scholarly journals CHROME FREE RAPID GLOVE LEATHER MANUFACTURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-180
Author(s):  
Rajesh C M ◽  
Dr. B. Madhan ◽  
Bharath Kumar G
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Production Time ◽  
Chrome Tanning ◽  
Tanning Process ◽  
Very High ◽  
Splitting Process ◽  
Leather Manufacture

In the current study, we use chrome free tanning process for the production of glove leather and to achieve the required properties without any compromising the quality. To develop a suitable post tanning system for making glove with good softness, run and strength properties. Glove leather predominantly made using chrome tanning system. Conventionally glove leather is done by long liming and ageing in pickling for better fibre splitting in order to achieve the run property. Production Time is very high due to long liming and ageing in pickling. Production cost can significantly reduce if the processing time for making glove is reduced. Acrylic followed by Glutaraldehyde combination tanning system adopted for chrome free tanning option. Long liming and ageing in pickle will be replaced with rapid fibre splitting process.

scholarly journals Sustainable Chrome Tanning System Using Protein Based Product Developed from Leather Waste: Wealth from Waste

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Kanagaraj ◽  
Rames Chandra Panda ◽  
Ramakrishnan Prasanna
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Experimental Sample ◽  
Shrinkage Temperature ◽  
Chrome Tanning ◽  
Tanning Process ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Enhanced Adsorption

Abstract Chrome tanning is one of the popular tanning methods followed globally that generates considerable level of chromium pollution in the resulting effluent. The existing conventional chrome tanning system has to be modified to increase the exhaustion level of chromium in the tanning process. In the present investigation, a protein based product has been developed from raw trimming wastes and applied in chrome tanning process to enhance the exhaustion level of chromium. The experiment conducted using the product at the level of 6% exhibited chromium exhaustion at the level of 93% in the process. FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of peaks for various functional groups namely carboxylic acids, aldehyde, amide and hydroxyl groups for the high exhaust chrome tanning. The shrinkage temperature of the experimental leather was found to be more than 100 o C. Results of microscopic studies from SEM-EDX revealed that enhanced adsorption of chromium up to a level of 5.24 weight % containing chromium with atomic % 1.27 in the sample of 6% co-polymer. AFM images also show increase in adsorption of chromium with increased amount of co-polymer in the solution. Increased interactions between active sites of collagen-complex and chromium resulted into improved exhaustion of chromium as revealed from higher intensities of XRD images. CD spectra revealed that the addition of protein based product increased the ellipticity of the collagen in the experimental sample as compared to control sample. The crust leather showed improved colour, organoleptic and comparable strength properties of the experimental leather.

Cost Effective Swath Bathymetry

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hogarth
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Swath Bathymetry ◽  
World Survey ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Very High ◽  
Harbor Area ◽  
Wide Swath

Between 23rd and 25th July 2001 GeoSwath, a high specification shallow water wide swath bathymetry system, was used to survey the entire Portsmouth NH Harbor area. This paper deals with the results of this survey, illustrating the potential for significant reductions in the high costs, which have prevented widespread proliferation of Swath Bathymetry systems to date. Data, including a complete DTM gridded to 1 m resolution, will be presented and discussed in detail. These results show that the system is very easy to set up and use, requires greatly reduced boat and processing time, whilst offering high accuracy and very high coverage and resolution when used in a real-world survey of a dynamic harbor environment.

scholarly journals Sodom Apple (Solanum Incanum) Plant Material: A Greener Approach for Goat Skin Tanning Process

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihret Hailemariam Tekalign ◽  
Tolera Seda Badessa ◽  
Shegaw Ahmed Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Solanum Incanum ◽  
Tanning Process ◽  
Sodom Apple

Abstract The use of natural materials that is eco-friendly on leather as vegetable tannins has become a matter of significant importance, as a result of increased environmental awareness to prevent some hazardous synthetic tannin. Therefore, this study investigated that the potential of the extracted tannin from Sodom apple (Solanum Incanum) fruit for its effectiveness as vegetable tanning agent on goatskins. It was extracted with distilled water, methanol, petroleum ether and ethanol by using Soxhlet extraction method. Although the amount of material extracted was significant in all extracting solvents, water was a more efficient solvent (extraction yield of 16.71%) than the others. The qualitative analysis and structural characterization of the extracts were done using thin layer chromatography (TLC), Ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer and Fourier Transformer Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer. The analysis confirmed that the presence of condensed tannins in the extract, which usually used for the application of tanning process in leather manufacturing industry. On other hand, the Quantitative Analysis of Sodom apple fruit extract was conducted by evaluating its moisture content (7.59%), total soluble solids (21.45%), tannin content (12.13%) and non-tannin contents (9.32%). The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was carried out to study the effect of the tannin system on the structural and morphological characteristics of the tanned leathers. Similarly, the organoleptic and strength properties of the tanned leathers were evaluated in comparison with the control ones. Finally, the pollution loads of tanning liquors in Sodom apple tanning significantly reduced as compared with the control (mimosa). Thus, the results in this study showed that the manufacture of leather based on Sodom apple fruit extract found to be a cleaner alterative and promising pathway for tanning goatskins.

scholarly journals Strong paper from spruce CTMP – Part II: Effect of pressing at nip press temperatures above the lignin softening temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Norgren ◽  
Gunilla Pettersson ◽  
Hans Höglund
Keyword(s):  
Compression Strength ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Softening Temperature ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Kraft Pulps ◽  
Cationic Starch ◽  
Tensile Index ◽  
Very High

Abstract The main objective of the current study was to demonstrate that it is possible to enhance strength properties of sheets from spruce HT-CTMP and CTMP furnishes up to the same level as is common on sheets from softwood kraft pulps by changing conditions in papermaking. To achieve that, sheets of spruce HT-CTMP and CTMP were consolidated at densities close to that of the reference bleach kraft pulp by pressing at press nip temperatures well above the tack and softening temperatures of lignin. On sheets from spruce CTMP (CSF 420 ml), where the fibers were surface treated with cationic starch, it was possible to reach tensile index at the same level as on sheets from the untreated reference kraft pulp. The compression strength (SCT) of CTMP and HT-CTMP sheets, which were achieved at the highest press nip temperature (200 °C) in the study, was equal to or higher than that of the reference kraft pulp sheets. The results show that there is a great yet unexploited potential in papermaking from spruce HT-CTMP and CTMP furnishes, which could be utilized in manufacturing of products where very high requirements upon strength is demanded.

Optimization of Part Consolidation for Minimum Production Costs and Time Using Additive Manufacturing

2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenguo Nie ◽  
Sangjin Jung ◽  
Levent Burak Kara ◽  
Kate S. Whitefoot
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Convergence Time ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Support Structures ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Production Time ◽  
Loop Filter ◽  
Part Consolidation

Abstract This research presents a method of optimizing the consolidation of parts in an assembly using metal additive manufacturing (MAM). The method generates candidates for consolidation, filters them for feasibility and structural redundancy, finds the optimal build layout of the parts, and optimizes which parts to consolidate using a genetic algorithm. Results are presented for both minimal production time and minimal production costs, respectively. The production time and cost models consider each step of the manufacturing process, including MAM build, post-processing steps such as support structure removal, and assembly. It accounts for costs affected by part consolidation, including machine costs, material, scrap, energy consumption, and labor requirements. We find that developing a closed-loop filter that excludes consolidation candidates that are structurally redundant with others dramatically reduces the number of candidates, thereby significantly reducing convergence time. Results show that when increasing the number of parts that are consolidated, the production cost and time at first decrease due to reduced assembly steps, and then increase due to additional support structures needed to uphold the larger, consolidated parts. We present a rationale and evidence justifying that this is an important tradeoff of part consolidation that generalizes to many types of assemblies. Subsystems that are smaller, or can be oriented with very little support structures or have low material costs or fast deposition rates can have an optimum at full consolidation; for other subsystems, the optimum is less than 100%. The presented method offers a promising pathway to minimize production time and cost by consolidating parts using MAM. In our test-bed results for an aircraft fairing produced with powder-bed electron beam melting, the solution for minimizing production cost (time) is to consolidate 17 components into four (two) discrete parts, which leads to a 20% (25%) reduction in unit production cost (time).

Study on the Method for the Optimization of Cutting Parameters

2006 ◽  
Vol 532-533 ◽  
pp. 325-328
Author(s):  
Jing Ying Zhang ◽  
Si Qin Pang ◽  
Qi Xun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Cutting Parameters ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Profit Rate ◽  
Maximum Profit ◽  
Rate Minimum ◽  
Maximum Production Rate ◽  
Optimization Of Cutting Parameters ◽  
Very High

This article discusses the problem about the method for the optimization of cutting parameters. A newly developed computational method which is different from the former was used for the optimization of cutting parameters. This method has its advantages of the controllability of the precision and higher speed when the precision requirement of the system is not very high. It can optimize cutting parameters toward the objectives of maximum production rate, minimum production cost and maximum profit rate.

scholarly journals Motion compensation of short-range, wide-beam synthetic aperture radar

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
T. Reichthalhammer ◽  
E. Biebl
Keyword(s):  
Image Reconstruction ◽  
Motion Compensation ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Phase Reconstruction ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Wide Beam ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Very High

Abstract. Up to now, SAR systems are a well known possibility for long-range detection. Applying them for short-range applications with wide-beam antennas, of course, does not increase the resolution but the probability to detect hidden targets with an anisotropic radar cross section significantly in comparison to other detection systems. Working with an appropriate wavelength even improves the possiblity to look through natural cover like grass. An application is detecting fawn while pasture mowing. The main issue in such applications is the antenna's motion in range direction as it is carried by cars or traction engines. If motion is not compensated, the phase cannot be reconstructed correctly, the resolution gets poorer and, in worst case, the target even disappears. Conventional methods for motion compensation either fail for wide beam antennas, since for contributions of wide angles the phase reconstruction is incorrect, or is not applicable for realtime data processing, because the processing time due to interpolation or similar steps is very high. We present a method of image reconstruction regarding motion of the antenna as well as wide beamwidth. This method is analyzed concerning processing time in comparison to the conventional image reconstruction. In our system we use a combination of algorithms. There is shown a comparison for different algorithms dependent of the antenna's motion and aperture angle.

Research on XX Fe Based Alloy Prepared by Air Induction Melting

2013 ◽  
Vol 664 ◽  
pp. 473-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Li Zhang ◽  
Ai Fen Xu ◽  
Xiao Fan Chen ◽  
Ruo Lei Li ◽  
Chun Yan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Amorphous Alloys ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Vacuum Induction Melting ◽  
Induction Melting ◽  
Technical Feasibility ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Very High ◽  
Scanning Electron

The production cost of amorphous alloys by vacuum induction melting (VIM) was very high. In order to reduce the cost, in this paper, alloys were prepared in alkaline crucible protected with different slags by Air induction melting (AIM). The comparison was found out between VTM and ATM in the research by using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), EDS, etc. Experimental results showed that Fe-Si-B alloys can be prepared by AIM with economic and technical feasibility.

Effect of Different Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Martensitic Gx12CrMoVNbN9-1 Cast Steel / Wpływ Parametrów Obróbki Cieplnej Na Mikrostrukture I Własciwosci Mechaniczne Martenzytycznego Staliwa Gx12CrMoVNbn9-1

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Golanski ◽  
J. Słania
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Cast Steel ◽  
Lath Martensite ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Quenching And Tempering ◽  
Very High

The paper presents a research on the influence of multistage heat treatment with the assumed parameters of temperature and time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-chromium martensitic GX12CrMoVNbN9-1 (GP91) cast steel. In the as-cast state GP91 cast steel was characterized by a microstructure of lath martensite with numerous precipitations of carbides of the M23C6, M3C and NbC type, with its properties higher than the required minimum. Hardening of the examined cast steel contributes to obtaining a microstructure of partly auto-tempered martensite of very high strength properties and impact strength KV on the level of 9-15 J. Quenching and tempering with subsequent stress relief annealing of GP91 cast steel contributed to obtaining the microstructure of high-tempered lath martensite with numerous precipitations of the M23C6 and MX type of diverse size. The microstructure of GP91 cast steel received after heat treatment was characterized by strength properties (yield strength, tensile strength) higher than the required minimum and a very high impact energy KV. It has been proved that GP91 cast steel subject to heat treatment No. 2 as a result of two-time heating above the Ac3 temperature is characterized by the highest impact energy.

Effects of Initiator and Catalyst on Properties of Dental Zirconia-Toughened Alumina Ceramic Base Crown Prepared by Gelcasting

2012 ◽  
Vol 424-425 ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Zhen Nan Deng ◽  
Li Li Wang ◽  
Jin Song Liu ◽  
Jian Feng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Alumina Ceramic ◽  
All Ceramic ◽  
Ceramic Base ◽  
Gelcasting Process ◽  
Ceramic Crown ◽  
Zirconia Toughened Alumina ◽  
Very High

Gelcasing has been recognized as a very high-potential method in fabricating complex-shaped ceramic products. In this contribution, the gelcasting process was applied to manufacture green body of dental zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramic base crowns. As one of a series studies, this study was conducted to investigate the influence of initiator and catalyst concentrations on idle and processing time of gelcasting system and the strength of green and sintered body of ZTA ceramic base crowns. Six different groups were divided basing on different proportion of initiator (1-6 vol.%), and with different proportion of catalyst correspondingly. The results showed that when the initiator was 4vol.% and the catalyst was 8vol.% at room temperature, the time of solidified reaction and bisque properties were optimum and it also met the requirement of practical running time for shaping dental all-ceramic crown in lab.

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