scholarly journals El malogrado Congreso Internacional de Paludismo de Madrid de 1936

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Balbina Fernández Astasio
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Achievement ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Waking Up ◽  
Siglo Xx

Resumen La malaria o paludismo es una de las enfermedades conocidas desde antiguo y que sigue despertando el interés de los investigadores dada su incidencia en la mortalidad y morbilidad. En España la lucha antipalúdica fue impulsada a principios del siglo XX por los médicos Gustavo Pittaluga y Sadí de Buen. El interés de la comunidad científica en poner en común los conocimientos en la lucha contra la malaria generó diversos encuentros entre especialistas, estando previsto que el III Congreso Internacional de Paludismo se celebrase en Madrid del 12 al 18 de Octubre de 1936. Lamentablemente para la ciencia y después de una rigurosa preparación, la Guerra Civil Española iniciada ese mismo año impidió la celebración del que hubiera supuesto sin duda un importante hito científico en la historiografía del paludismo en España, así como situar al país en el lugar que le corresponde en la lucha antipalúdica y en la transmisión de la información entre especialistas en malaria. Abstra ct Malaria is one of the most ancient diseases known and it continues waking up the interest of investigators because of it incidence in mortality and morbidity. In Spain the antimalarial fight was impelled at the beginning of the 20th century by doctors Gustavo Pittaluga and Sadí de Buen. The interest of the scientific community in pooling in common the knowledge about the fight against Malaria generated different meetings between specialists, so scientific community were looking forward to a III International Malaria Conference in Madrid from 12 to 18 of October of 1936. Unfortunately for science and after a rigorous preparation, the Spanish Civil War initiated that year couldn’t make possible the celebration which had supposed without a doubt an important scientific achievement in the historiography of malaria in Spain, as well as to locate our country in the place that it belongs in the antimalarial fight and the transmission of the information between specialists in malaria.

scholarly journals Nada de humanidad: El mundo animal de la posguerra española

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Tun
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Carmen Laforet ◽  
Spanish Society ◽  
Literary Movement ◽  
Literary Device ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Scholarly Inquiry

La novela de Carmen Laforet Nada es uno de los grandes ejemplos del tremendismo español del siglo XX la cual retrata las duras y sombrías realidades de la guerra civil y la postguerra. No obstante, quienes han analizado esta obra han dejado pasar el uso de la animalización como un recurso utilizado en esta obra para poner en primer plano el contexto degradante y bestial de la sociedad española de la posguerra. Esta investigación ve a la animalización como una técnica literaria que concede atributos de animales a los seres humanos con el fin de hacer hincapié en que tanto el hombre y los animales viven en un mundo deshumanizante donde la supervivencia es el principal objetivo. Mientras que es un aspecto muy integral de la tradición literaria, la técnica de la animalización ha eludido la investigación académica en numerosos niveles. En este ensayo se teorizan las expresiones literarias de formas animales y sus conexiones con personajes humanos con el fin de ilustrar que este mundo dominado por instintos animales y la falta de facultades humanas es precisamente el producto de su propio contexto social e histórico degradante. Carmen Laforet’s novel Nada is one of the leading examples of the 20th century Spanish literary movement tremendismo that portrays the harsh, grim realities of civil war and its aftermath. Scholars have failed to recognize, however, the novel’s use of animalization as a technique that brings to the forefront the degrading and bestial context of postwar Spanish society. This research conceives animalization as the literary device that grants animal attributes to humans in order to emphasize that both man and animal inhabit a dehumanizing world where the main objective is survival. While a highly integral aspect of literary tradition, the technique of animalization has evaded scholarly inquiry on numerous levels. This essay theorizes the literary expressions of animal forms and their connections with human characters in order to illustrate that this animalized world dominated by instincts and the lack of human faculties is precisely the product of its very own degrading social and historic context.

Scots and the Spanish Civil War

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fraser Raeburn
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
The Many ◽  
Scottish Politics ◽  
At Home

Few causes before or since have inspired such passion, determination and sacrifice than the Spanish Civil War (1936-9). This book explores the many ways in which Scots responded to the war in Spain, covering the activists and humanitarians who raised funds and awareness at home, as well as the hundreds of Scots who journeyed to Spain to fight as part of the International Brigades that fought for the Republican cause. Their stories reflect much larger narratives of the rise of European fascism, the networks and cultures of international communism and the wider modern phenomenon of transnational foreign war volunteering. Scots and the Spanish Civil War is a groundbreaking study of Scottish involvement in one of the 20th century’s most famous and divisive conflicts, drawing on newly-declassified government documents and international archives in Spain and beyond. As well as shedding new light on Scottish politics in the 1930s, it is argued that this case study – part of the largest wave of foreign war volunteers in the 20th century – can help us understand other such mobilisations, past and present.

scholarly journals Un pasaporte hacia la libertad. Súplicas y solicitudes de los exiliados españoles...A Passport to Freedom: Spanish Refugees’ Supplications and Requests...

2016 ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Guadalupe Adámez Castro
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Main Condition ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
History Of ◽  
Writing Culture ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas

RESUMEN Tras la derrota republicana en la Guerra Civil fueron muchos los españoles que tuvieron que huir y comenzar una nueva vida. La gran mayoría se asentó en Francia aunque muchos otros optaron por pedir asilo en el continente americano, especialmente en México. Su presidente, Lázaro Cárdenas, puso como condición principal para esta acogida que las instituciones de ayuda a los refugiados, creadas con los fondos de la República española, financiaran los viajes de estos hacia el país azteca, así como su manutención y alojamiento durante los primeros meses de su estancia en dicho lugar. Para llevar a cabo esta tarea se creó el Comité Técnico de Ayuda a los Republicanos Españoles (CTARE) capitaneado por José Puche, delegación del Servicio de Evacuación de los Republicanos Españoles (SERE) en México. A este Comité llegaron miles de peticiones de ayuda en las que los refugiados mostraban cuáles eran sus necesidades y preocupaciones más urgentes. El análisis de una parte de estas súplicas es el eje central de este trabajo, que pretende demostrar cuál fue el camino que siguieron estas cartas desde su escritura hasta su concesión o negación y qué huellas administrativas pueden encontrarse en las mismas, así como señalar cuáles son sus características esenciales. Gracias al análisis de estas peticiones podremos conocer el funcionamiento interno del Comité y recuperar la historia de los exiliados anónimos, generalmente marginados en buena parte de las obras escritas sobre esta temática.   PALABRAS CLAVE: cartas de súplica, exilio republicano español, México, siglo XX, Comité Técnico de Ayuda a los Republicanos Españoles (CTARE)   ABSTRACT After the defeat of the Republic in the Spanish Civil War many were forced to flee and begin a new life. Although the bulk of refugees fled to France, many others sought asylum in America, primarily in Mexico. As the main condition for receiving them the President of Mexico at that time, Lázaro Cárdenas, required the aid institutions, created with funds from the Spanish Republic, to pay for the travel, maintenance and accommodation of the refugees during their first months in Mexico. For that reason, the Servicio de Evacuación de los Republicanos Españoles (SERE) decided to create a delegation in Mexico, the Comité Técnico de Ayuda a los Republicanos Españoles (CTARE), led by José Puche. This Committee received thousands of requests for assistance with what the refugees considered their most urgent necessities. This paper seeks to analyze part of these requests. First, we show the administrative route of the request, leading either to its acceptance or rejection, as well as the administrative traces left by this process on the letters. Second, we analyze the main characteristics of the request. Thanks to the analysis of these requests we gain knowledge of the internal functioning of the Committee and recover the history of the anonymous exiles, generally excluded in a large percentage of the work written on this subject.   KEY WORDS: writing culture, letters of pleading, Spanish Republican exile, Mexico, aid agencies, Comité Técnico de Ayuda a los Republicanos Españoles (CTARE)

scholarly journals Nacionalismo y producción de cine silente en Irlanda: de la complicidad al conflicto

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Menéndez-Otero
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Silent Film ◽  
Film Production ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Siglo Xx

Aun cuando la producción fílmica irlandesa fue casi inexistente durante la mayor parte del siglo XX, el período comprendido entre 1916 y 1921 parecía anticipar una evolución totalmente diferente. El artículo estudia en primer lugar la aparición y breve desarrollo en Irlanda, durante la Rebelión de Pascua y la guerra de Independencia, de un pequeño grupo de modestas productoras que, con más entusiasmo que medios o técnica, logró rodar y estrenar con cierto éxito, en Irlanda y el extranjero, comedias, melodramas y documentales de vocación propagandística nacionalista. A continuación, el texto contrasta estos prometedores comienzos con la persecución moral, política y económica a que el nacionalismo católico sometió al cine en la Irlanda posterior a la independencia, que hizo imposible la reanudación de las actividades de producción cinematográfica interrumpidas en la Guerra Civil y, además, impuso elevados aranceles y una estricta censura sobre las películas extranjeras distribuidas en el Estado Libre.   Abstract:Native film production was almost non-existent in Ireland for most of the 20th century; however, the period between 1916 and 1921 seemed the beginning of a completely different story. The article first studies the birth and brief development, during the Easter Rebellion and the Irish War of Independence, of a small number of native film companies which, with more enthusiasm than either means or skill, managed to make comedies and nationalistic melodramas and documentaries, and release them with some success in Ireland and abroad. Next, the text contrasts these promising beginnings with the moral, political and economic harassment of film by Catholic nationalists in post-independence Ireland, who made it impossible for native filmmaking to resume after the Civil War and, besides, imposed high duties and stringent censorship regulations on foreign films distributed in the Irish Free State.Palabras clave: Irlanda; cine silente; nacionalismo; propaganda; censura; aranceles. Keywords: Ireland; Silent Film; Nationalism; Propaganda; Censorship; Duties.

scholarly journals From Counterculture to Intangible Heritage and Tourism Supply: Artistic Expressions in Ibiza, Spain

Land ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
José Ramón-Cardona ◽  
María Dolores Sánchez-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Current Image ◽  
Media Impact ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Intangible Heritage ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
The Media

Until the beginning of the 20th century, Ibiza was rural, developmentally lagging, and separate from the modern world. These characteristics made it attractive as a refuge for European intellectuals and artists as soon as communications with the outside world began to develop. The first significant presence of artists occurred in the 1930s, just before the Spanish Civil War. After years of war and isolation, artists returned in a larger volume and variety than before. Other regions also had artistic and countercultural communities, but Ibiza decided to use them as an element of its tourist promotions, making the hippie movement a part of its culture and history and the most internationally known element. The objective of this paper is to expose the importance of art and artists, a direct inheritance of that time, in Ibizan promotion and tourism. The authorities and entrepreneurs of the island realized the media interest they received and the importance of this media impact on developing the tourism sector. The result was that they supported artistic avant-garde and various activities derived from the hippie movement to differentiate Ibiza and make it known in Spain and abroad, creating the myth of Ibiza as an island of freedom, harmony, and nightlife (the current image of the island).

scholarly journals Visiones, enfoques y evidencias: la Cátedra Memoria histórica del siglo XX / Views, Approaches and Evidences: the Chair Historical Memory of the 20th Century

2018 ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Julio Aróstegui ◽  
Jorge Marco ◽  
Gutmaro Gómez Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Academic Controversy ◽  
Siglo Xx

Este artículo proporciona información esencial sobre la institución académica española Cátedra Memoria Histórica del siglo XX (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) (España), sus proyectos, líneas de investigación y actividades desarrolladas desde su fundación en 2004 y, particularmente, desde 2011. En los últimos años España ha sufrido un profundo cambio social, convirtiéndose la memoria de la guerra civil en materia de polémica social, política y académica. Como resultado de este cambio, las ciencias sociales han profundizado en una renovación metodológica que la Cátedra intenta reflejar con sus investigaciones, debates y actividades divulgativas.Palabras claveMemoria histórica, violencia, represión, genocidio. AbstractThis article provides essential information on the Spanish academic Chair of Historical Memory of the 20th Century (Cátedra Memoria Histórica del siglo XX) at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain), together with its projects, research and activities since the institution was founded in 2004, and especially from 2011 onwards. During the past few decades, Spain has undergone a profound social change, with the memory of the Civil War becoming a matter of social, political and academic controversy. As a result of this change, the social sciences have been through a process of deep methodological renewal, which the Chair attempts to reflect with its research, debates and outreach activities.Key wordsHistorical memory, violence, repression, genocide.

scholarly journals “Tendencias y guerrillas en la arquitectura española”. Arquitectura y Prensa

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Alberto Ruiz Colmenar
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
General Reader ◽  
Educational Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Architecture ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Mass Media

<p>Architecture critique has historically used specialised publications as a dissemination channel. These publications, written by and for architects, have been of seminal importance in the creation of architectural culture in Spain. Nevertheless, this type of publication leaves out the non-specialised public, mistakenly considering them alien to these matters. In this case, the mass media has filled this space, carrying out a very important educational role. Its task has not been that of a mere dissemination of contents, but it has also provided a platform for criticism and analysis of some of the main events in Spanish architecture over the course of the 20th Century. In this study we analyse the years preceding and following the Spanish Civil War. A review of the issues that the main papers addressed—ABC and La Vanguardia—allows us to grasp what the general reader perceived during a key period in our history of architecture.</p>

scholarly journals Vencedoras y vencidas: las educadoras leonesas ante la Guerra Civil Española

2011 ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Raquel Poy Castro
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Women Teachers ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Spanish Women ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The City

<p>A comienzos del siglo XX un notable número de educadoras españolas tuvieron una importante presencia pública. El artículo examina las tensiones entre el hecho de ser educadora y mujer en la España de 1936-1939 en la ciudad de León. Concluye que este periodo conflictivo impulsó a las educadoras a la acción política apoyando el movimiento de reformas en Educación o, en el lado opuesto, el tradicionalismo conservador. El trabajo relaciona las causas por las que recibieron represión física y política durante y después de la Guerra civil española.</p><p>In the early 20th century, large numbers of Spanish women teachers had an important public presence. This article examines the tensions between being a woman and a teacher in the Spain of 1936-1939 in the city of León. It concludes that conflicting times propelled women teachers to political action on key issues such as the support for the reformist movement on education or, in the opposite direction, the conservative traditionalism. The work relates the reasons why they received political and physical repression during and after the Spanish Civil War.<br />Keywords: </p>

Catalan Identity in the 20th Century Novel

2021 ◽  
pp. 150-164
Author(s):  
Adolf Piquer Vidal
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Merce Rodoreda ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Montserrat Roig ◽  
Terenci Moix

The 20th century is definitely the consolidation of Catalan literary movements in which Catalan identity plays a fundamental role. Modernism and avant-garde movements prompted a renewal of literary genres. The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was a point of conflict that led to the exile of most writers in Catalan. However, they continued publishing their works in Catalan. That´s the case of La Plaça del Diamant by Mercé Rodoreda and Cròniques de la veritat oculta by Pere Calders. That process of exile came to an end between 1962 to 1975 (death of Franco). Terenci Moix, Montserrat Roig, and others belonged to a generation called “generació literària dels setanta.” Most of them were born in Spanish postwar, educated in Francoism, concerned to recover the Catalan national identity, democratic politics, and social liberation of women and gay people.

scholarly journals Literature and Memory. Pedra de tartera, by Maria Barbal, and the Memory of the Spanish Civil War

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montserrat Gatell Perez
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Rural Life ◽  
War Memory ◽  
The Past ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Rural Exodus ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
With Memory

Maria Barbal’s Pallars Cycle has its origin in Pedra de tartera. In this cycle Barbal creates a literary universe which recovers lost space and time: rural life in the Pyrenees during the mid-20th century. Main threads articulating this cycle are the Spanish Civil War and rural exodus. Both events relate Pedra de tartera with memory narratives that deal with remembrance and testimonies of war and its aftermath. The article aims to ground the relationship between the novel’s structuring of war memory through literary reconstruction of the past, fictionalizations of memory and relationship between historic and literary facts.

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