scholarly journals The Biswa Ijtema

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Björkman
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The Core ◽  
Local Newspapers

The Tablighi Jama‘at has not, until recently, been the focus of much research, despite its almost 80-year history.This article examines material about the Tablighi Jama‘at in Bangladesh and the Biswa Ijtema in particular. The material consists of academic literature and articles in local newspapers. Tablighi Jama‘at was founded by Mawlana Ilyas in Mewat as a reaction against the decline of Muslim political power in India and the increasing British influence on the subcontinent.The Biswa Ijtema is the annual congregation of the Tablighi Jama‘at, held in the district of Tongi, just outside Dhaka in Bangladesh. The term Biswa Ijtema (or Viswa/Bishwa Ijtema) translates as ‘world congregation’. The Biswa Ijtema works very much as the core of the Tablighi missionary work. Devotees come here to strengthen their faith, and when they leave, go out to spread the message.

scholarly journals THE FUNCTION OF INFORMAL GUANXI CIRCLE IN ANCIENT CHINA POLITICAL STRUCTURE

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Ruihui Han
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
Previous Researcher ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Common

Guanxi circle play a critical role in ancient China politics. Based on guanxi, two kinds of guanxi groups formed: formal guanxi circle and informal guanxi circle. The former refers to the group centered the emperor; the latter refers to the groups with the powerful and charismatic figures as the core, except for the emperor. In order to consolidate the political power, the emperors in different periods would try to prevent the informal guanxi circle in political structure. Besides, various scriptures also denounce the informal guanxi circle, deeming such circle as harmful. The judgement of informal guanxi circle appeals to research, as there is no previous researcher has address such problems. This study set out to examine whether the informal guanxi circle is harmful to the whole political structure. Results show that the informal guanxi circle, in the antecedent of satisfactory communication, can be extremely meaningful to the whole political structure. This study implies that the fact of informal guanxi circle is on the contrary of the common sense derived from the scriptures and the superficial ancient political activities, such as the emperor’s order to prevent the informal guanxi circle. The findings can contribute a better understanding of the ancient informal guanxi circle in ancient political structure in China.

scholarly journals Conflicting Visions of the Jesuit Missions to the Ottoman Empire, 1609–1628

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adina Ruiu
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The Core ◽  
Jesuit Missions ◽  
Temporary Suspension ◽  
Greek Orthodox Church ◽  
Jesuit Missionaries ◽  
Jesuit Mission

Beginning in 1609, as a result of the Capitulations concluded between France and the Ottoman Empire, the French Jesuits launched their missionary work in Istanbul. Protected by the French ambassador, the French Jesuits defined themselves as both French subjects and Catholic missionaries, thus experiencing in a new and complicated geopolitical context the tensions that were at the core of their order’s identity in France, as elsewhere in Europe. The intricate story of the French Jesuit mission to the Ottoman Empire is here considered through two snapshots. One focuses on the foundational period of the mission in Istanbul, roughly from 1609 to 1615. A second one deals with the temporary suspension of the Jesuits’ mission in Istanbul in 1628. These two episodes illustrate multilayered and lasting tensions between the French and the Venetians, between the hierarchy of the Greek Orthodox Church and Western missionaries, and between missionaries belonging to different Catholic orders, between the Roman church’s centralism and state-funded religious initiatives. Based on missionary and diplomatic correspondence, the article is an attempt to reconstitute the way in which multiple allegiances provided expedient tools for individual Jesuit missionaries to navigate conflicts and to assert their own understanding of their missionary vocation.

scholarly journals Humans Judged by Machines: The Rise of Artificial Intelligence in Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
Frank Pasquale
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
Office Procedures ◽  
Financial Technology

AbstractThere are opportunities but also worrisome trends as AI is applied in finance, insurance, and real estate. In these domains, persons are increasingly assessed and judged by machines. The financial technology (Fintech) landscape ranges from automation of office procedures, to new approaches for storing and transferring value, to the granting of credit. The Fintech landscape can be separated into “incrementalist Fintech” and “futurist Fintech.” Incrementalist Fintech uses data, algorithms, and software to complement professionals who perform traditional tasks of existing financial institutions. It promises financial inclusion, but this inclusion can be predatory, creepy, and subordinating. These forms of financial inclusion undermine their solvency, dignity, and political power of borrowers. Futurist Fintech’s promoters claim to be more equitable, but are likely to falter in their aspiration to substitute technology for key financial institutions. When used to circumvent or co-opt state monetary authorities, both incrementalist and futurist Fintech expose deep problems at the core of the contemporary digitization of finance.

scholarly journals What is organizational inequality? Why is it increasing as macroeconomic inequality increases?

2020 ◽  
pp. 030981682095979
Author(s):  
Andrea Bernardi ◽  
Pasquale Tridico
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Willingness To Accept ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Relationship

Inequality has been increasing for decades in both rich and developing countries and the academic literature addressing it struggles to provide explanations, let alone solutions. This article is concerned with a relatively underexplored area, the relationship between macro-level inequality and organizational inequality. The core focus of the article is the recognition that the two phenomena are closely bound up one with the other. This is made possible by adopting Rousseau’s notion of inequality as hierarchy and willingness to accept subordination to authority and disparity of treatment. In doing so, we highlight similarities and dissimilarities between Rousseau and Marx. Inequality remains an issue of hierarchy at both the macro and organizational levels. As it was for Rousseau, so it is today but it is much more layered than in Rousseau’s day: inequality in society is the accepted degree of hierarchy among its members, inequality in the economy and at work is the extent to which, accepted or not, there is an imbalance of power, financial resources, remuneration of work and access to opportunities and services. The increase in inequality is due to a radical change in the socio-economic model of advanced economies. This change involves a shift towards financialization, a pressure on labour through flexibility, the decline of trade unions’ power and the retrenchment of public social spending.

A future for the theory of multiple modernities: Insights from the new modernization theory

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsje Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Modernization Theory ◽  
Analysis Problem ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Multiple Modernities ◽  
The Core ◽  
Historical Circumstance ◽  
Selective Incorporation ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Empirical Methodology

Resume In recent years, the concept of multiple modernities has emerged to challenge the perceived Eurocentrism and unilinearity of traditional theories of convergence, and has led to renewed efforts to appreciate differing trajectories of contemporary political and social development. Its exponents’ key argument – that forms of modernity are so varied and contingent on culture and historical circumstance that the term itself must be spoken of in the plural – is particularly pertinent in an era where a preoccupation with modernity in societies around the world has not lately been adequately reflected in the academic literature. This article reviews the main principles of this approach, synthesizes its evolution and analyzes its strengths and shortcomings. The article finds that the notion of multiple modernities has been useful in widening the scope of study, and that it focuses on important questions that its rivals have not yet addressed. However, three challenges continue to pose problems for the theory: it has been reluctant to engage with the complexities and evolution of the modernization theory it critiques; it has not consistently delineated and defined its major unit of analysis; and it has not yet identified the ‘core’ of modernity itself in a way that allows for ideas, movements or societies to fall outside its remit. Although theorists have begun to address the unit of analysis problem by incorporating political dynamics into the study of civilizational difference, the selective incorporation of the empirical methodology and findings of Inglehart & Welzel’s value-based, path-dependent approach offers another means by which multiple modernities theory can overcome the challenges identified.

scholarly journals Ekumenisiteit as ’n Skrifgefundeerde raamwerk vir kerklike eenheid – ook op die gebied van sendingwerk

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Smit
Keyword(s):  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Church Of Christ ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
Reformed Tradition ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The Core ◽  
History Of ◽  
Core Characteristics ◽  
The Church

Ecumenicism as a Scripturally-founded framework for ecclesiastical unity – also in missionary work In this article the foundations of a Scripturally-based ecumenicism utilised as a framework within which the dilemma of church division, also in missionary work, can be approached are investigated. The article identifies these foundations as the attributa ecclesiae (the core characteristics of the church), namely unity, catholicity, apostolicity and holiness. The conclusion arrived at is that the purpose of ecumenicism is the unity of the church, because of the catholicity of the church, based on the apostolicity of the church and aimed at the holiness of the church. Within this framework, missionary work should rather focus on cooperation than on emphasising ecclesiastical differences. The concluding issue concerns the boundaries of ecclesiastical cooperation, also in missionary work. Is it possible that different churches within the Reformed tradition can cooperate in missionary fields? Is it furthermore possible that the boundaries can be extended to encompass more than the approach of the Reformed tradition? In which way can churches from the Reformed tradition also cooperate with, for instance, churches from the Lutheran tradition, or with churches from the charismatic or even Roman Catholic traditions? The conclusions arrived at point to the notae ecclesiae (the core marks of the church) as the widest boundary for ecclesiastical cooperation. This approach accommodates the diversity of culture and ethos within the boundaries of the core marks of the church which determine what the church should be like in order to be church of the Lord. In the currently rising ecumenical phase of the history of Christianity the emphasis will increasingly fall on unifying rather than on dividing aspects of the church. The conclusion indicates that the unity of the church, also in missionary work, can only be attained and maintained within the framework of the core characteristics of the church (the attributa ecclesiae) – and that ecumenicism is no longer possible if a church is not recognisable as church of Christ and does not function within the core marks set for the church (the notae ecclesiae).

scholarly journals Urban Uprisings: The Troubled Relationship Between Citizens and Police in France, the UK, and the USA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luuk Slooter
Keyword(s):  
Collective Violence ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
The West ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Political Perspective ◽  
Political Protests ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Violent outbursts in Paris (2005), London (2011), and Ferguson (2014) illustrate the problematic and disturbing relationship between citizens and police in the ‘West’. While these episodes are often portrayed as ‘apolitical’ and ‘criminal’ in media and political debates, they are in the academic literature predominantly seen as (unarticulated) forms of political protests against structural inequalities. Building on this political perspective, I will first argue that the interplay between structural, police, and ‘private’ violence is at the core of these urban uprisings. Subsequently, I will identify four common factors that contributed to the onset and legitimization of collective violence in Paris, London, and Ferguson: an emotive and symbolically significant incident, often with a young inhabitant of a marginalized neighbourhood as protagonist; police involvement; unclarity and pre-violence rumours; and pre-existing us-them divides. In the conclusion, I will emphasize the importance and need of a systemic approach towards police reform.

scholarly journals Digital economy – a bibliometric addition to understanding an “undefined” domain of the economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-488
Author(s):  
Žarko Kruljac
Keyword(s):  
Digital Economy ◽  
Keyword Analysis ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Scopus Database ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Advanced Robotics ◽  
Number Of Authors

Purpose: The definition of the digital economy changes depending on the time period the definition comes from and the prevailing technology of that period, from the Internet to advanced robotics or artificial intelligence. The purpose of this paper is to identify the core terms, give a definition of the digital economy, identify the most influential journals, authors and documents that deal with the topic and provide an overview of the development of academic literature over the years. Methodology: 293 documents related to the term “digital economy” were retrieved from the Scopus database. By using citation, co-citation, bibliographic coupling analysis and co-occurrence of the keywords, this paper identifies a list of the most influential journals, authors and documents in the field of digital economy. The analysis was conducted by using the VOSviewer tool. An in-depth analysis of the documents was used to prepare an overview of the definitions of the digital economy. Results: The research proves inconsistency of the definition and context of the digital economy as well as a significant impact of a small number of authors and journals in the area under study. Keyword analysis shows that the term digital economy is related not to macroeconomic terms but to more specific industrial terms. Conclusion: Guidelines are provided for future scientific research to fill the gaps in the definition and scope of the digital economy.

scholarly journals Az 1868-as nemzetiségi törvény és a politikai nemzet koncepciójának utólagos értékelése

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-106
Author(s):  
Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth ◽  
Anna Gera
Keyword(s):  
Political Community ◽  
The Political ◽  
International Literature ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Core ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The Status ◽  
Post Assessment ◽  
Point Of Reference

In our study, we attempt to provide a broad picture about the views of those authors who assessed the nationality concept of Ferenc Deák and József Eötvös, and through this analysis we would clarify how diverse approaches of the same issue might exist within the academic literature. We rely on the main relevant sources drafted under different political regimes: from the dualist period, Béla Grünwald, Lajos Mocsáry, and Oszkár Jászi are highlighted; from the era between the two world wars, Gyula Szekfű, Imre Mikó, and Kálmán Molnár will be cited; while the communist approach would be represented by Erzsébet Fazekas and Gábor Kemény G. Apart from the most influential Hungarian scholars, some authors from the neighbouring countries and the mainstream contemporary international literature on the status of national minorities will be also referred to. The core of our research is not the evaluation of the 1868 Act on nationalities or its application itself but the ex-post assessment of the political nation concept provided by Deák and Eötvös, which was a point of reference for the whole contemporary Hungarian political community and which also determined the logic of the 1868 Act on nationalities.

Uncovering the French-speaking jihadisphere: An exploratory analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Ducol
Keyword(s):  
Online Community ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Virtual Links ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Personal Media

Terrorist groups have exploited the internet and other information technologies to advance their strategies since the mid-1990s. Violent jihadi groups are no exception. They have located the internet at the core of their media strategies, which has given birth to a vibrant global jihadisphere: an online community of militants and sympathizers united by their common adherence to a global Salafi jihadi ideology. Not only do jihadi groups devote increasing energy to attempting to connect with global audiences, but jihadi sympathizers from all around the world are more involved than ever in widening the spread of jihadi online content through para-personal media. The expanding use of non-Arabic languages such as French, English, German, Russian and Dutch by jihadi groups and ideologues has not yet been adequately examined in the academic literature. This article represents a preliminary effort at delineating the nature of the French-speaking jihadisphere, including discussion of the major websites and forums composing it, the real and virtual links between these, and how forum users originally learned of the forums’ existence.

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