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria De Lurdes Rodrigues ◽  
Pedro Adão e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
The State ◽  
Education For All ◽  
The Public ◽  
Legal Foundation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Political Commitments

The legal foundation for the public policies developed and pursued in Portugal over the last 30 years is the 1976 Constitution and its successive revisions. The inclusion in the Constitution of an obligation on the part of the state to promote and organise public policies designed to construct a welfare state, guaranteeing social protection, healthcare and education for all, was the result of party political commitments that were decisive elements in the creation and consolidation of the free and universal public services we know today.

scholarly journals Equality And Poverty: Views From Public Services' Multi-Professional Team And Household Heads In The Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIVIANE HELENA FRANÇA ◽  
Celina Maria Modena ◽  
Ulisses Eugenio Cavalcanti Confalonieri
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Belo Horizonte

Abstract Background: Tackling poverty requires reconsideration of quantitative factors related to "who" is poor and by "how much” and qualitative factors addressing "what poverty means in these individuals’ lives". Greater understanding is required concerning the types of access actually used by families in poverty in attempts to meet their basic needs. Poverty must be addressed based on the question: “Inequality of what?” It is in reflecting on the realities of such groups when their basic needs are not met that public policies can be improved and implemented with legitimate priorities. Objective: Describe coverage and access to public health, education and social assistance services and the related effects on the quality of life of families in extreme poverty. Methods: An exploratory mixed methods study was performed applying Amartya Sen's “basic capability equality” framework, with: I) 27 interviews with managers and professionals from public services serving territories with extreme poverty; II) Survey with a systematic proportionate stratified sample of 336 heads of households in extreme poverty, from a total 2,605 families. The resulting data was analyzed with thematic content analysis and descriptive statistics, respectively. Results: The managers and professionals described the lives of families in extreme poverty with phrases such as, “ These people suffer. Sadness weighs on their lives! ” and “ Depression is the most common illness ”. Their precarious circumstances and inadequate access were cited as causes. Quality of life was considered bad or very bad by 41.4% of heads of households. A total income of less than 1/3 of the minimum wage was received by 56.9%. One or more people were unemployed in the family in 55.8% of cases. For 53.3%, public services “ did not meet any or few of their needs”. The main social determinants of health were described as: Alcohol and drugs 68.8%; Lack of good health care 60.7%; Absence of income/work 37.5%. The following were identified as solutions to improve their quality of life: 1 - Health 40.5%; 2 - Education 37.8%; 3 - Employment 44.6%. Conclusions: The social determinants of poverty and health must be addressed jointly through intersectoral public policies and egalitarian mechanisms that promote investment in social protection.

Innovative approaches to improving the management system in the sphere of social protection of the population

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Mahortov ◽  
Nataliya Telichko
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Social ◽  
Innovative Approaches

The system of social’s defence of population is considered as object of state administration. Basic problems in her structure are educed under the prism of foreign experience of the European countries. The ways of reformation and realization of state administrations of the social defense’s system of population in Ukraine and development of effective mechanism of its management are offer.

Awareness on Corporate Social Responsibilty among the Consumers of Aluva Taluk

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Neeraja Unni ◽  
M Malarkodi
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Corporate World ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Social Responsibilty ◽  
Mandatory Provision

In today’s corporate world, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility has been integrated into their strategic plans and policies. It has been incorporated into the decision making process taken in view of the competitive advantage that could be achieved through social initiatives. As consumers were the most sensitive group among the stakeholders to such initiatives, this paper tries to explore the awareness of consumers of companies towards CSR practices in AluvaTaluk. The paper also tries to examine whether CSR initiatives have any association with the consumers demographic profile. A total of 160 respondents were chosen from AluvaTaluk using convenience sampling technique. The data was collected through self-administered questionnaires and were analysed using SPSS 16.0 software. The study revealed that majority of the consumers of Aluva were aware of CSR but was unaware of the fact that it was a mandatory provision for the firms under the Companies Act, 2013. The consumers who were aware had only a medium level of understanding on the concept of CSR. Age, education and income of the consumers were found to have a significant association with their awareness on CSR.

Urban network of China from the perspective of population mobility: Three-dimensional co-occurrence of nodes and links

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2199781
Author(s):  
Xinyue Luo ◽  
Mingxing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
External Connections

The nodes and links in urban networks are usually presented in a two-dimensional(2D) view. The co-occurrence of nodes and links can also be realized from a three-dimensional(3D) perspective to make the characteristics of urban network more intuitively revealed. Our result shows that the external connections of high-level cities are mainly affected by the level of cities(nodes) and less affected by geographical distance, while medium-level cities are affected by the interaction of the level of cities(nodes) and geographical distance. The external connections of low-level cities are greatly restricted by geographical distance.

Exploration of the technocratic mentality among European civil servants

2021 ◽  
pp. 002085232199642
Author(s):  
Ringa Raudla ◽  
James W. Douglas ◽  
Zachary Mohr
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
High Level ◽  
Proper Balance

Civil servants vary in the degree to which they hold technocratic attitudes. We explore whether bureaucrats’ exposure to politics and politicians is associated with the depoliticization dimension of the technocratic mentality. We use survey data of high-level executives in 19 European countries to explore factors that are associated with executives’ perceptions that removing issues and activities from the realms of politics leads to more farsighted policies. We find that respondents’ level of exposure to politics and politicians is indeed negatively associated with technocratic mentality. Bureaucrats have studied political science or public administration, work closer to politicians (in terms of type of organization), interact with them more frequently, and have more positive perceptions of these interactions tend to have lower levels of technocratic attitudes. Points for practitioners Beliefs affect behaviors and behaviors affect outcomes. Technocratic attitudes may limit the ability of civil servants to work effectively with politicians. We show that educational degrees that promote democratic values and exposure to politicians (particularly positive interactions) are associated with lower levels of technocratic attitudes. Given that a proper balance between political and technical knowledge can enhance organizational performance (Krause et al., 2006), these findings should be taken into account when staffing and structuring public organizations.

scholarly journals Quality of colostral passive immunity and pattern of serum protein fluctuation in newborn calves

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Pauletti ◽  
Raul Machado Neto ◽  
Irineu Umberto Packer ◽  
Raul Dantas D'Arce ◽  
Rosana Bessi
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
High Level

Immunity acquired by newborn animals is known as passive immunity, and for ruminants, antibody acquisition depends on the ingestion and absorption of adequate amounts of immunoglobulins from colostrum. This study relates different initial levels of acquired passive protection and serum total protein (TP) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Serum immunoglobulin concentration and total protein were evaluated for female Holstein calves in the first sixty days of life. Animals were separated into three groups according to their initial level of passive immunity: group 1- animals with a low level of passive immunity (below 20 mg mL-1); group 2- animals with a medium level (between 20 and 30 mg mL-1), and group 3- animals with a high level (above 30 mg mL-1). Serum total protein was determined through the biuret method and IgG was determined by radial immunodiffusion. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized, split-plot statistical design. Fluctuation of the variables along the experimental period was determined through non-linear regression by the DUD method (PROC NLIN - Non Linear SAS). Animals with low antibody acquisition started to produce antibodies earlier, reflecting a compensatory synthesis. On the other hand, animals having adequate levels exhibited an extended period of immunoglobulin catabolism and the beginning of the endogenous phase was delayed. Regardless initial levels, the fluctuations in IgG contents occurred around adequate physiological concentrations, ranging from 20 to 25 mg mL-1.

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