scholarly journals Some Consequences of Rising Age at Marriage in Pakistan

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4II) ◽  
pp. 541-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeba A. Sathar ◽  
M. Framurz Khan Kiani
Keyword(s):  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Demographic Transitions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
Status Of Women

Nuptiality changes have been at the core of demographic transitions in Europe and in several Asian societies [Caldwell (1993)]. Delayed marriages have been seen as precursors of fertility change in most societies. They underlie changes in family formation patterns and living arrangements, which ultimately are the bases of demographic transition. The concomitants of profound changes in marriage behaviour are worth studying because of their impact on demographic outcomes such as the population growth rate and fertility. Moreover, they are also strongly connected to the role and status of women, family living arrangements and power structures.

The Erotic Family: Structures and Narratives of Milk Kinship in Premodern Japanese Tales

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Sachi Schmidt-Hori
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Affective Labor ◽  
The Core ◽  
Premodern Japan ◽  
Wet Nurse

This essay proposes that “milk kinship,” which upper-class individuals in premodern Japan formed with their milk kin—a menoto (wet nurse) and a menotogo (foster sibling)—occupies the core of an institutionalized erotic fosterage. In this “menoto system,” the surrogate mother's lactating body and erotic-affective labor became the connective tissue to bind two interclass families, creating a symbiosis that fortified the existing sociopolitical power structures. Around the tenth century, many vernacular tales started to feature menoto characters. While a typical menoto is the protagonist's homely, asexual, motherly confidante, her derivative construct—the menotogo of the protagonist—is often cast in an erotic light. In the four texts examined in this essay, menotogo valorize their erotic agencies to benefit their charges through sexual-affective labor or through an indirect method. The latter entails the formation of a “love square” in which two menotogo become lovers and then help their respective charges do the same.

Race Differences in Changing Family Demographics in the 1980s

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIM B. HEATON ◽  
CARDELL K. JACOBSON
Keyword(s):  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
White Family ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Black And White ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Timing Of Initiation ◽  
Mother's Educational Level

Traditional demarcators of family formation and dissolution have changed dramatically over the past few decades and Black-White differences have become pronounced. In this article, we explore the degree to which a relatively small set of variables can account for racial difference in timing of initiation of sexual activity, first marriage, first birth, and divorce. The independent variables included in the model are adolescent living arrangements (single-parent vs. two-parent), mother's educational level, religion, region of the country, area of residency (urban, suburban, rural), birth cohort, and year of the survey. Based on hazard models for the rate of occurrence of each event, we estimate how Blacks would differ if they had mean values on covariates equal to White observed means. Although the results differ for the four dependent variables, this particular set of independent variables does not provide a satisfactory explanation of the differences between Black and White family formation and dissolution. Blacks and Whites may be responding to different structural and cultural constraints not easily captured by basic demographic variables.

scholarly journals Microanálisis comparado de la transición demográfica en tres islas de las Azores, siglos XVIII-XX: Diferencias en el pasado, semejanzas en el presente.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Norberta Amorim ◽  
Francisco J. Marco Gracia ◽  
Filipe Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Lower Fertility

The demographic transition is a global phenomenon. However, previous studies have demonstrated the existence of differences in its development between areas that are in close proximity. The aim of this article is to compare the process of demographic transition in the rural communities of three islands in the archipelago of the Azores (Pico, Flores and Corvo) using life course data for more than 250 years. Throughout the article several variables related to nuptiality, fertility, mortality and mobility have been analysed. Our results show clear differences between communities prior to the demographic transition and, to a lesser extent, during the demographic transition process. The island of Flores, for instance, has historically presented higher fertility because of a lower age at marriage. The island of Pico, on the other hand, had a lower fertility level, higher age at marriage and longer birth intervals. During the demographic transition, infant mortality first began to fall in Flores, therefore increasing population pressure. Since 1840, international migration and the abandonment of children served as mechanism to reduce the population pressure.

Rapid Population Growth and Long-term Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 164-177
Author(s):  
Giovanni Andrea Cornia
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
World Population ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
The World

This chapter reviews population trends over the last two hundred years and population projections to the end of this century. In 2100 the world population will have stabilized but its geographical distribution will have substantially changed compared to 2015. The chapter then discusses the five stages of the demographic transition, and different neo-Malthusian and non-Malthusian theories of the relation between population growth and economic development. It emphasizes in particular the effects of rapid population growth on land and resource availability, human capital formation, population quality, the accumulation of physical capital, employment, wages, and income inequality. The effects of rapid population growth rate over a given period were found to change in line with the population size and density at the beginning of the period considered.

scholarly journals Demographic Dividends Revisited

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Demographic Dividend ◽  
Demographic Transitions ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Foreign Capital Flows ◽  
Life Cycle Savings ◽  
The Impact

This paper revisits demographic dividend issues after almost 2 decades of debate. In 1998, David Bloom and I used a convergence model to estimate the impact of demographic-transition-driven age structure effects and calculated what the literature has come to call the “demographic dividend.” These early estimates seem to be similar to those coming from more recent overlapping generation models, when properly estimated. Research has shown that the demographic dividend is not simply a labor participation rate effect, but also a growth effect. Life-cycle savings, investment deepening, foreign capital flows, and schooling have all been greatly affected by the demographic transition. The paper discusses just how much of these positive growth effects are based on accelerating human capital accumulation induced by demand-side quality–quantity trade-offs versus a co-movement between demographic transitions and public schooling supply-side expansions. Since emigration has been driven in part by demography, it has wasted some of the demographic dividend by brain drain. In addition, within-country rural–urban migrations have also been driven in part by demographic transitions with different spatial timing. Finally, the paper shows how lifetime—not just annual—income inequality has been influenced by demographic transitions.

scholarly journals Human population growth and the demographic transition

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1532) ◽  
pp. 2985-2990 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bongaarts
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Human Population ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Demographic Transitions ◽  
The World ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Older Populations ◽  
Developed World

The world and most regions and countries are experiencing unprecedentedly rapid demographic change. The most obvious example of this change is the huge expansion of human numbers: four billion have been added since 1950. Projections for the next half century expect a highly divergent world, with stagnation or potential decline in parts of the developed world and continued rapid growth in the least developed regions. Other demographic processes are also undergoing extraordinary change: women's fertility has dropped rapidly and life expectancy has risen to new highs. Past trends in fertility and mortality have led to very young populations in high fertility countries in the developing world and to increasingly older populations in the developed world. Contemporary societies are now at very different stages of their demographic transitions. This paper summarizes key trends in population size, fertility and mortality, and age structures during these transitions. The focus is on the century from 1950 to 2050, which covers the period of most rapid global demographic transformation.

scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics of culturally transmitted, fertility-reducing traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1925) ◽  
pp. 20192468
Author(s):  
Dominik Wodarz ◽  
Shaun Stipp ◽  
David Hirshleifer ◽  
Natalia L. Komarova
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Demographic Transitions ◽  
Cultural Evolutionary ◽  
Fertility Traits

Human populations in many countries have undergone a phase of demographic transition, characterized by a major reduction in fertility at a time of increased resource availability. A key stylized fact is that the reduction in fertility is preceded by a reduction in mortality and a consequent increase in population density. Various theories have been proposed to account for the demographic transition process, including maladaptation, increased parental investment in fewer offspring, and cultural evolution. None of these approaches, including formal cultural evolutionary models of the demographic transitions, have addressed a possible direct causal relationship between a reduction in mortality and the subsequent decline in fertility. We provide mathematical models in which low mortality favours the cultural selection of low-fertility traits. This occurs because reduced mortality slows turnover in the model, which allows the cultural transmission advantage of low-fertility traits to outrace their reproductive disadvantage. For mortality to be a crucial determinant of outcome, a cultural transmission bias is required where slow reproducers exert higher social influence. Computer simulations of our models that allow for exogenous variation in the death rate can reproduce the central features of the demographic transition process, including substantial reductions in fertility within only one to three generations. A model assuming continuous evolution of reproduction rates through imitation errors predicts fertility to fall below replacement levels if death rates are sufficiently low. This can potentially explain the very low preferred family sizes in Western Europe.

Does the Nature of the Victimization–Offending Association Fluctuate Over the Life Course? An Examination of Adolescence and Early Adulthood

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 786-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Schreck ◽  
Mark T. Berg ◽  
Graham C. Ousey ◽  
Eric A. Stewart ◽  
J. Mitchell Miller
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Individual Change ◽  
The Core ◽  
Criminological Research ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Pathways To Desistance

Decades of criminological research has established that victimization is strongly connected with offending—this pattern is among the most durable in the criminological literature. However, there are plausible reasons to believe that under some theoretically defined conditions, the association can vary across the life course. Using 10 waves from the Pathways to Desistance data, which follow more than 1,300 youth from early adolescence into adulthood, we model within-individual change in the victimization–offending association as well as evaluate possible theoretical reasons for this change. Our results show that the influence of victimization on offending weakens as people age, although the association remains positive across the life course. The core substantive predictors, however, could not account for this temporal weakening of the association. We discuss the implications of these results for further theoretical development on offending.

Immigrant Families Over the Life Course

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 852-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Clark ◽  
Jennifer E. Glick ◽  
Regina M. Bures
Keyword(s):  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Immigrant Families ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
The Life Course

Family researchers and policy makers are giving increasing attention to the consequences of immigration for families. Immigration affects the lives of family members who migrate as well as those who remain behind and has important consequences for family formation, kinship ties, living arrangements, and children's outcomes. We present a selective review of the literature on immigrant families in the United States, focusing on key research themes and needs. A summary of secondary data sets that can be used to study immigrant families is presented as well as suggestions for future research in this increasingly important area of family research and policy.

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