Technological Advances in Water-less Fracking: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bharadwaj
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Breakdown Pressure ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Co2 Foam ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fracking Fluid ◽  
Back Stage

Hydrofracking transfigured the concept of producing from unconventional reservoirs. The Fracking fluid used in fracturing has unlocked many tight reservoirs but in terms of an aquifer, it poses threats like consumption of large quantity of water and also, used water becomes polluted as well as recycling cost is uneconomic. This paper evaluates alternatives to water-based frac fluids and discusses their environmental & economic impact along with resource availability and commercial feasibility. Pure Propane Fracturing uses propane in combination with non-toxic man-made proppants (light glass & carbon fullerene microbeads) with desired properties. Pure Propane is fluorinated and carbonated without water or harmful additives, thereby eliminates the risk of catching fire. Pure Propane Fracturing eliminates the need for water completely and thus, a perfect option for fracturing in water scarcity regions. Fracture flow capacity of Pure Propane can be enhanced with the use of phase change chemical proppants in the slurry stage. CO2 Foam Fracturing predominantly comprises liquid carbon-dioxide which reduces the water requirement up to 80%. CO2 foam-based frac fluid uses relatively fewer chemical additives as compared to the water-based frac fluid which in-turn does minimal formation damage. Foam Fracturing fluids have high fluid recovery and clean-up efficiency. CO2 foam-based frac fluid is available in a wide range of viscosities and can also work in high pressure high temperature conditions at significantly low polymer loadings. Energized frac fluid comprises N2/CO2 (20-30%) which reduces water consumption and provides additional energy to aid in load recovery during the post-frac flow-back stage. N2 gas can propagate more easily into small pores and micro-fractures to get lower breakdown pressure and enhance fracture complexity & CO2 exists in dense phase at static bottom hole conditions, thus is less susceptible to dissipation and dissolves in crude oil which reduces its viscosity and improves cleanup and recovery.

scholarly journals Modeling Efficiency of Energized Fluid Fracturing in Tight Gas Formations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaudia Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Tight Gas ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Fracture Geometry ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
Reservoir Permeability ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Permeability Damage ◽  
Fluid Fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing is the most effective method of stimulation for hydrocarbon reservoirs. However the use of water-based fracturing fluids, can be a problem in water-sensitive formations due to the permeability damage hazard caused by clay minerals swelling. For this reason, the foamed fracturing fluids with addition of natural, fast hydrating guar gum were examined. The rheology and filtration coefficients of foamed fracturing fluids were examined and compared to the properties of conventional water-based fracturing fluid. Laboratory results provided the input for numerical simulation of the fractures geometry for water-based fracturing fluids and 50% N2 foamed fluids. The results show, that the foamed fluids were able to create shorter and thinner fractures compared to the fractures induced by the non-foamed fluid. The simulation proved that the concentration of proppant in the fracture and its conductivity are similar or slightly higher when using the foamed fluid. Moreover such fluids are able to significantly reduce the amount of water necessary for fracturing treatments, limiting clay minerals swelling, and reducing the reservoir permeability damage. The foamed fluids, when injected to the reservoir, provide additional energy, that allow for more effective flowback, and maintain the proper fracture geometry and proppant placing. The results of laboratory work in combination with the 3D simulation showed, that the foamed fluids have suitable viscosity which allows opening the fracture, and transport the proppant into the fracture, providing successful fracturing operation.

scholarly journals Experimental and Simulation Studies of Energized Fracturing Fluid Efficiency in Tight Gas Formations

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4465
Author(s):  
Klaudia Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
Water Based

The use of water-based fracturing fluids during fracturing treatment can be a problem in water-sensitive formations due to the permeability damage hazard caused by clay minerals swelling. The article includes laboratory tests, analyses and simulations for nitrogen foamed fracturing fluids. The rheology and filtration coefficients of foamed fracturing fluids were examined and compared to the properties of conventional water-based fracturing fluid. Laboratory results provided the input for numerical simulation of the fractures geometry for water-based fracturing fluids and 50% N2 foamed fluids, with addition of natural, fast hydrating guar gum. The results show that the foamed fluids were able to create shorter and thinner fractures compared to the fractures induced by the non-foamed fluid. The simulation proved that the concentration of proppant in the fracture and its conductivity are similar or slightly higher when using the foamed fluid. The foamed fluids, when injected to the reservoir, provide additional energy that allows for more effective flowback, and maintain the proper fracture geometry and proppant placing. The results of laboratory work in combination with the 3D simulation showed that the foamed fluids have suitable viscosity which allows opening the fracture, and transport the proppant into the fracture, providing successful fracturing operation. The analysis of laboratory data and the performed computer simulations indicated that fracturing fluids foamed by nitrogen are a good alternative to non-foamed fluids. The N2-foamed fluids exhibit good rheological parameters and proppant-carrying capacity. Simulated fracture of water-based fracturing fluid is slightly longer and higher compared to foamed fluid. At the same time, when using a fluid with a gas additive, the water content in fracturing fluid is reduced which means the minimization of the negative results of the clay minerals swelling.

scholarly journals Conduction and convection heat transfer characteristics of water-based au nanofluids in a square cavity with differentially heated side walls subjected to constant temperatures

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 189-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Primoz Ternik ◽  
Rebeka Rudolf
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Rayleigh Number ◽  
Base Fluid ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Heat Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Square Cavity ◽  
Onset Of Convection ◽  
Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Water Based

The present work deals with the natural convection in a square cavity filled with the water-based Au nanofluid. The cavity is heated on the vertical and cooled from the adjacent wall, while the other two horizontal walls are adiabatic. The governing differential equations have been solved by the standard finite volume method and the hydrodynamic and thermal fields were coupled together using the Boussinesq approximation. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the nanoparticles? volume fraction on the heat transfer characteristics of Au nanofluids at the given base fluid?s (i.e. water) Rayleigh number. Accurate results are presented over a wide range of the base fluid Rayleigh number and the volume fraction of Au nanoparticles. It is shown that adding nanoparticles in a base fluid delays the onset of convection. Contrary to what is argued by many authors, we show by numerical simulations that the use of nanofluids can reduce the heat transfer rate instead of increasing it.

Chemistry, Physical Nature, and Rheology of Aqueous Stimulation Foams

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (04) ◽  
pp. 410-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Holcomb ◽  
Ed Callaway ◽  
Lynn L. Curry
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Surfactant Concentration ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Fracturing Fluids

Abstract Laboratory equipment has been designed specificallyto study effectively the microscopic structure offlowing foams at high pressures. In addition, application of foaming-agent optimization techniquesto design stable foams at varying foam qualities isdemonstrated at high pressures - i.e., 500 to 2,000psig (3448 to 13 792 kPa). Capillary viscosity datafor these foams is established and correlated with avideo-photomicroscopic study of the flowing foamand their designated bubble qualities. Foaming-agent screening information from the tests is providedindicating the foaming-agent generic chemistry thatallows optimal foam stability under high-pressure conditions. Introduction The study of contemporary foam rheology has arather interrupted history beginning with Fried'swork in 1961 on a foam drive process, which was followed by Raza and Marsden's 1965 paper onrheology and streaming potential. During 1969Blauer et al. studied foam flow properties andmade successful comparisons of data obtained incapillary viscometer tests and actual oilfield tubulardata. These investigations lead to the development ofdata and calculated procedures for using high-qualityfoams as fracturing fluids to transport proppanteffectively with extremely low formation damage as aresult of smaller amounts of water or liquid incontact with the formation. With all the theoretical depiction of flowing foamstructure, it was felt that a study was needed to showvisually the actual flowing foam under pressure. Thiswas undertaken in a study' where oil-foamingsurfactant concentrations were optimized using anapparatus similar to ours. (The majority of foamstimulation treatments use aqueous bases, and thisstudy was conducted exclusively with them.) The goal of this project was to design equipmentthat could be adapted to a TV camera/microscopesystem to allow videotaping of flowing foam in aview cell under pressure. To study effectively thechemical nature of four different surfactant foams, the temperature was kept at 80 deg. F (26.7 deg. C)throughout the study. Also, one foam quality of88%, or 88% nitrogen and 12% water was chosenusing 2% KCl water as the liquid phase. Selected pictures from the videotape are presented to show thesuccession of bubble-structure change with pressure.In addition, the effect of surfactant concentration (which had been thought to play a small role, if any, in the rheology of foams) is shown. This allows aneven greater ability to optimize surfactant concentration in the production of stable foams forstimulation. The subjective bubble-quality scale of Holcomb etal. is refined by showing the average bubblediameters at various study pressures and is demonstrated photographically in Figs. 1 through 3.For the viscosity tests through the capillaryviscometer system, a constant 1,000-psi input pressure was maintained for the generation of foam. Testing Apparatus, Procedure, and Chemical Additives The high-pressure test apparatus was designed tomeet the rate requirements for a laboratory testsample of 700 cm (liquid) or more. The system iscapable of pressures to 3,000 psi (20 683 kPa). The pump is a Williams Oscillamatic TM single-strokemodel with a pressure rating to 10,000 psi (68 946kPa). All main lines are 6.35 mm in diameter. Trunklines to the gauges are 3.175-mm-diameter tubing.All tubing in the apparatus is 316 stainless steel. (SeeFig. 4.) SPEJ P. 410^

Soft EHL Lubrication of Complex Multiphase Fluids

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. de Vicente ◽  
H. A. Spikes ◽  
J. R. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Complex Fluids ◽  
Steel Ball ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multiphase Fluids ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Complex Rheology ◽  
Lubrication Properties ◽  
Flat Contact ◽  
Ehl Lubrication

The lubrication properties of a series of multiphase water-based fluids of complex rheology and microstructure, including o/w emulsions, have been studied in a rolling-sliding steel ball-on-elastomer flat contact. The results show that friction curves of Newtonian fluids made over a wide range of entrainment speeds and viscosity can be used to identify the prevailing mechanisms of lubrication for more complex fluids and, for emulsions, to show the predominant film-forming phase.

scholarly journals Integration of image segmentation and fuzzy theory to improve the accuracy of damage detection areas in traffic accidents

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Amirfakhrian ◽  
Mahboub Parhizkar
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Machine Vision ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Fuzzy Theory ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Industrial Setting ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractIn the next decade, machine vision technology will have an enormous impact on industrial works because of the latest technological advances in this field. These advances are so significant that the use of this technology is now essential. Machine vision is the process of using a wide range of technologies and methods in providing automated inspections in an industrial setting based on imaging, process control, and robot guidance. One of the applications of machine vision is to diagnose traffic accidents. Moreover, car vision is utilized for detecting the amount of damage to vehicles during traffic accidents. In this article, using image processing and machine learning techniques, a new method is presented to improve the accuracy of detecting damaged areas in traffic accidents. Evaluating the proposed method and comparing it with previous works showed that the proposed method is more accurate in identifying damaged areas and it has a shorter execution time.

scholarly journals MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS IV DI SDN BABAKAN TAROGONG 5 BANDUNG PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPS MELALUI STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Eros Rosilah Rosilah
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Material Reality ◽  
Compulsory Subject

Learning Social Studies (IPS) is a compulsory subject taught. Learning IPS has a very wide range of material. Reality on the ground results of test scores of fourth grade students of SDN Babakan Tarogong 5 in social studies subject of natural resources, economic activity and technological advances in the district / city and province is still very low. This is due to social studies learning not meet minimum completeness, because the strategy used so far have not matched the learning process. The purpose of this study to determine the activities of students in participating in learning by using learning strategies of problem solving. The results of this research has reached the average value of the class.Keyword : Natural resources, economic activities, technological progress.

A mixed contact model for an immersed collision between two solid surfaces

2008 ◽  
Vol 366 (1873) ◽  
pp. 2205-2218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu-Ling Yang ◽  
Melany L Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Collision Model ◽  
Dry Granular Flow ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Surrounding Liquid

Experimental evidence shows that the presence of an ambient liquid can greatly modify the collision process between two solid surfaces. Interactions between the solid surfaces and the surrounding liquid result in energy dissipation at the particle level, which leads to solid–liquid mixture rheology deviating from dry granular flow behaviour. The present work investigates how the surrounding liquid modifies the impact and rebound of solid spheres. Existing collision models use elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) theory to address the surface deformation under the developing lubrication pressure, thereby coupling the motion of the liquid and solid. With EHL theory, idealized smooth particles are made to rebound from a lubrication film. Modified EHL models, however, allow particles to rebound from mutual contacts of surface asperities, assuming negligible liquid effects. In this work, a new contact mechanism, ‘mixed contact’, is formulated, which considers the interplay between the asperities and the interstitial liquid as part of a hybrid rebound scheme. A recovery factor is further proposed to characterize the additional energy loss due to asperity–liquid interactions. The resulting collision model is evaluated through comparisons with experimental data, exhibiting a better performance than the existing models. In addition to the three non-dimensional numbers that result from the EHL analysis—the wet coefficient of restitution, the particle Stokes number and the elasticity parameter—a fourth parameter is introduced to correlate particle impact momentum to the EHL deformation impulse. This generalized collision model covers a wide range of impact conditions and could be employed in numerical codes to simulate the bulk motion of solid particles with non-negligible liquid effects.

Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Surface Polysaccharides ◽  
Surface Location ◽  
Commercial Applications

The synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides has been recognized in certain bacterial cultures since the 1880s. It is now apparent that a wide range of bacteria produce these polymers and an equally wide range of chemical structures are possible. Their surface location, together with the range of available monosaccharide combinations, noncarbohydrate substituents, and linkage types, make extracellular polysaccharides excellent agents of diversity. As a result, much effort has been directed towards elucidating their structure in pathogenic bacteria and in enteric organisms in particular. Commercial applications of microbial polysaccharides have now broadened the scope of structural information. Most recently, technological advances in molecular biology have created the possibility of manipulating desired polymer characteristics, and with these advances, our knowledge of the mechanisms of synthesis and regulation of cell surface polysaccharides has improved. Ultimately more information regarding the function of extracellular polysaccharides in natural environments may result.

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