scholarly journals Effect of Lines and Vias Density on the BEOL Temperature Distribution

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Rafael Oliveira Nunes ◽  
Roberto Lacerda De Orio
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Design Environment ◽  
Standard Analysis ◽  
Resistance Increase ◽  
Thermal Distribution ◽  
Operation Temperature ◽  
Global Interconnects ◽  
Interconnect Lines

A method to calculate the temperature distribution on the BEOL structure and its impact on the EM in a design environment has been developed and implemented. The study for a 45 nm technology indicated a large temperature variation from the local to the global interconnects, which should be considered for the EM induced resistance increase of the line, in contrast to the standard analysis through a fixed operation temperature throughout the BEOL. The results show that a significant additional temperature above 50°C exist on the layers M1 to M6 due the power dissipated from transistors. The temperature reduction on the local layer is evaluated increasing the number of vias and enlarging the interconnect lines, both with a direct influence on the BEOL thermal distribution. A reduction of 62.9°C is obtained for M1 layer, considering a fraction volume of 40% for lines and 6% for vias.

scholarly journals Heat dissipation and temperature distribution in long interconnect lines

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
K. Gnidzinska ◽  
G. De Mey ◽  
A. Napieralski
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Power Dissipation ◽  
Time Delays ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Chip Area ◽  
Signal Synchronization ◽  
Global Interconnects ◽  
Interconnect Lines

Heat dissipation and temperature distribution in long interconnect linesThermal and time delay aspects of long interconnect lines have been investigated. To design a modern integrated circuit we need to focus on very long global interconnects in order to achieve the desired frequency and signal synchronization. The long interconnection lines introduce significant time delays and heat generation in the driver transistors. Introducing buffers helps to spread the heat production more homogenously along the line but consumes extra power and chip area. To ensure the functionality of the circuit, it is compulsory to give priority to the time delay aspect and then the optimized solution is found by making the power dissipation as homogenous as possible and consequently the temperature distribution T (relative to ambient) as low as possible. The technology used for simulations is 65 nm node. The occurring phenomena have been described in a quantitative and qualitative way.

scholarly journals Effect of Thermophysical Properties on Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Material during Forced Convective Drying

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 830387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Cai ◽  
Lexian Zhu ◽  
Shilin Dong ◽  
Guozhen Xie ◽  
Junming Li
Keyword(s):  
Porous Medium ◽  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Soret Effect ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Kinetics Of

The convective drying kinetics of porous medium was investigated numerically. A mathematical model for forced convective drying was established to estimate the evolution of moisture content and temperature inside multilayered porous medium. The set of coupled partial differential equations with the specified boundary and initial conditions were solved numerically using a MATLAB code. An experimental setup of convective drying had been constructed and validated the theoretical model. The temperature and moisture content of the potato samples were dynamically measured and recorded during the drying process. Results indicate that thermal diffusion coefficient has significant positive impact on temperature distribution and mass diffusion coefficient might directly affect the moisture content distribution. Soret effect has a significant impact on heat flux and temperature distribution in the presence of large temperature gradient.

Numerical Simulation of Temperature Distribution in a Containment Vessel of an Operating PWR Plant

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichi Utanohara ◽  
Michio Murase ◽  
Akihiro Masui ◽  
Ryo Inomata ◽  
Yuji Kamiya
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Containment Vessel ◽  
Large Temperature Gradient

The structural integrity of the containment vessel (CV) for a pressurized water reactor (PWR) plant under a loss-of-coolant accident is evaluated by a safety analysis code that uses the average temperature of gas phase in the CV during reactor operation as an initial condition. Since the estimation of the average temperature by measurement is difficult, this paper addressed the numerical simulation for the temperature distribution in the CV of an operating PWR plant. The simulation considered heat generation of the equipment, the ventilation and air conditioning systems (VAC), heat transfer to the structure, and heat release to the CV exterior based on the design values of the PWR plant. The temperature increased with a rise in height within the CV and the flow field transformed from forced convection to natural convection. Compared with the measured temperature data in the actual PWR plant, predicted temperatures in the lower regions agreed well with the measured values. The temperature differences became larger above the fourth floor, and the temperature inside the steam generator (SG) loop chamber on the fourth floor was most strongly underestimated, −16.2  K due to the large temperature gradient around the heat release equipment. Nevertheless, the predicted temperature distribution represented a qualitative tendency, low at the bottom of the CV and increases with a rise in height within the CV. The total volume-averaged temperature was nearly equal to the average gas phase temperature. To improve the predictive performance, parameter studies regarding heat from the equipment and the reconsideration of the numerical model that can be applicable to large temperature gradient around the equipment are needed.

Maximum Condensable Pressure in a Sealed Container With Arbitrary Temperature Distribution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Watjen ◽  
M. T. Schifano ◽  
M. N. Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Seal Integrity ◽  
Arbitrary Temperature ◽  
Vapor Mixtures ◽  
Saturated Boiling

Abstract Pressure vessels and sealed canisters are designed to maintain seal integrity under a maximum internal pressure. When the temperature inside the canister rises, the internal pressure rises accordingly. The presence of condensable liquid-vapor mixtures can create a strong relationship between the pressure and temperature. An isothermal container admits a straightforward thermodynamic pressure calculation; however, large temperature gradients inside the container require complex multiphase conjugate heat transfer calculations to predict accurate pressures. A simplified prediction using the peak internal temperature to find the saturated pressure of the condensable fluid may introduce unrealistic pressures when significant fluid mass exists in a cooler location of the container. This work presents methodology to calculate the pressure of a condensable fluid in a sealed container with large internal temperature differences using a two-temperature approach to predict saturated boiling and superheating of the vapor phase. An arbitrary temperature distribution allows for pressure calculations by considering the expected location of the liquid mass and the peak internal temperature. An enthalpy balance provides the effects of the temperature distribution and the peak pressure condition is easily predicted using the proposed method. This work provides a means to calculate the maximum internal pressure of a sealed container with a condensable fluid without the need for complex multiphase computer modeling.

scholarly journals Thermal distribution analysis of inner defects in TSV

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 04026
Author(s):  
Chuan Kai Jiang ◽  
Lei Nie ◽  
Wen Jia ◽  
Yu Ning Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Internal Defects ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Thermal Distribution ◽  
Distinct Temperature

In order to uncover the external manifestations of TSV internal defects, the finite element models of typical internal defects, which were filling missing, axial cavity and end cavity, were established. The thermal analysis was carried out using thermoelectric coupling method. The temperature distribution of TSV with and without defects were obtained. And the temperature variation profiles on the defined paths of TSV layer were also analyzed. The analysis indicated that all the defective TSV showed distinct temperature distribution with the defect-free TSV. Among three typical defects, TSV with filling missing showed the most obvious difference on the temperature distribution and path variation. TSV with end cavity has relatively weak affect and the slightest defect was TSV with axial cavity. Therefore, it could be seen that the external temperature difference caused by the internal defects of TSV could provide effective information for the identification and detection in TSV with internal defects.

scholarly journals Thermo-Fluid-Dynamic Modeling of the Melt Pool during Selective Laser Melting for AZ91D Magnesium Alloy

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4157
Author(s):  
Hongyao Shen ◽  
Jinwen Yan ◽  
Xiaomiao Niu
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Magnesium Alloy ◽  
Selective Laser Melting ◽  
Laser Power ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Laser Melting ◽  
Az91d Magnesium Alloy ◽  
Melt Pool ◽  
Flow Activity

A three dimensional finite element model (FEM) was established to simulate the temperature distribution, flow activity, and deformation of the melt pool of selective laser melting (SLM) AZ91D magnesium alloy powder. The latent heat in phase transition, Marangoni effect, and the movement of laser beam power with a Gaussian energy distribution were taken into account. The influence of the applied linear laser power on temperature distribution, flow field, and the melt-pool dimensions and shape, as well as resultant densification activity, was investigated and is discussed in this paper. Large temperature gradients and high cooling rates were observed during the process. A violent flow occurred in the melt pool, and the divergent flow makes the melt pool wider and longer but shallower. With the increase of laser power, the melt pool’s size increases, but the shape becomes longer and narrower. The width of the melt pool in single-scan experiment is acquired, which is in good agreement with the results predicted by the simulation (with error of 1.49%). This FE model provides an intuitive understanding of the complex physical phenomena that occur during SLM process of AZ91D magnesium alloy. It can help to select the optimal parameters to improve the quality of final parts and reduce the cost of experimental research.

scholarly journals A TWO-DIMENSIONAL THERMODYNAMIC MODEL TO PREDICT HEART THERMAL RESPONSE DURING OPEN CHEST PROCEDURES

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
F. G. Dias ◽  
J. V. C. Vargas ◽  
M. L. Brioschi
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Thermal Distribution ◽  
Open Chest

In this work, the temperature distribution of the heart in an open chest surgery scenario is studied. It is also evaluated the cardiac thermal effects of the injection of a cooling liquid in the aorta root, which is used in infrared thermography. The finite element method was used to develop a model that predicts the temperature distribution modification in a 2-dimensional slice of the heart. This thermodynamic model allows the computational simulation of the thermal cardiac response to open chest procedures, which are required by cardiac surgery. The influence of several operating parameters (e.g., coronary flow rate, temperature) on the resulting thermal distribution is analyzed. Therefore, this analysis allows the identification of parameters that could be controlled to minimize the loss of energy, and consequently, avoiding the hazardous thermal distribution that could put the heart in danger during cardiac surgery.

scholarly journals Study on the Thermal Distribution Characteristics of High-Speed and Light-Load Rolling Bearing Considering Skidding

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junning Li ◽  
Jiafan Xue ◽  
Zhitao Ma
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Roller Bearing ◽  
Transient Temperature ◽  
Rolling Bearings ◽  
Slip Ratio ◽  
Friction Power ◽  
Thermal Distribution ◽  
Light Load

Skidding, which frequently occurs in high-speed rolling bearings, has a significant effect on the thermal distribution and service reliability of the bearings. An improved theoretical model of friction power loss distribution in high-speed and light-load rolling bearings (HSLLRBs) considering skidding is established, and the effects of various operating parameters on the friction power loss are investigated. The results show that the friction power loss of the inner ring and outer ring as well as the total friction power loss of the bearing increase as the slip ratio increases, but that the friction power loss of the cage guide surface and roller oil churning show a reverse trend. In addition, the increase in inner ring speed and kinematic viscosity leads to an increase in bearing friction power loss. The steady and transient temperature field distribution of HSLLRBs is obtained by the finite element method (FEM), and the results show that the inner ring raceway has the highest temperature, whereas the cage has the lowest. The temperature distribution test rig of a full-size roller bearing is constructed, and the influence mechanism of the slip ratio, rotation speed, load, lubrication, and surface topography on the bearing temperature distribution are obtained. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical results, which also validates the theoretical method.

A Thermal Model for Reburning Fuel Injectors in Glass Furnaces

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. Swanson ◽  
R. R. Koppang
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Wall Temperature ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Radiation Boundary Condition ◽  
Fuel Injectors ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
Glass Furnaces

Abstract A quasi-steady multi-mode heat-transfer model for retraining fuel injectors in glass furnaces has been developed that predicts the effect of geometry, furnace heat source and heat sink temperatures, radial and axial injector wall conduction, and coolant flow rate on the injector wall temperature distribution. The model imposes a radiation boundary condition at the outlet tip of the injector, which acts as a heat source. A parametric study has been conducted to investigate effects that the furnace gas temperature, reburning methane fuel and purge-air flow rates, and furnace wall temperature have on the injector wall temperature distribution. For nominal operating conditions, highly nonlinear temperature distributions were observed throughout the injector. Operation with methane as the coolant produced an extremely large temperature gradient near the injector tip that could cause excessive thermal stresses in the injector wall. The results also showed that nominal injector operating conditions should prevent alkali deposition at the injector tip and produce injector/metallic disconnect temperatures well below the initial deformation temperature for stainless steel.

Inverse Design of a Three Dimensional Furnace With Moving Design Environment

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Ertürk ◽  
Ofodike A. Ezekoye ◽  
John R. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Design Problem ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Deposition ◽  
Iterative Solution ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Inverse Design ◽  
Temperature History ◽  
Design Environment

Abstract The inverse design of a three-dimensional furnace that is built to heat an object moving along a conveyor belt of an assembly line is considered. A furnace of this type can be used by the manufacturing industry for applications such as curing of paint, annealing or manufacturing through chemical deposition. The object that is to be heated moves along the furnace as it is heated following a specified temperature history while the spatial temperature distribution is kept isothermal through the whole process. The temperature distribution of the heaters of the furnace should be changed as the object moves so that the specified temperature history can be satisfied. The design problem is a transient design problem where a series of inverse solutions is utilized. The process furnace considered is in the shape of a rectangular tunnel where the heaters are located at top and the design object moves at the bottom. The inverse formulation of such a system is advantageous over a traditional trial-and-error solution where an iterative solution is required for every position as the object moves. The inverse formulation of the design problem involves ill-posed Fredholm equation of the first kind and the use of a regularized solver rather than an ordinary one such as Gauss-Seidel or Gauss elimination is essential. The radiative transfer is formulated utilizing the Monte Carlo method that enables including further realistic characteristics like specularly reflecting walls.

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