Comparative assessment of the pulping potentials of soda and mea processes for the development of paper-pulp from sugarcane bagasse

Pulping trials were carried out using MEA and the soda process comparing their pulping potentials. The operating conditions such as the concentration of the cooking liquor (50%, 75%, 100%) for MEA and (10%, 15%, 20%) for NaOH, the maximum cooking temperature (150oC, 160oC, 170oC) and cooking time (60, 90, 120minutes) for both processes were investigated systematically to establish optimal pulping conditions. The agro-biomass used in this investigation is Sugarcane Bagasse viewed as alternative raw material for pulp and paper production. The lignin content of Bagasse (19.5%) was low; indicating that Bagasse should be easier to pulp. The optimum cooking conditions (independent variables) for MEA pulping were 75% MEA concentration, 150oC cooking temperature and 90 minutes cooking time. Excel 2013 was used to analyze the effect of independent variables on yield of bagasse pulp and properties of furnished paper from MEA process in comparison with the Soda process which include tear index, tensile index, burst index and folding endurance with errors less than 15% in all cases. The Kappa number range (12.7-16.9), viscosity (270-870 ml/g) and brightness (62.1-93.2%) of bagasse pulp are appropriate for high-brightness printing and writing papers. The physical properties of furnished paper, tear index (13.4 mN.m2/g), tensile index (71Nm/g), Burst index (4.8 KN/g) and folding endurance (82) recommend the cellulosic pulp from Sugarcane Bagasse obtained from the MEA process for strengthening the virgin fiber in recycled papers and also for developing certain types of printing and packaging papers. Due to the awareness towards the negative impact of kraft mill’s effluent to the environment recently, soda pulping started to regain its popularity among the pulp mills especially non-wood based pulp mills. MEA process is more economically attractive given its high pulp yield, despite the significant increase in chemical demand for bleaching. MEA pulping is a good alternative to soda pulping furnishing high pulp yield with less cooking temperature, i.e. 150oC, thereby saving a considerable amount of energy with less odoriferous pollutants and pollution load associated with the soda process.

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Optimization of soda pulping process of ligno-cellulosic residues of lemon and sofia grasses produced after steam distillation

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.6.1.103-120 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 103-120

Author(s):

Harjeet Kaur ◽

Dharm Dutt ◽

C. H. Tyagi

Keyword(s):

Steam Distillation ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Kappa Number ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Lemon Grass ◽

Cymbopogon Flexuosus ◽

Cooking Temperature ◽

Soda Pulping ◽

Lignocellulosic Residue ◽

Better Than

Sofia (Cymbopogon martini), and lemon (Cymbopogon flexuosus) grasses, are exclusively cultivated for extraction of important lemongrass and palma rosa oils. Lignocellulosic residue (LCR) of sofia and lemon grasses left after steam distillation can successfully be used for the production of chemical grade pulp. Steam distillation mitigates the problem of mass transfer, and facilitates the faster penetration of cooking liquor by leaching out a part of extraneous components. Sofia grass produces a pulp yield of 43.7% of kappa number 20 at an active alkali dose of 14% (as Na2O), maximum cooking temperature of 160 oC and cooking time 90 min. Likewise, lemon grass produces a pulp yield of 41.4% of kappa number 12.5 under the same conditions except temperature (150 oC) by a soda pulping process. Addition of 0.1% AQ at optimum cooking conditions reduces kappa number by 26 and 8% for sofia and lemon grasses with insignificant increase in pulp yield i.e. 0.2 and 0.4% for sofia and lemon grasses, respectively. The mechanical strength properties of lemon grass soda-AQ pulp are better than sofia grass. Bauer-McNett fiber classification further validates that +20 fractions are more (62.63%) in lemon grass than in sofia grass (42.72%).

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Study on Alkali-Oxygen Pulping of Bagasse Wet-Stored with Hypochlorite Bleaching Waste Water

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.1211 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 468-471 ◽

pp. 1211-1215 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hong Li ◽

Bing Sun ◽

Yu Xin Liu ◽

Ke Li Chen

Keyword(s):

Waste Water ◽

Fresh Water ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Kappa Number ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Bleaching Process ◽

Wet Storage ◽

Tear Index ◽

Folding Endurance

In this paper, the bagasse wet-stored with hypochlorite (H) bleaching waste-water which was the original waste liquid from H bleaching process of bagasse, was cooked with alkali-oxygen and its pulping effect was studied. The results showed that the proper treatment time of wet storage with H bleaching waste-water was 12 days, the pulping properties were as follows: screened pulp yield 62.9%, kappa number 15.4, viscosity 802 mL/g, and brightness 58.8 %ISO. The strength properties of pulp were as follows: tensile index 65.6 N•m/g, tear index 5.86 mN•m2/g, burst index 3.83 kPa•m2/g and folding endurance 302 times. In addition, the pulping properties of bagasse wet-stored with H bleaching waste-water were similar to those of bagasse wet-stored with fresh water. Therefore, it can be concluded that the H bleaching waste-water could be used as spraying water for wet storage of bagasse. It was a new idea for saving fresh water in the pulping and papermaking industry.

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Organosolv pulping of olive tree trimmings by use of ethylene glycol/soda/water mixtures

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2004.017 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 122-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

L. Jiménez ◽

A. Rodríguez ◽

M. J. Díaz ◽

F. López ◽

J. Ariza

Keyword(s):

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Olive Tree ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Capital Investments ◽

Kappa Index ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Tear Index ◽

Soda Pulping ◽

Breaking Length

Abstract This paper reports on the influence of independent variables in the ethylene glycol/soda pulping of olive wood trimmings (165–195°C, 30–90 min, ethylene glycol concentration 5–15%, soda concentration 2.5–7.5% and liquid/solid ratio 4–6), on the yield and Kappa index of the pulps and the strength properties (breaking length, burst index and tear index) of paper sheets. By using a central composite factorial design, equations that relate each dependent variable to the different independent variables were obtained which reproduced the experimental results for the dependent variables with errors less than 12%. Using a temperature of 184°C, ethylene glycol and soda concentrations of 15% and 7%, respectively, a liquid/solid ratio of 5:1 and a cooking time of 30 min results in yield, Kappa index, breaking length, burst index and tear index values that depart by 14.3%, 8.2%, 17.1%, 17.0% and 2.3%, respectively, from their optimum levels. These conditions result in substantial savings in power consumption and immobilised capital investments as they involve a lower temperature, a lower liquid/solid ratio, and a shorter time than the maximum values tested.

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Biocomposites of Bio-Polyethylene Reinforced with a Hydrothermal-Alkaline Sugarcane Bagasse Pulp and Coupled with a Bio-Based Compatibilizer

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25092158 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 2158

Author(s):

Nanci Vanesa Ehman ◽

Diana Ita-Nagy ◽

Fernando Esteban Felissia ◽

María Evangelina Vallejos ◽

Isabel Quispe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

3D Printing ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Decomposition Temperature ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Cradle To Gate ◽

Bagasse Pulp

Bio-polyethylene (BioPE, derived from sugarcane), sugarcane bagasse pulp, and two compatibilizers (fossil and bio-based), were used to manufacture biocomposite filaments for 3D printing. Biocomposite filaments were manufactured and characterized in detail, including measurement of water absorption, mechanical properties, thermal stability and decomposition temperature (thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to measure the glass transition temperature (Tg). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to assess the fracture area of the filaments after mechanical testing. Increases of up to 10% in water absorption were measured for the samples with 40 wt% fibers and the fossil compatibilizer. The mechanical properties were improved by increasing the fraction of bagasse fibers from 0% to 20% and 40%. The suitability of the biocomposite filaments was tested for 3D printing, and some shapes were printed as demonstrators. Importantly, in a cradle-to-gate life cycle analysis of the biocomposites, we demonstrated that replacing fossil compatibilizer with a bio-based compatibilizer contributes to a reduction in CO2-eq emissions, and an increase in CO2 capture, achieving a CO2-eq storage of 2.12 kg CO2 eq/kg for the biocomposite containing 40% bagasse fibers and 6% bio-based compatibilizer.

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Potassium hydroxide pulping of four non-woods

Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research ◽

10.3329/bjsir.v53i1.35903 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S Sutradhar ◽

M Sarkar ◽

J Nayeem ◽

M Sarwar Jahan ◽

C Tian

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Potassium Hydroxide ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Kappa Number ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Corchorus Capsularis ◽

Sesbania Bispinosa ◽

Soda Pulping ◽

Good Substitute

Four non-woods such as, dhaincha (Sesbania bispinosa), jute stick (Corchorus capsularis), wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) and corn stalks (Zea mays) were cooked by potassium hydroxide (KOH) at the optimum conditions of soda pulping. Dhaincha, wheat straw and corn stalks were delignified to kappa number 19.4, 13.6 and 19, respectively, while jute stick was not delignified sufficiently (kappa number 32.5). All these four raw materials maintained good yield in KOH process. Dhaincha produced the highest pulp yield (50.5%) and wheat straw had the lowest pulp yield (44.7). All pulps were bleached by D0EpD1 bleaching sequences in identical bleaching conditions. Final pulp brightness reached to above 80% ISO except jute stick pulp. Jute stick pulp reached to 74.9% brightness only after the consumption of 30 kg ClO2/ ton of pulp. The overall bleaching yields were 92.6%, 88.4%, 90.1 and 90.8% for dhaincha, jute stick, wheat straw and corn stalks pulps, respectively. The oSR of these four non-wood bleached pulps was above 20, consequently improved papermaking in the unrefined state. Beating rapidly increased papermaking properties, as for example, the tensile index of dhaincha pulps increased from 49 N.m/g in the unrefined pulp to 90 N.m/g in the beaten 50 oSR. It can be seen that KOH is a good substitute to soda process for non-wood.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(1), 1-6, 2018

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Comprehensive utilization of Ganoderma lucidum residues in papermaking

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal ◽

10.1515/npprj-2019-0045 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 43-49

Author(s):

Jie Sheng ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Qianli Ma ◽

Rendang Yang

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Environmental Pollution ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Alkyl Ketene Dimer ◽

Plant Fiber ◽

Comprehensive Utilization ◽

Tear Index ◽

Folding Endurance

AbstractThis study aimed to fully utilize Ganoderma lucidum (called lingzhi in China, reishi in Japan) residues as raw materials and a sizing agent in the papermaking industry to alleviate their environmental pollution and the shortage of papermaking resources. The refined Ganoderma lucidum residues can be used to replace 30 % of the plant pulps. Moreover, the prepared papers had better physical properties than pure plant fiber papers. After polysaccharide extracting, the tear index and folding endurance increased by 26 % and 34 %, respectively. In addition, the Ganoderma lucidum residues-based resin as a sizing agent achieved a similar effect of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD). The Cobb index reduced from 84.1\hspace{0.1667em}\text{g}\hspace{0.1667em}{\text{m}^{-2}} to 72.5\hspace{0.1667em}\text{g}\hspace{0.1667em}{\text{m}^{-2}}.

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Investigation of Kenaf Paper in the Presence of PVA for Transformers Application

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13215002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 5002

Author(s):

Muhammad Umair ◽

Norhafiz Azis ◽

Rasmina Halis ◽

Jasronita Jasni

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Breakdown Voltage ◽

Morphological Study ◽

Weight Percentage ◽

Tear Index ◽

Soda Pulping ◽

Percentage Concentration ◽

Kenaf Bast Fibers ◽

Kenaf Bast ◽

Scanning Electron

This paper presents an investigation on the physio-mechanical properties and AC breakdown voltage of the Kenaf paper in the presence of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) for transformers application. Kenaf bast fibers were used in order to produce the paper through the soda pulping process. The pulps were subjected to beating up to 12,000 revolutions, whereby the PVA was added to the pulps at a different weight percentage concentration up to 12%. Morphological study was carried out on the Kenaf paper based on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The apparent density, Tensile Index (TI), Burst Index (BI), Tear Index (TeI), and AC breakdown voltage of the Kenaf paper were measured. It is found that the TI and BI of Kenaf paper can be slightly improved through the introduction of PVA. On other hand, the TeI of the Kenaf paper decreases with the increment of the PVA. The AC breakdown voltage of the Kenaf paper slightly increases with the increment of PVA weight percentage concentration.

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Production of Cellulosic Polymers from Agricultural Wastes

E-Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2008/436356 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 81-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. U. Israel ◽

I. B. Obot ◽

S. A. Umoren ◽

V. Mkpenie ◽

J. E. Asuquo

Keyword(s):

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Cellulose Triacetate ◽

Agricultural Wastes ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Cellulose Derivatives ◽

Cellulose Diacetate ◽

Ethanoic Acid ◽

Bamboo Pulp ◽

Cellulosic Polymers ◽

Soda Pulping

Cellulosic polymers namely cellulose, di-and triacetate were produced from fourteen agricultural wastes; Branch and fiber after oil extraction from oil palm(Elais guineensis), raffia, piassava, bamboo pulp, bamboo bark from raphia palm(Raphia hookeri), stem and cob of maize plant(Zea mays), fruit fiber from coconut fruit(Cocos nucifera), sawdusts from cotton tree(Cossypium hirsutum), pear wood(Manilkara obovata), stem of Southern gamba green (Andropogon tectorus), sugarcane baggase(Saccharium officinarum)and plantain stem (Musa paradisiaca). They were subjected to soda pulping and hypochlorite bleaching system. Results obtained show that pulp yield from these materials were: 70.00, 39.59, 55.40, 86.00, 84.60, 80.00, 40.84, 81.67, 35.70, 69.11, 4.54, 47.19, 31.70 and 52.44% respectively. The pulps were acetylated with acetic anhydride in ethanoic acid catalyzed by conc. H2SO4 to obtain cellulose derivatives (Cellulose diacetate and triacetate). The cellulose diacetate yields were 41.20, 17.85, 23.13, 20.80, 20.23, 20.00, 39.00, 44.00, 18.80, 20.75, 20.03, 41.20, 44.00, and 39.00% respectively while the results obtained as average of four determinations for cellulose triacetate yields were: 52.00, 51.00, 43.10, 46.60, 49.00, 35.00, 40.60, 54.00, 57.50, 62.52, 35.70. 52.00, 53.00 and 38.70% respectively for all the agricultural wastes utilized. The presence of these cellulose derivatives was confirmed by a solubility test in acetone and chloroform.

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Potensi Penggunaan Dua Spesies Agave untuk Pembuatan Pulp dan Kertas

JURNAL SELULOSA ◽

10.25269/jsel.v1i01.229 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (01) ◽

pp. 43

Author(s):

Arini Hidayati Jamil ◽

Heronimus Judi Tjahjono ◽

Parnidi Parnidi ◽

Marjani Marjani

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Raw Material ◽

National Standard ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Fiber Morphology ◽

Tensile Index ◽

Tear Index ◽

Agave Sisalana

Potential of Two Agave Species for Pulp and Paper MakingAbstractBoth of Agave sisalana and A. cantala are the most favorite agave species for fiber producer plant in Indonesia. Nevertheless, research study for using fiber of A. sisalana and A. cantala for pulp and paper purpose is hard to find. This study aims to observe the characteristics of A. sisalana and A. cantala fibers as a raw material of pulp including fiber morphology, chemical components, pulp characteristics, optical and physical properties of the handsheets. The observation of all characters was based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The pulping method used both of soda process with 18% active alkali and kraft process with 18% active alkali and 25% sulfidity. The result of the study for the handsheets from A. sisalana and A. cantala fibers shows that the brightness, dirt, and tear index were fulfilled to SNI standard for NBKP while the tensile index and burst index just fulfilled to SNI standard for LBKP. The handsheet of A. sisalana fiber has a higher tear index, tensile index, and burst index than the A. cantala ones. Soda pulping of both agave species resulting higher pulp yield, cellulose polymerization degrees and physical properties than kraft pulping.Keywords : Agave sisalana, A. cantala, characteristics of the fiber, pulp AbstrakAgave sisalana dan A. cantala merupakan dua spesies agave yang paling banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia sebagai tanaman penghasil serat alam. Namun penelitian mengenai fungsi serat A. sisalana dan A. cantala sebagai bahan baku pulp dan kertas masih sulit ditemukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari karakteristik serat A. sisalana dan A. cantala sebagai bahan baku pulp yang meliputi morfologi serat, komposisi komponen kimia, karakeristik pulp, sifat optik dan fisik lembaran pulp yang dihasilkan. Pengamatan seluruh karakter dilakukan berdasarkan Standar Nasional Indonesia. Pemasakan menggunakan metode soda dengan alkali aktif 18% dan kraft dengan alkali aktif 18% dan sulfiditas 25%. Hasil pengamatan pada lembaran pulp yang dihasilkan dari serat A. sisalana dan A. cantala menunjukkan bahwa derajat cerah, noda, dan kekuatan sobek memenuhi Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) Pulp Kraft Putih Kayujarum (NBKP) sementara kekuatan tarik dan kekuatan retak memenuhi SNI Pulp Krat Putih Kayudaun (LBKP). Lembaran pulp A. sisalana memiliki kekuatan sobek, tarik, dan retak lebih tinggi dibanding lembaran pulp A. cantala. Metode pemasakan soda pada serat kedua spesies agave tersebut menghasilkan rendemen pulp, derajat polimerisasi selulosa, dan kekuatan fisik lebih baik dibanding metode kraft.Kata kunci : Agave sisalana, A. cantala, karakteristik serat, pulp

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FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATIONANDEVALUATION OF SUBLINGUAL FILM OF ENALAPRILMALEATE USING 32 FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2021v13i1.39446 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 178-186

Author(s):

SATYAJIT SAHOO ◽

KIRTI MALVIYA ◽

AMI MAKWANA ◽

PRASANTA KUMAR MOHAPATRA ◽

ASITRANJAN SAHU

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Drug Release ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Full Factorial Design ◽

Disintegration Time ◽

Surface Ph ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Folding Endurance ◽

Full Factorial ◽

32 Full Factorial Design

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to formulate, optimize and evaluate sublingual film of Enalapril maleate for rapid management of Hypertension. Methods: Sublingual films were prepared by solvent casting method. Present investigation were formulated by using HPMC E 15 (X1) as polymer and Polyethylene glycol (X2) as plasticizer were chosen as independent variables in 32 full factorial design while Tensile strength (TS), Disintegration time (DT) and % Cumulative drug release at 10 min. (% CDR) were taken as dependent variables. The various physical parameters were evaluated for sublingual films such as thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance, disintegration time, surface pH and % CDR. Results: From the experimental study, it was concluded that the optimized batch F8 showed 98.6 %, the highest release of the drug. Stability study was performed by taking an optimized formulation and it was observed stable. The sublingual films showed acceptable results in all studies such as thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance, disintegration time, surface pH and % CDR at 10 min. R2 values for Tensile Strength (Y1), Disintegration time (Y2) and % cumulative drug release at 10 min. of Enalaprilmaleate(Y3) found to be 0.9852, 0.9829 and 0.9641 respectively. Thus, a good correlation between dependent and independent variables was developed. Conclusion: 32 full factorial design was successfully applied during preparation, optimization and evaluation of sublingual films of Enalapril maleate. The present investigation showed quick disintegration and fast release of the drug for rapid management of Hypertension.

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