scholarly journals Cadmium, Cobalt, Lead and Zinc Levels in Soil and Edible Vegetables in Yala Urban Area of Cross River State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 835-838
Author(s):  
M.A. Akpe ◽  
P.U. Ubua ◽  
I.B. Onyebuenyi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons

The average level of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the soil and edible vegetables samples collected randomly in Yala Urban Area of Cross River State was determined using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The samples were digested and analyzed for the metals level or concentration in Chemistry Laboratory, University of Calabar. The eight vegetables selected for the study were Amaranthus spp., Corchorusolitorius, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum grattissimum, Solanum melongena, Talinum triangulare, Telferia occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina. The results indicated that the average level of the metals in the soil in mgkg-1 ranged from (0.005-0.021) and (0.004-0.019) in rainy and dry seasons respectively for Cadmium, (0.162- 0.475) and (0.163- 0.472) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cobalt, and (0.434-1.030) and (0.432-1.027) in rainy and dry season respectively for Zinc. Also, the average level of the metals accumulated by the vegetables in mgkg-1 ranged from (0.002-0.009) and (0.001- 0.007) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cadmium, (0.050-0.198) and (0.048-0.195) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cobalt, and (0.158-0.383) and (0.156-0.380) in rainy and dry season respectively for Zinc. The level of Lead in the soil or vegetables was not detected. The average level of metals accumulated by the vegetables and that present in the soil was in the order: Zinc > Cobalt > Cadmium > Lead. These results revealed that there is no significant difference between the level of metals in the soil or that accumulated by the vegetables in rainy and dry seasons of the year. Also the level of metals accumulated by most of the vegetables was directly proportional to the amount present in the soil where they are planted. The Target Hazard Quotients of these metals was less than 1. These results imply that the concentration of Cadmium, Cobalt, Zinc and Lead in the soil and vegetables were still low and within the permissible limits of World Health Organization. Thus, the consumption of the vegetables in the area may not pose any health risk for now. Keywords: Heavy metals, Concentration, Soil, Edible vegetables.

scholarly journals Concentration of Selected Heavy Metals in Soil and Edible Vegetables in Obanliku Urban Area of Cross River State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Michael Akomaye Akpe ◽  
Joseph Odey ◽  
John Akwagiobe Agwupuye
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The soil and edible vegetable samples were collected from Obanliku Urban Area of Cross River State and were digested and analyzed for the cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe) and mercury (Hg) (heavy metals) concentration using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) in Chemistry Laboratory, University of Calabar. The eight vegetables were considered such as Amaranthus spp., Corchorus olitorius, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum grattissimum, Solanum melongena, Talinum triangulare, Telfaira occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina. The results revealed that the mean concentration of the metals in the soil in mgkg-1 ranged from (0.003-0.017) and (0.003-0.015) for Cd, (0.005-0.040) and (0.004-0.038) for Cr, and (0.052-1.541) and (0.050-1.511) for Fe in rainy and dry seasons respectively. Also, the mean concentration of the metals accumulated by the vegetables in mgkg-1 ranged from (0.002-0.010) for Cd, (0.003-0.018) and (0.003-0.016) for Cr, and (0.013-0.175) and (0.013-0.150) for Fe in rainy and dry season respectively. The concentration of Hg was not detected in the soil or vegetables. The mean concentration accumulated by the vegetables and that present in the soil was in the order: Fe > Cr > Cd > Hg. These results showed that there is no significant difference between the amount of metals in the soil or that accumulated by the vegetables in rainy and dry seasons of the year. Also the amount of metals accumulated by most of the vegetables was directly proportional to the amount present in the soil where they are planted. The bioaccumulation ratios and Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) were all less than 1. The results indicate that the concentration of Cd, Cr, Fe & Hg in the soil and vegetables were still low and within the permissible limits of WHO/FAO. Thus, the consumption of the vegetables in the area at the time when this study was carried out may not pose any health risk.

scholarly journals Concentration of Heavy Metals (Cd, Co, Cr, & Fe) in Soil and Edible Vegetables in Obudu Urban Area of Cross River State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Akpe, Michael Akomaye ◽  
Ubua, Placcidus Unimuyi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The soil and edible vegetable samples were collected from Obudu Urban Area of Cross River State and were digested and analyzed for the Cd, Co, Cr, and Fe (heavy metals) concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) in the University of Calabar Laboratory. The eight vegetables considered for the study were Amaranthus spp., Corchorus olitorius, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum grattissimum, Solanum melongena, Talinum triangulare, Telferia occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina. The results showed that the mean concentration of the metal in the soil in mgkg-1 ranged from (0.004-0.0048) and (0.005-0.046) in rainy and dry seasons respectively for Cd, (0.004-0.025) and (0.006-0.016) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cr, and (0.112-0.173) and (0.116-0.151) in rainy and dry season respectively for Fe. The concentration of Co was not detected in the soil or vegetables. The mean concentration accumulated by the vegetables and that present in the soil was in the order: Fe> Cd> Cr> Co. These results suggest that there is no significant difference between the amount of metals in the soil or that accumulated by the vegetables in rainy and dry seasons of the year. Also the amount of metals accumulated by most of the vegetables was directly proportional to the amount present in the soil where they are planted. The bioaccumulation ratios were all less than 1. These results indicate that the concentration of Cd, Co, Cr, & Fe in the soil and vegetables were still low and within the permissible limits of WHO/FAO. Thus, the consumption of the vegetables in the area may not cause any harm for now.

scholarly journals Health Risk Analysis of Heavy Metals (Cr, Fe, Hg & Ni) in Edible Vegetables in Yala Urban Area of Cross River State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Akpe, Michael Akomaye ◽  
Ashishie, Providence Beteluwhobel ◽  
Inezi, Faith Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine concentration of heavy metals in the soil and edible vegetables planted consumed Yala Urban Area of Cross River State, Nigeria, ascertained the level of metals contamination and the possible health risk or implication. Sampling: Forty eight (48) soil and edible vegetable samples (6 of each kind of the 8 vegetables) were collected randomly from Yala Urban Area of Cross River State. The eight vegetables considered for the study were Amaranthus spp., Corchorus olitorius, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum grattissimum, Solanum melongena, Talinum triangulare, Telferia occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina. They were collected between January and March for dry season, and July and September for rainy season of the year.  Methodology: The samples were digested and analyzed for the Cr, Fe, Hg and Ni (heavy metals) concentration using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) in the Chemistry Laboratory, University of Calabar. Results: The results showed that the mean concentration of the metals in the soil in mgkg-1 ranged from (0.063 - 0.108) and (0.049 - 0.104) in rainy and dry seasons respectively for Cr, and (0.026 - 0.124) and (0.013 - 0.119) in rainy and dry season respectively for Fe. The mean concentration accumulated by the vegetables ranged from (0.037- 0.063) and (0.029 - 0.066) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cr and (0.012- 0.071) and (0.008- 0.086) in rainy and dry season respectively. Hg and Ni were neither detected in the soil nor in the vegetables. The trend of the metals in both the soil and vegetable was in the order: Cr > Fe> Hg> Ni. The Target Hazard Quotients were all less than 1, indicating no health risk. Conclusion: These results suggest that there is no significant difference between the amount of metals in the soil or that accumulated by the vegetables in rainy and dry seasons of the year. Also the amount of metals accumulated by most of the vegetables was directly proportional to the amount present in the soil where they are planted. These results indicate that the concentration of Cr, Fe, Hg and Ni in the soil and vegetables were still low and within the permissible limits of WHO/FAO. Thus, the consumption of the vegetables in the area may not pose any risk at the moment.

Diagnosis of Lymphatic Filariasis Using Immunochromatography and Microscopy in Three Local Government Areas of Cross River State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Maurice ◽  
E.U Sode ◽  
I.B Otu-Bassey
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Significant Difference

Human Lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by three types of filarial worms; Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugiatimori is one of the neglected tropical diseases and spread by bites of infected Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Ochleratus andMansoni mosquitoes. The study evaluated diagnostic methods using blood samples from 420 consented participants in threeLocal Government Areas of Cross River State. Blood samples were examined following one hour of administration ofDiethylcarbamazine citrate for LF microfilaria microscopy (Knott’s concentration) and for LF antigen usingimmunochromatographic (ICT) method (Alere filariasis test strip). Of the 420 samples examined, 1.7% was found to bepositive using microscopy while 4.8% were positive using ICT. There was no significant difference in the diagnosis oflymphatic filariasis using microscopy and ICT among participants in the local government areas (χ2= 21.84, p>0.05). Of the214 males and 206 females examined, 4.2% males and 5.3% females tested positive using ICT while 1.4% males and 1.9%females were found positive using microscopy. The difference in the infection between gender was statistically significant(χ2=0.298, p<0.05). Participants aged 21-24 years had the highest prevalence of 19.4% while the least prevalence of 1.5%was observed among age group 9-12years using ICT. Also, no significant difference was observed in the diagnosis of LFamong the age groups (χ2= 19.88, p>0.05). The study showed that LF still remains a public health problem in Cross RiverState. Mass drug administration should be scaled up in the state so as to reduce and finally eradicate the disease. Keywords: Diagnosis, Lymphatic filariasis, Immunochromatography, Microscopy

scholarly journals Cyathostomin larvae: presence on Brachiaria humidicola grass during the rainy and dry seasons of Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Claudia Navarro dos Santos ◽  
Luciene Soares de Souza ◽  
Vivian Suane de Freitas Vieira ◽  
Jairo Pinheiro ◽  
Maria de Lurdes de Azevedo Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Brachiaria Humidicola ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Janeiro State ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

The presence of cyathostomin larvae is directly associated to climatic conditions of each region. This study aimed to evaluate the ecology of infective larvae on Brachiaria humidicola during the dry and rainy seasons from October 2007 to September 2008 in a tropical region, Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. Stools were collected from the rectum of horses naturally infected with cyathostomins at the beginning of the rainy season (October to March) and dry season (April to September). They were divided into four samples of 500 g and deposited on a grass patch of B. humidicola. Seven days later and every 15 days thereafter samples of feces and grass were collected and processed by the Baermann technique. The mean number of larvae recovered from the grass varied according to the season, with greater recovery of larvae during the peak of the dry season (14,700 L3.kg-¹ DM). There was a statistically significant difference between L3 recovered from feces and grass, but not between L3 recovered from the grass base and apex. These results show that the region’s climate favors the development and survival of infective cyathostomin larvae throughout the year, with a greater number of larvae during the dry season.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Ecological Impact of Human Settlement on the Water Quality of Lower Cross River, Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Oribhabor ◽  
O. M. Udoidiong ◽  
D. F. Udoh ◽  
B. E. Akpan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Physical And Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The ecological impact of human settlement on the water quality of Lower Cross River, Nigeria was evaluated. The physical and chemical conditions of the river water were determined from January to August, 2011. Three stations comprising Itu in Akwa Ibom State with intense human activities (station 2), its upstream (without human settlement) at Cross River State (station 1) and the downstream (station 3) were sampled. The Parametric One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated that of the 17 physical and chemical parameters determined, only water level and COD were found to be significantly different () among stations. The spatial variations in the level of significant correlation of the physical and chemical parameters among the stations and the higher level of interrelationship in downstream station 2 and 3 than station 1 could be attributed to inputs resulting from human settlement. Comparison between some parameters with Standard Organization of Nigeria, and World Health Organization maximum permitted levels for drinking water indicated that the water was not polluted. However, the BOD and COD concentrations of greater than 2 mg/L and 20 mg/L respectively were indicative of pollution.

scholarly journals Oral Health of Children from the SOS Children’s Village in Croatia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 616
Author(s):  
Zrinka Ivanisevic ◽  
Zvonimir Uzarevic ◽  
Stjepanka Lesic ◽  
Aleksandar Vcev ◽  
Marko Matijevic
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to determine the values of DMFT/DMFS and dft/dfs in the examined groups of children and the assessment of the mothers of the examined groups of children related to the oral health of their children. The research included children from the SOS Children’s Village in Croatia as well as children from biological families from rural and urban areas. The children were examined by the visual–tactile method according to the standardized World Health Organization criteria. dft/DMFT and dfs/DMFS indices were calculated. An analysis of completed questionnaires was made. The children from the SOS Children’s Village demonstrated the lowest mean values of the dft/dfs (2.42/3.31) and DMFT/DMFS (1.61/2.23) indices compared to children from rural and urban areas. The Kruskal–Wallis test showed a significant difference (p = 0.01) in SiC index values between the examined children. In the groups of children from the SOS Children’s Village and from the rural area compared to the children from the urban area, oral hygiene was singled out as the most important factor in the analysis of the main components. An equally significant factor for all the respondents is the assessment of oral health and eating habits. The least significant factor for the group of children from the SOS Children’s Village is socio-economic status, which is the most significant for the children from the urban area. The children from the SOS Children’s village have the lowest dft/DMFT, dfs/DMFS, and SiC indices. The most important factor influencing oral health in the group of children from the SOS Children’s Village that stands out is oral hygiene, and the least important is the socio-economic status. The assessment of oral health by the SOS mothers does not differ from the assessment of biological mothers of children from rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Pediatric infectious diseases admissions: Sex differences and seasonal variations

2021 ◽  
Vol 015 (02) ◽  
pp. 049-058
Author(s):  
Samuel Olorunyomi Oninla ◽  
Michael Olaniyan Onigbinde ◽  
Akinyemi Olaleye Fadugbagbe ◽  
Emmanuel Olaseinde Bello ◽  
Omolayo Adebukola Olubosede
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons

Objective: This study set out to assess sex differences and seasonal variations in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (PID) admissions. Methods: One year retrospective study of PID admissions was conducted among children aged one month to 15 years. Relevant information retrieved from patients’ hospital records were dates of admission and discharge, age, sex, final PID diagnoses and outcome. Results: Of 1,035 patients’ records assessed, 603 (58.3%) were males and 432 (41.7%) females (p<0.001). Males in ages 1-12 and 13-59 months contributed largely to the gender difference. Over the 12 months period, PID admissions mean was 86.25±21.92, with rainy and dry seasons means of 92.57±20.7 and 77.4±20.9, respectively (p<0.001). Ages 13-19, 60-119 and ≥120 months had significantly higher admissions mean during the rainy season (p<0.001 in each group), while higher admissions occurred among ages 1-12months in dry season (p<0.001). Top six PID managed were malaria, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, septicemia, meningitis and typhoid, and males had higher incidence in all except for typhoid, with only malaria having significant difference (p<0.001). Malaria, septicemia and typhoid incidence were higher significantly during the rainy season, while gastroenteritis occurred more in the dry season. Overall fatality rate was 4.6%; females and males rates were 6.3% and 3.5%, respectively (p=0.661). Rainy and dry seasons mortality means were 5±1.77 and 2.6±0.8, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: Male children were more vulnerable to PID, with significant higher malaria incidence among them than females. PID incidence and mortality were significantly higher during the rainy season than dry. Malaria and gastroenteritis occurred significantly in rainy and dry seasons, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of a supportive-educative nursing intervention programme on knowledge of chlorhexidine gel for umbilical cord management amongst mothers in Cross River State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Easter C. Osuchukwu ◽  
Chinwe F. Ezeruigbo ◽  
Paulina A. Akpan-Idiok ◽  
Ekaette F. Asuquo
Keyword(s):  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Nursing Intervention ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Intervention Programme ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Umbilical cord infection contributes significantly to neonatal mortality rate in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies have shown low knowledge of chlorhexidine (CHX) gel for umbilical cord management amongst mothers in low-resource settings, including Nigeria.Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a supportive-educative nursing intervention programme on knowledge of CHX gel amongst mothers in Cross River State, Nigeria.Methods: A quasi-experimental study design was used, and study participants comprised 168 expectant mothers, who were purposely selected and assigned to randomised control and intervention groups. The instrument for data collection was a researcher-developed structured questionnaire. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23 for descriptive and inferential statistics at significant level was set at p 0.05.Results: The result showed that at post-test the knowledge score of mothers on CHX gel improved significantly in the intervention group (t 77 = 24.394; p 0.05). The result showed no significant difference between mothers’ demographic variables and knowledge of CHX gel.Conclusion: A supportive-educative nursing intervention programme could effectively improve knowledge of CHX gel for umbilical cord management amongst mothers. This underscores the need to improve mothers’ knowledge of CHX gel by healthcare personnel.

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