scholarly journals Social Stratification on This Earth of Mankind by Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Novel

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-323
Author(s):  
Hesti Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Historical Novel ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pramoedya Ananta Toer ◽  
Native Group

This Earth of Mankind by Pramoedya Ananta Toer is a historical novel about Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. This paper was aimed to find and describe the social stratification in the past that is written in the This Earth Mankind novel. This paper carried out with only one research question: How is social stratification of This Earth Mankind by Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Novel?. This paper was qualitative research, specifically in document analysis. The main source of this paper was This Earth of Mankind, the 9th edition publishes by Hasta Mitra in 2002. The total page of this novel was 405. In addition, secondary sources are also needed such as online information about the writer and previous researcher who has been conducted similar research. This paper found that there were three social classes of society in the Dutch era, the Dutch group with privilege, enjoyed the lavish life, and live comfortably. The Native group with privilege, who was born from regent or governor, they can attend education where Dutch and Indo attended to such as E.L.S and H.B.S and the last, native group without privilege, they had low status in the society. 

scholarly journals Metapragmatic stereotypes about geographical diversity in Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-154
Author(s):  
Dimitris Papazachariou ◽  
Anna Fterniati ◽  
Argiris Archakis ◽  
Vasia Tsami
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
School Location ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Children's Beliefs ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Over the past decades, contemporary sociolinguistics has challenged the existence of fixed and rigid linguistic boundaries, thus focusing on how the speakers themselves define language varieties and how specific linguistic choices end up being perceived as language varieties. In this light, the present paper explores the influence of metapragmatic stereotypes on elementary school pupils’ attitudes towards geographical varieties. Specifically, we investigate children’s beliefs as to the acceptability of geographical varieties and their perception of the overt and covert prestige of geographical varieties and dialectal speakers. Furthermore, we explore the relationship between the children’s specific beliefs and factors such as gender, the social stratification of the school location and the pupils’ performance in language subjects. The data of the study was collected via questionnaires with closed questions. The research findings indicate that the children of our sample associate geographical varieties with rural settings and informal communicative contexts. Moreover, children recognize a lack of overt prestige in geographical variation; at the same time, they evaluate positively the social attractiveness and the personal reliability of the geographical varieties and their speakers. Our research showed that pupils’ beliefs are in line with the dominant metapragmatic stereotypes which promote language homogeneity.

scholarly journals STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DALAM NOVEL BUMI MANUSIA KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER: PENDEKATAN SOSIOLOGI SASTRA [Social Stratification in Bumi Manusia Novel by Pramoedya Ananta Toer: Literature Sociological Approach]

TOTOBUANG ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
Nurul Arpa Lestaluhu ◽  
Falantino Eryk Latupapua
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Sociology Of Literature ◽  
Stratification Theory ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pramoedya Ananta Toer ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Social Level

This paper was the result of a qualitative research used sociology of literature approach.  by descriptive method describing the social stratification in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s. The Data  had descriptively analyzed by literature sociological theory, particularly through Social Stratification Theory. The Social Stratification points to the element of social level  which consists of ascribed status and achieved status. Thus, the result describes the social stratification that occurs in the novel Bumi Manusia as ascribed status and achieved status. Finally, there are several determinants which constructing social stratification. Those factors are: power, marriage, attitude, resistance, struggle, effort or hardwork. Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi sastra melalui penerapan metode deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan stratifikasi sosial yang tampak dalam novel Bumi Manusia karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dengan menggunakan perspektif teori sosiologi sastra, khususnya teori stratifikasi sosial. Stratifikasi sosial menyasar pada unsur kedudukan yang terdiri atas ascribed status (status alamiah) dan achieved status (status yang diusahakan). Sebagai temuan, artikel ini mendeskripsikan stratifikasi sosial yang terjadi dalam novel Bumi Manusia yaitu berupa unsur kedudukan ascribed status (status alamiah) dan achieved status (status yang diusahakan) dan terdapat beberapa determina dalam membentuk stratifikasi sosial  yaitu kekuasaan, pernikahan, sikap, perlawanan, perjuangan, usaha, dan kerja keras.

De sociale achtergrond van de lokale politieke elite in Vlaanderen 1946-1988

Res Publica ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Herwig Reynaert
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Representative System

From the analysis of the social background of the local elected people in Flanders during the period 1946-1988 one can conclude that there are barriers for women, lower social classes and certain age categories preventing them from moving up the local political elite. The democratization process of the Flemish local political elite bas not yet made much progress. It appears from the fact that men are more numerous in political fonctions, that the distribution among the various professional categories strongly deviates from the general social stratification and from the conclusion that certain age categories are clearly dominant. It is however clear that the composition of the elites neverfully reflect society as a whole. On the other hand, the important fact is that the differences cannot be reduced to smaller variances which inevitably go together with any representative system.

scholarly journals Zanikanie granic między klasami społecznymi. O potrzebie poszukiwania alternatywnych segmentacji społecznych

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Paweł Urbaniak
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Class System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Stratification System ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

A description of borderland as a space can be inspiring for an analytical presentation of other social phenomena in which coexisting borderline categories occur. An example is social stratification within which different groups of individuals referred to as layers, castes or classes can be distinguished. Their character is arbitrary, resulting from a concern for the conventional, often not very distinctive interests of some social groups. Since the 19th century, the most widespread stratification system in Western societies has been the class system. However, its analytical value has been fading due to the blurring of boundaries between particular classes. The social classes, on the one hand, are subject to strong internal differentiation and are losing their previous cohesion, and on the other hand, they are becoming similar in many respects. Therefore there is a need to create an alternative and more analytically useful way of categorizing societies in contemporary social sciences. Segmentation based on the category of lifestyle seems valuable, because lifestyle is what, in a particularly important way, differentiates in the social dimension individuals forming contemporary Western societies. At the same time, this category is so capacious and distinctive that it can be analytically useful for representatives of various social sciences. The aim of the paper is, first of all, to present the structural foundation of class systems, secondly, to identify the reasons for the loss of their analytical value, and thirdly, to discuss the scientifically useful segmentation of society relating to different lifestyles.

Effects of Displacement-reinforcement on Facebook, Youtube and Instagram Use: Student and Staff inter-generational differences

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-49
Author(s):  
Chaang-Iuan Ho ◽  
Jui-Yuan Chu
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Generation Gap ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Niche Theory ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Media Platforms

Since the launch of Facebook (FB) in 2006, social media participation has grown rapidly during the past decade. Although FB and YouTube (YT) still occupy the most prominent positions in the social media landscape, Instagram (IG) is rapidly gaining ground, and now has a market share of 35%. It is not uncommon for users to have more than one account. New social media platforms have been developed and gained some popularity, some major concerns have been raised. Displacement–reinforcement effects, such as changes in attitude and loyalty, may appear in relation to both new and old media. In addition, age appears to influence the platform usage and preference. These matters led us to our research question: Is the Internet generation more likely than other generations to switch from FB to YT or IG? Keywords: Social media choice, generation gap, niche theory

scholarly journals System justification among the disadvantaged: A triadic social stratification perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Caricati ◽  
Chuma Kevin Owuamalam
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
System Justification ◽  
Stratification Theory ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
System P ◽  
The Social ◽  
Identity Model ◽  
Dyadic Systems

For the past 25 years, the field of social and political psychology has embraced the idea that humans possess a special system justification motivation which causes even members of disadvantaged groups to support societal systems that ostensibly operate against their personal and group interests. Recently, this system justification motive explanation has been challenged, based on mounting empirical evidence to the contrary. However, the potential demise of this dominant perspective invites explanations for the system justification phenomenon, especially amongst the disadvantaged. Existing interest-based accounts, such as the social identity model of system attitudes have tried to fill this gap, but have generally focused on system rationalisation processes within dyadic systems that pitch disadvantaged groups against their privileged counterparts alone. The current contribution extends the existing interest-based accounts by explaining system justification effects in multi-stratified social systems. Based on the triadic social stratification theory, we propose that system justification among the disadvantaged may result from favourable inter-status comparisons within a multi-stratified social system.

scholarly journals Social Changes and the Generational Differences in the Formation of Collective Memories (Dissertation, 2012)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Vuckovic Juros
Keyword(s):  
Generational Differences ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Collective Memories ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Two Generations

The present study examined how collective memories on a recent difficult past were formed among young people coming of age in a society transitioning from a totalitarian regime through an authoritarian state to a nascent democratic society. I used textual analysis to examine the presentations of the communist Yugoslavia institutionalized in the Croatian history textbooks and newspapers in 1991-2007, and I compared them to the accounts of the Yugoslav past among the Croatian transitional (born 1978-81) and post-communist generation (born 1989-91). These two generations were distinct in their childhood and formative years’ experiences of Yugoslavia and post-Yugoslav Croatia, but both depended on secondary sources such as parents, school and the media for their evaluations of the Yugoslav period. The present study found that the textbook and newspaper presentations, primarily shaped by the 1990s nation-building elites, mainly portrayed Yugoslavia in negative political, economic and ethnic terms. However, findings from 72 in-depth interviews with the two young Croatian generations suggested that the influence of the dominant negative re-evaluations was limited, particularly among the vocationally educated individuals who were least exposed to the institutionalized presentations of the Yugoslav past. In contrast, the young Croats, independently of their differences, generally dominantly evaluated Yugoslavia in positive social terms, which was a perspective obtained from their parents and older people recounting their good lives in Yugoslavia. This perspective was appropriated not only because its sources were emotionally available and credible, but also because the social lens on Yugoslavia helped the young Croats make sense of their lives in the social insecurities of the contemporary Croatian society. Therefore, the present study showed how different beliefs on the Yugoslav past, available from different sources, were appropriated and used by the young Croats. I also proposed Interactional Model of Collective Memories Formation, which elaborated how the influences on the beliefs of the past were formed at the macro, micro and the level of social interaction. Finally, this study also illuminated how active actors reinterpreted the presentations of the past, thus demonstrating how individuals can use culture in diverse and adept ways.

scholarly journals A New Class in a Transforming Society. [Rev.] Toshchenko Zh.T. Prekariat: ot protoklassa k novomu klassu. Monografija. [Prekariat: From protoclass to a New Class. Monograph.] Moscow: Nauka publ., 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Vozmitel
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
New Approach ◽  
New Class ◽  
The Social

The author of the reviewed monograph argues that social classes have not disappeared, but rather they have acquired new qualities and parameters. Thus J.T. Toschenko shows the need for a new approach towards analyzing social stratification. This analysis should be based not on “income, education and social status, but it should include such new factors as guaranteed sustained employment, the availability of social protection, preserving professional identity, participating in governance and confidence in the future”. The group of people who are deprived of any social achievements is going to keep growing. The author uses the term “the precariat” for those persons who lack any legal guarantees or legal protection of their basic needs. The precariat is characterised by multiple deprivation, which has never been observed on this scale before. The monograph aims at highlighting the main reasons for the emergence of this “protoclass”. The main reason being the turbulence, the inconsistency and the distortion of social processes, which lead to a traumatized society, it being a result of long-term degradation and the social system withering away.

Toward discourse involution within China’s Internet: Class, voice, and social media

2020 ◽  
pp. 146144482096675
Author(s):  
Ping Sun ◽  
Guoning Zhao ◽  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Xiaoting Li ◽  
Yunze Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Online Discussion ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Discursive Power

Despite scholarly concern regarding the online discussion in China’s cyberspace, research tracing the trends in discourse expression on social media remains scant. Revolving around the concept of discursive power, this study explicates how the voices of different social classes have been represented and expressed in social media during the past decade. Employing longitudinal content analysis on class-based voice in 2009 ( n = 1374) and 2018 ( n = 25,330), the results demonstrate that online discussion in China’s social media has displayed a trend for “discourse involution,” where the increasing appropriation of the Internet among different social classes results in a continued divide of the discursive power in cyberspace. We argue that this discourse involution is achieved through the asymmetry of discursive expression, centralization of voice representation, and polarization in the emotional expression online. The study contributes to the current debate on the social effects of online discussions using a discursive and class-based approach.

Rediscovering Inequality and Class Analysis in Post-1989 Slovakia

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 588-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Fabo
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media ◽  
Radical Transformation

The onset of the Velvet Revolution in 1989 led to a radical transformation of the social structure and new types of economic inequalities in Slovakia, but the media, academia, and civil society initially rejected any talk of these developments in terms of class, seeing the topic as potentially toxic to democracy. There was a tendency to veer away from the study of new social stratification toward research on postmaterialist topics such as environmental protection, civil rights, and alternative subcultures. Those social scientists who did study the changing social structure mostly analyzed statistical data without linking this to a broader theoretical framework. Social classes came to be discussed in gradational rather than relational terms, without discussion of how one group’s new privileges comes at the expense of others. In the early 2000s, radical neoliberal thinking became prominent, leading to the pervasive presentation of the poor and working poor as themselves responsible for their own fate. A backlash against that led to the triumph of the SMER party in 2006, which allowed topics such as poverty and social justice to return to everyday political discourse, and in this sense allowed for the return of class into politics. A younger generation of Slovak social scientists now regularly criticize the cult of the market and argue for an alternative political economy, though ongoing neoliberal hegemony in public discourse continues to make it hard for these new voices to be heard.

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