scholarly journals The Effects of Mindfulness on Self-Rumination, Self-Reflection, and Depressive Symptoms: A Research Proposal

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mabel Yu
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
The Self ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

The investigation of mindfulness has increased significantly over the past decade regarding its efficacy as a clinical tool, particularly in the treatment of depression. Mindfulness is often conceptualized as a mental state characterized by present-moment, non-judgmental attention and awareness. Past researchers have suggested that mindfulness is linked to reduction of self-rumination (i.e. maladaptive self-focused attention to one’s self-worth) through promotion of concrete focus and inhibition of automatic elaboration of intrusive thoughts. Moreover, mindfulness also promotes low-level construal thinking (i.e. concrete thinking) which competes against high-level construal thinking (i.e. abstract thinking). Researchers have proposed that self-rumination involves high-level construal of the self and others, which could increase the likelihood of experiencing negative moods. On the other hand, mindfulness may potentially promote self-reflection (i.e. adaptive self-focused attention to the self) while inhibiting self-rumination. The purpose of this paper is to propose a research idea that will explore the relationship between mindfulness, self-rumination, self-reflection, and depressive symptoms (i.e., low mood, anhedonia or ability to feel pleasure, and changes in sleep). The findings of the proposed research may have significant implications for treatment of depressive symptoms and for promotion of positive outcomes such as mitigation of self-rumination and enhancement of self-reflective processes through potential effects of mindfulness.

scholarly journals On the mental toughness of self-aware athletes: Evidence from competitive tennis players

2017 ◽  
Vol Volume 113 (Number 1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Cowden ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mental Toughness ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This study examined the relationship between mental toughness (MT) and self-awareness in a sample of 175 male and 158 female South African tennis athletes (mean age = 29.09 years, s.d. = 14.00). The participants completed the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire and the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale to assess MT (confidence, constancy, control) and self-awareness (self-reflection and self-insight) dimensions, respectively. Linear regression indicated that self-insight (β=0.49), but not self-reflection (β=0.02), predicted global MT. Multivariate regression analyses were significant for self-reflection (ηp²=0.11) and self-insight (ηp²=0.24). Self-reflection predicted confidence and constancy (ηp²=0.05 and 0.06, respectively), whereas self-insight predicted all three MT subcomponents (ηp²=0.12 to 0.14). The findings extend prior qualitative research evidence supporting the relevance of self-awareness to the MT of competitive tennis athletes, with self-reflection and insight forming prospective routes through which athletes’ MT may be developed.

scholarly journals Shame Mediates the Relationship Between Pain Invalidation and Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon L. Boring ◽  
Kaitlyn T. Walsh ◽  
Namrata Nanavaty ◽  
Vani A. Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Social Withdrawal ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Internalized Shame ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The experience of pain is subjective, yet many people have their pain invalidated or not believed. Pain invalidation is associated with poor mental health, including depression and lower well-being. Qualitative investigations of invalidating experiences identify themes of depression, but also social withdrawal, self-criticism, and lower self-worth, all of which are core components of shame. Despite this, no studies have quantitatively assessed the interrelationship between pain invalidation, shame, and depression. To explore this relationship, participants recounted the frequency of experienced pain invalidation from family, friends, and medical professionals, as well as their feelings of internalized shame and depressive symptoms. As shame has been shown to be a precursor for depression, we further explored the role of shame as a mediator between pain invalidation and depressive symptoms. All sources of pain invalidation were positively associated with shame and depressive symptoms, and shame fully mediated the relationship between each source of pain invalidation and depression. Relative to other sources, pain invalidation from family was most closely tied to shame and depression. Overall, findings indicate that one mechanism by which pain invalidation may facilitate depression is via the experience of shame. Future research may explore shame as a potential upstream precursor to depression in the context of pain. Findings provide more insight into the harmful influence of pain invalidation on mental health and highlight the impact of interpersonal treatment on the experiences of people in pain.

Relationship between Self-Focused Attention and Mindfulness in People with and without Hallucination Proneness

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Perona-Garcelán ◽  
José M. García-Montes ◽  
Ana Mª López-Jiménez ◽  
Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Testal ◽  
Miguel Ruiz-Veguilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Correlational Analysis ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
The Self ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to study the relationship between self-focused attention and mindfulness in participants prone to hallucinations and others who were not. A sample of 318 healthy participants, students at the universities of Sevilla and Almería, was given the Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale-revised (LSHS-R, Bentall & Slade, 1985). Based on this sample, two groups were formed: participants with high (n = 55) and low proneness (n = 28) to hallucinations. Participants with a score higher than a standard deviation from the mean in the LSHS-R were included in the high proneness group, participants with a score lower than a standard deviation from the mean in the LSHR-R were included in the second one. All participants were also given the Self-Absorption Scale (SAS, McKenzie & Hoyle, 2008) and the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ, Chadwick et al., 2008). The results showed that participants with high hallucination proneness had significantly higher levels of public (t(80) = 6.81, p < .001) and private (t(77) = 7.39, p < .001) self-focused attention and lower levels of mindfulness (t(81) = -4.56, p < .001) than participants in the group with low hallucination proneness. A correlational analysis showed a negative association between self-focused attention (private and public) and mindfulness (r = -0.23, p < .001; r = -0.38, p < .001 respectively). Finally, mindfulness was found to partly mediate between self-focused attention and hallucination proneness. The importance of self-focused attention and mindfulness in understanding the etiology of hallucinations discussed and suggest some approaches to their treatment.

Pain and affective memory biases interact to predict depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Bruce ◽  
D Polen ◽  
P A Arnett
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Cognitive Vulnerability ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Memory Biases ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Cognitive Theories ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A Performance

A large literature supports a direct relationship between pain and depressive symptoms among various patient populations. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently experience both pain and depression. Despite this, no relationship between pain and depression has been found in MS. The present investigation explored the relationship between pain and depression in a sample of patients with MS. Consistent with cognitive theories of depression, results supported the hypothesis that pain would only contribute to depression when MS patients exhibited a concomitant cognitive vulnerability. Cognitive vulnerability to depression was measured using a performance based affective memory bias (AMB) task. Patients with high levels of pain and negative AMB reported more depressive symptoms compared to patients with pain and positive AMB. Implications for the identification and treatment of depression in MS are discussed.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Self-Confidence and Performance of Gymnastic Elements // Povezanost samopouzdanja i uspješnosti izvođenja gimnastičkih elemenata

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petar Mrđa ◽  
Saša Jovanović ◽  
Sanja Srdić ◽  
Adrijana Ljubojević
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Back Handspring ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Confidence Scale

The aim of this research was to establish a relation between self-confidence and self-concept, on the one hand, and the performance of the apparatus elements and the floor routine, on the other. The research included 29 subjects, aged 20 to 27, with the average age of the subjects being 21 years old (M= 21.16, SD= 1.54). The following measurement instruments were used: RSES (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) and SC-6, as well as the evaluation of the performance of the floor exercises (side-to-side and front-to-back cartwheel, roundoff, front and back handspring, forward and backward flip) and a vault (squat through on the vault and straddle vault with pre-flight, front handspring on vault, roundoff vault) and with the apparatus: the high bar (uprise on bars with legs together, kip, front mill circle, back circle, underswing dismount) and the parallel bars (swing, forward roll, back roll, shoulder stand, front toss dismount, back toss dismount) by a three-member committee. The results showed that Rosenberg’s confidence scale produced statistically significant correlations with all the remaining subscales of moderate or high intensity, and the highest one with the scale of the self-concept (rs= .73), while the lowest one with the scale related to the performance of gymnastic elements on the apparatus (rs = .45) (Cohen, 1988 according to Cumming, 2012). In contrast to this scale, the scale of the self-concept is in statistically significant correlation with the gymnastic elements (rs = .61) on the floor and the vault, while the statistically significant correlation of this scale is missing with the gymnastic elements on the apparatus. It can be concluded that a high level of confidence in one’s own abilities through the entire training period enabled a better access to learning, repetition and, finally, the demonstration of the selected gymnastics elements, while the level of general satisfaction was not a decisive factor in the process.

scholarly journals Fishnition: Developing Models From Cognition Toward Consciousness

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Droege ◽  
Natalie Schwob ◽  
Daniel J. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Trace Conditioning ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Animal Consciousness ◽  
Temporal Representation ◽  
Evolutionary Function ◽  
Level Model ◽  
High Level

A challenge to developing a model for testing animal consciousness is the pull of opposite intuitions. On one extreme, the anthropocentric view holds that consciousness is a highly sophisticated capacity involving self-reflection and conceptual categorization that is almost certainly exclusive to humans. At the opposite extreme, an anthropomorphic view attributes consciousness broadly to any behavior that involves sensory responsiveness. Yet human experience and observation of diverse species suggest that the most plausible case is that consciousness functions between these poles. In exploring the middle ground, we discuss the pros and cons of “high level” approaches such as the dual systems approach. According to this model, System 1 can be thought of as unconscious; processing is fast, automatic, associative, heuristic, parallel, contextual, and likely to be conserved across species. Consciousness is associated with System 2 processing that is slow, effortful, rule-based, serial, abstract, and exclusively human. An advantage of this model is the clear contrast between heuristic and decision-based responses, but it fails to include contextual decision-making in novel conditions which falls in between these two categories. We also review a “low level” model involving trace conditioning, which is a trained response to the first of two paired stimuli separated by an interval. This model highlights the role of consciousness in maintaining a stimulus representation over a temporal span, though it overlooks the importance of attention in subserving and also disrupting trace conditioning in humans. Through a critical analysis of these two extremes, we will develop the case for flexible behavioral response to the stimulus environment as the best model for demonstrating animal consciousness. We discuss a methodology for gauging flexibility across a wide variety of species and offer a case study in spatial navigation to illustrate our proposal. Flexibility serves the evolutionary function of enabling the complex evaluation of changing conditions, where motivation is the basis for goal valuation, and attention selects task-relevant stimuli to aid decision-making processes. We situate this evolutionary function within the Temporal Representation Theory of consciousness, which proposes that consciousness represents the present moment in order to facilitate flexible action.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of depressive symptoms in adolescents of a public school in Curitiba, Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saint-Clair Bahls
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
Age Factor ◽  
And Gender ◽  
High Level ◽  
Clear Predominance

OBJECTIVES: To assess, using the self-report questionnaire Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the rate of depressive symptoms and its distribution by age and gender, in a sample of students. METHODS: Application of the CDI in 463 students, aged 10 to 17. RESULTS: The total mean score was 13.0 with a standard deviation of 7.0 (median = 12.0), for females the score was 14.4 with a standard deviation of 7.2 (median = 13.0) and for males it was 11.1 with a standard deviation of 6.2 (median = 10.0). Using the cut-off score of 19, 20.3% of the students had important indications of depressive symptoms. The age factor had no significance; however, there was a non-significant trend of increasing rates of depressive symptoms in the ages of 10 to 15 and a decreasing trend in the ages of 16 to 17. There was a statistically significant predominance of females above the cut-off score compared to males (72.3% versus 27.7%), with a ratio of 2.6 females for each male. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that adolescent students have a high level of depressive symptoms, with a clear predominance of females over males, and a probable period of onset concentrated between the ages of 12 and 15 years.

Reading the Gothic and Gothic readers

Interventions ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
The Self ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Relationship

In ‘Reading the Gothic and Gothic Readers’ Andrew Smith outlines how recent developments in Gothic studies have provided new ways of critically reflecting upon the nineteenth century. Smith then proceeds to explore how readers and reading, as images of self-reflection, are represented in the fin de siècle Gothic. The self-reflexive nature of the late nineteenth-century Gothic demonstrates a level of political and cultural scepticism at work in the period which, Smith argues, can be applied to recent developments in animal studies as a hitherto largely overlooked critical paradigm that can be applied to the Gothic. To that end this chapter examines representations of reading, readers, and implied readers in Arthur Machen’s The Great God Pan (1894), Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897), and Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Hound of the Baskervilles (1902), focusing on how these representations explore the relationship between the human and the non-human. An extended account of Dracula identifies ways in which these images of self-reflection relate to the presence of the inner animal and more widely the chapter argues for a way of rethinking the period within the context of animal studies via these ostensibly Gothic constructions of human and animal identities.

Parental Criticism and Adolescent Depression: Does Adolescent Self-Evaluation Act as a Mediator?

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Bolton ◽  
Christine Barrowclough ◽  
Rachel Calam
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Parental Criticism ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Adolescent Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
The Relationship

Background: A better understanding of relationships between adolescent depression and family functioning may help in devising ways to prevent development of depression and design effective therapeutic interventions. Aims: This study explored the relationship of parental emotional attitudes, (perceived criticism and expressed emotion) to adolescent self-evaluation and depression. Methods: A sample of 28 clinic-referred adolescents and their mothers participated. The Five Minute Speech Sample was used to measure parental expressed emotion, and the adolescents completed the Children's Depression Inventory, Self-Perception Profile for Children global self-worth scale, a self-criticism scale and a perceived parental criticism scale. Results: There was partial support for a model of adolescent negative self-evaluation as a mediator in the relationship between parental emotional attitudes and adolescent depressive symptoms. The data also supported an alternative hypothesis whereby adolescent depressive symptoms are related to negative self-evaluation. Conclusions: The overall pattern of results emphasizes the significance of adolescents' perceptions of parental criticism, rather than actual levels, in understanding the relationship between parental emotional attitudes and adolescent depressive symptoms.

Contingencies of Self-Worth Moderate the Effect of Specific Self-Esteem on Self-Liking Or Self-Competence

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuna Geng ◽  
Tao Jiang
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
Moderator Effects ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Attribution Questionnaire ◽  
The Relationship

In this study we examined whether or not contingencies of self-worth (CSW) moderated the effect of specific self-esteem on self-liking or self-competence. Chinese university students (N = 210) completed the Chinese version of the Contingencies of Self-worth Scale (Crocker, Luhtanen, Cooper, & Bouvrette, 2003; translated into Chinese by Cheng & Kwan, 2008), the Chinese version of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965; translated into Chinese by Wang, Wang, & Ma, 1999), and our own adaptation for this study of the Self-attribution Questionnaire (Pelham & Swann, 1989) to assess self-liking, self-competence, global self-esteem, 6 domains of CSW consisting of others' approval, appearance, academic competence, competition, family support, and virtue, and specific self-esteem in these same 6 domains. Results showed that CSW did not have a moderating effect on the relationship between specific self-esteem and global self-esteem in the 6 domains. However, when we classified self-esteem into 2 distinct categories of self-liking and self-competence, we found that there were moderator effects of CSW between specific self-esteem and either self-liking or self-competence in 3 of the 6 domains. The different moderator effects in the 6 domains are discussed.

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