EFFICIENCY OF HERBICIDES APPLICATION AFTER SPROUTS OF THE MAIZE CORN SOWING

1970 ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
V. Z. Venevtsev ◽  
M. N. Zaharova ◽  
L. V. Rozhkova
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Leached Chernozem ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Average Loss ◽  
Stable Yield

In Ryazan region edaphoclimatic conditions allow to obtain stable yield of corn more than 19841,6 pounds of grain per hectare. Investigators consider that increasing of corn yield by 50% depends on availability of plant food compounds and pest, disease and weeds protection, by 25% from soil tillage quality and by 25% from varietal features of cultivated crop and hybrids. Weeds in the wide-row planting during the active vegetation period compete with crop for nutrients and moisture reserve in the soil. As a result of the institute multi-year research the average loss of corn yield from weeds without protection measurements is 30-50 %. The results of two-year field tests on the study of the herbicide usage effectiveness after corn germination are presented, to reduce the weed infestation of sowing and increase yields. The researches were carried out in the OOO “Svet”, Ryazhskiy district, Ryazan region. The soil is leached chernozem, the content of the humus is 5.2%, potassium and phosphorus- average, pH-6.0. The area of cultivated plot is 10.0 ha, control plot –0.2 ha, record plot – 107.64 sq. ft, number of replication – 4. The corn variety is Klarissa, sowing rate is 55.12 pounds per hectare, forecrop is winter wheat. Agricultural practices in the experience is application of 220.46 nitrophoska pound per hectare, 440.93 pounds per hectare of the ammonia nitrate, harrowing of the autumn plowing, cultivation, seeding with precision seeder. For weed protection of the corn seedlings in 2016 was applied herbicides tank mixture; Egida-48%, VDG (AVG – 0193)– 0.55 pound/ha + Dublon – 4%, SK – 0.26 gal/ha and  factory product Elyumis – 10.5%, MD – 1.32 hal/hа, in 2017 – Egida tank mixture, VDG – 0.44 pound/ha + Dublon, SK – 0.26hal/ha and Elyumis, MD – 0.26 hal/ha. It was found that the studied herbicides effectively reduced the weed infestation of crops and increased the yield of grain maize by 7936.64-12786.8 pound / ha.

WEED INFESTATION OF WINTER TRITICALE, DEPENDING ON AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES OF CULTIVATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Шашкаров ◽  
Leonid Shashkarov ◽  
Кузнецов ◽  
Leonid Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Humus Content ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Mobile Phosphorus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Salt Extract

The investigations were carried out in 2014-2015, on a light gray forest heavy loamy soil. The humus content in the arable layer was 5.9%. The mobile phosphorus was 162 and exchangeable potassium was 172 mg per kilogram, respectively, pH of salt extract was 5.6. The total area of the plot was 200 m2, the discount area - 150 m2. Replication - fourfold, placing of plots was successive. Experience scheme: Factor A - preplant soil tillage: 1. Cultivation - 10-12 cm. 2. Milling – 10-12 cm. Factor B – fertilizers: 1. Without fertilizers (control). 2. Fertilizers, aimed to 4.0 tons per hectare (N120P75K90). The following varieties were used as the object of the study: Kornet, Kristal and Nemchinovskaya 56. The norms of fertilizers is calculated by the balance method, based on their removal from the crop and in the soil. The options, treated with a cultivator, were the most clogged. There are no significant difference among tested varieties of Kornet, Nemchinovskaya 56 and Kristal, but Nemchinovskaya 56 was the most clogged - 36 units per square meter, and less weedy was Cornet. When milling , the most clogged was Nemchinovskaya 56 variety - 30 units per square meter. In the way of without fertilization (control), Kristal variety was the most clogged - 21 units per square meter. The weed infestation of winter triticale at the beginning of growing season of Kristal variety was more to 21.3%, Nemchinovskaya 56 variety to 17% and Kristal to 21.6% more, than in milling. At the end of the growing season of winter triticale during cultivation the weeds increased by 71% and 74%. The same pattern was preserved debris perennial weeds early in the growing season 2.4-4.2 units per square meter, at the end of the growing season 4.6-4.7 units per square meter. The most clogged varieties were Nemchinovskaya 56 – 2.8-4.6 units per square meter and Kristal 2.7-4.7 units per square meter.

scholarly journals Weed infestation of soft spring wheat crops depending on the soil tillage system

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
A. L. Pakul ◽  
N. A. Lapshinov ◽  
V. N. Pakul ◽  
G. V. Bozhanova
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
System Control ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
The Impact

The paper presents the results of the study on the influence of various tillage systems on the weed infestation of soft spring wheat of the Siberian Alliance variety. The study was carried out in a long-term stationary experiment (20152019) preceded by bare and green-manured fallow (rapeseed, melilot) in Kemerovo region. The soil of the experimental plot is classified as leached, medium-textured, medium-humus, heavy-loam chernozem. The following soil tillage systems were studied: deep moldboard, deep combined, minimum combined and minimum moldboard. Weather conditions during the research period were varied. Insufficient water supply during the first vegetation period of soft spring wheat (seedlings – leaf-tube formation) was noted in 2015-2017, with HTC (hydrothermal coefficient) being from 0.37 to 0.56. Excessive water content was observed in 2018 (HTC = 2.41) and moderate hydration – in 2019 (HTC = 1.12). Weed infestation was different in the conditions of each year. The impact of the soil tillage system on the number of weeds during the growing season of common spring wheat accounted for 21.6-90.4%, and their share in the total aboveground mass of the phytocenosis was 39.9-68.3%. The segetal flora in soft spring wheat crops is represented by monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species with all the studied tillage systems. The highest density of weed vegetation during the tillering phase of soft spring wheat was recorded with deep moldboard soil tillage system (control). A reduction in weed infestation by 2.3 times compared to the control was noted with minimum moldboard soil tillage system preceded by bare fallow, 1.6 times – preceded by green-manured fallow with rapeseed, and 1.7 times – preceded by green-manured fallow with melilot. The same trend was observed in the proportion of weeds in the total aboveground mass of the phytocenosis during the wax ripeness phase of soft spring wheat with deep moldboard tillage system (4.3%), deep combined (3.9), minimum combined (4.1), minimum moldboard (2.6%).

CORN YIELD DEPENDENCE ON THE BASIC TILLAGE

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-48
Author(s):  
V. N Pavlenko ◽  
D. А. Yushkin ◽  
V. I. Pavlenko
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Alternative Techniques ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Properties Of Soil

Main tillage is a common part of the crop production technology that causes substantial changes of the surface structure of soils and affects its various physical, chemical and biological properties. It can be done with a diverse set of methods and techniques understood as an action of tillage implements on a soil by dint of active parts having various modifications that alter tillage composition of soil significantly. The role of mechanical soil treatment in the modern agriculture has been changing dramatically. Widespread introduction of alternative techniques (such as plowless, minimal and soil-protective tillage) in the production necessitated the clarification of significance of the moldboard plowing in alteration of structural and aggregate properties of soil in various physical geographical zones. Based on our experimental data the plowless soil tillage retains more nutrients than that of the disk harrowing. In particular, nitrogen content of the soil is 42.6 % higher, while with chisel plowing the difference is 41.2 %. It can be derived from analyzing these data that preservation of soil fertility and its structure requires that more attention is paid to the plowless tillage, and in case of weed infestation it should be supplemented with the chisel tillage to a depth of 0.45 … 0.5 m which improves structure and water-air climate of the soil, and on average increases yields by 18-24 %.

Dynamics of CO2 emission from chernozems under agricultural use

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
M. Miroshnychenko ◽  
O. Siabruk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Warm Period ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Organic Mineral ◽  
Mineral System

Aim. The comparison of the effect of hydrothermal conditions and various agricultural practices on the emission of CO 2 from chernozems in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The dynamics of the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions from chernozem calcic (typical chernozem – in Ukrainian classifi cation) was studied during the growing season of 2011–2012. The observations were based on two fi eld experiments with various methods of soil till- age (6–7 years from the beginning of the experiment) and fertilization systems (21–22 years from the beginning of the experiment). Particularly, plowing at 20–22 cm, disking at 10–12 cm, cultivation at 6–8 cm and direct seeding using Great Plains drill were studied among the soil tillage methods. Mineral system (N 45 P 50 K 45 ), organic system (manure 8 t/ha) and combined organic-mineral system (manure 8 t/ha + N 45 P 50 K 45 ) were studied among fertilization systems. The intensity of CO 2 fl ux was determined using the non-stationary respiratory chambers by the alkaline absorption method, with averaging of the results during the day and the frequency of once a month. Results. During the warm period, the emission of carbon dioxide from the soil changes dynamically depending on temperature and humidity. The maximum of emission coincides with the periods of warm summer showers in June-July, the minimum values are characteristic for the late autumn period. The total emission losses of carbon in chernozems over the vegetation period ranged from 480 to 910 kg/ha and varied depending on the methods of tillage ± (4.0–6.0) % and fertilization systems ± (3.8–7.1) %. The changes in the intensity of CO 2 emission from the soil under different methods of soil tillage are associated with hydrothermal regime and the depth of crop residues location. The biggest difference is observed im- mediately after tillage, but in the spring period the differences are only 12–25 %, and after drying of the top layer of soil become even less. Direct seeding technology provides the greatest emission of CO 2 from chernozem, which is fa- cilitated by better water regime and more complete mineralization of plant residues on the soil surface. Annual losses of carbon are the least under disking of soil at 10–12 cm. The changes in the intensity of CO 2 emission from the soil under different fertilization systems are associated with the involvement of the additional organic matter from plant residues and manure to the microbiological decomposition. The greatest emission was observed under the organic- mineral fertilization system, which increased the loss of carbon by 7–8 % in comparison with the mineral system in the unfavorable hydrothermal year and by 11–15 % in the more favorable year. These differences are observed mainly during the fi rst half of the growing season when there is a clear tendency to increase the intensity of soil respiration. Conclusions. The hydrothermal conditions of the warm period of the year are decisive in the formation of the CO 2 emission fl ow from chernozems. Due to the improvement of agricultural practices, emissions might be reduced but not more that by 15 % of natural factor contribution.

scholarly journals Conventional and Conservation Seedbed Preparation Systems for Wheat Planting in Silty-Clay Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6506
Author(s):  
Roberto Fanigliulo ◽  
Daniele Pochi ◽  
Pieranna Servadio
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Conventional seedbed preparation is based on deep ploughing followed by lighter and finer secondary tillage of the superficial layer, normally performed by machines powered by the tractor’s Power Take-Off (PTO), which prepares the seedbed in a single pass. Conservation methods are based on a wide range of interventions, such as minimum or no-tillage, by means of machines with passive action working tools which require two or more passes The aim of this study was to assess both the power-energy requirements of conventional (power harrows and rotary tillers with different working width) and conservation implements (disks harrow and combined cultivator) and the soil tillage quality parameters, with reference to the capability of preparing an optimal seedbed for wheat planting. Field tests were carried out on flat, silty-clay soil, using instrumented tractors. The test results showed significant differences among the operative performances of the two typologies of machines powered by the tractor’s PTO: the fuel consumption, the power and the energy requirements of the rotary tillers are strongly higher than power harrows. However, the results also showed a decrease of these parameters proceeding from conventional to more conservation tillage implements. The better quality of seedbed was provided by the rotary tillers.

scholarly journals Influence of weather conditions during the pre-vegetation period on productivity and yield qualities of soft spring wheat seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-446
Author(s):  
O. S. Amunova
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Yield Structure ◽  
Seminal Roots

Eleven genotypes of soft spring wheat were studied in a series of field and laboratory experiments in 2014 - 2018. The laboratory test included accounting for seed germination and assessing the physiological parameters of seedlings (number of seminal roots, dry matter mass of roots and shoots and their ratio (RSR index)). The field tests included phenological observa-tions, assessment of genotypes by productivity and average yield. The average yield of wheat during the years of study was 1.93-4.92 t/ha and depended on weather conditions during the period of grain formation. The trait “1000-grain mass” was formed under the influence of the genotype (68.1%), the portion of influence of weather conditions was 11.8%. It has been established that the duration of the reproductive period of soft spring wheat in the Kirov region should be at least 40 days. Reducing the duration of the reproductive period leads to a decrease in seed germination capacity. Seeds the formation and development of which took place at the optimum temperature of 16 ºС, by germination spent the most part of seed reserve substances for the development of the aboveground part of the plant (RSR index = 0.70). Under these conditions, the varieties with a lower root index were characterized by high values of the elements of yield structure. At the increased average daily air temperature (by 2-4 oC), seeds that could germinate with a significantly higher number of seminal roots (6.6-9.0%) developed on the maternal plants. During the germination of such seeds, the plastic substances distributed evenly between the shoots and seminal roots (RSR index = 0.94-0.98). The increased influx of assimilates to root system of seedlings could be explained by the fact that the process of seed formation on the maternal plants took place under conditions close to stressful and the adapted seeds spent more reserve substances for root development.

scholarly journals Influence of basic soil tillage methods on fresh yield and quality of winter rape cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-342
Author(s):  
Anvar Sh. Gadzhikurbanov
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Winter Rape ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
The Republic

The development of rational system of basic soil tillage results in formation of sufficiently high crop yields. A two-factor field experiment was carried out to address these issues when cultivating winter rape cultivars on light chestnut soils of the Primorsko-Caspian sub-province of the Republic of Dagestan. VEM (standard), Elvis and Meteor winter rape cultivars were studied in the experiment. The following methods of soil tillage were studied: real tillage (control), subsoil tillage. The research revealed that there was no significant difference in agrophysical indicators between the soil cultivation variants. Data on weed infestation of winter rape fields showed that the number of weeds and their weight increased significantly after subsoil tillage. At the budding stage, the number of weeds increased 2.1-fold compared to the control (real tillage), and the weight of weeds increased 1.88-fold. During flowering stage, these indicators were 2.2 times higher. The maximum yield in all variants of the experiment was formed by Elvis cultivar - 44.9 and 41.4 t/ha, respectively, which is more than VEM (standard) and Meteor cultivars by 20.4 t/ha (7.9 %) and 20.0 t/ha (8.7 %), respectively. The yield of Meteor cultivar in these variants was also high and amounted to 41.6 and 38.1 t/ha, respectively, which was higher by 11.5 and 10.4 % compared with the standard. The greatest increase in the fresh yield was provided by real tillage. On average, the yield increased by 8.7 % for varieties in comparison with subsoil cultivation. Elvis cultivar formed the best quality indicators, followed by Meteor cultivar.

scholarly journals Continuous low-maintenance CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O measurements at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) in Central Siberia

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1399-1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Winderlich ◽  
H. Chen ◽  
A. Höfer ◽  
C. Gerbig ◽  
T. Seifert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Central Siberia ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Air Sample ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Tall Tower

Abstract. The Zotino Tall Tower Observatory in Central Siberia (ZOTTO, 60°48' N, 89°21' E) is an excellent location to monitor the continental carbon cycle. Since April 2009, a fully automated low maintenance measurement system based on a cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) analyzer is installed at the site to measure continuously carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from six heights up to 301 m a.g.l. Buffer volumes in each air line remove short term CO2 and CH4 mixing ratio fluctuations associated with turbulence, and allow continuous, near-concurrent measurements from all six tower levels. Instead of drying the air sample, the simultaneously measured water vapor is used to correct the dilution and pressure-broadening effects for the accurate determination of dry air CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios. The stability of the water vapor correction was demonstrated by repeated laboratory and field tests. The effect of molecular adsorption in the wet air lines was shown to be negligible. The low consumption of four calibration tanks that need recalibration only on decadal timescale further reduces maintenance. The measurement precision (accuracy) of 0.04 ppm (0.09 ppm) for CO2 and 0.3 ppb (1.5 ppb) for CH4 is compliant with the WMO recommendations. The data collected during the 2009 vegetation period reveals a seasonal cycle amplitude of 26.4 ppm at the 301 m level.

scholarly journals Influence of Different soil Management Effects on Chemical Parameters and Soil Enzyme Activities in a Long-Time Viticultural Trial. Part I: The Lanes

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Klaus Schaller
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
System Control ◽  
Environmental Sound ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Stable Yield

Soil tillage and management concepts are basic operations in viticulture because with both interventions the viticultural ecosystem can shift to a stable and sustainable production system or in worst case will partly loose its productivity and getting harmful for surrounding environments. Modern viticulture should therefor focus on stable yield and qualities but also on soil quality and environmental sound production systems.In a longterm test 5 different tillage system (control, permanent grass sod, marginal sod, extensive and intensive shallow tillage) were investigated. In the grassed plots it could be demonstrated that the macronutrients P, K, and Mg changed their availability: inorganic P was reduced, K and Mg got in a new balance, favoring a better nutritional status of grapevines. Micronutrients availability was increased esp. Fe and Mn, which is essential on calcareous production sites. Plots with permanent grass cover showed an significant increase in total C. During the test period of 20 years permanent grass stored in an average ≈3.3 t CO2 x ha-1 x a-1. Neither the control plot nor the tilled ones could significantly increase the soils’ C stock.Biological activity was determined with enzyme assays. Glucosidases are significantly higher in grassed plots and extensive tilling; same is true for phosphatases. Urease is also highest in grassed plots and extensive tilling. A strong and significant stratification with soil depth could be demonstrated for all analyzed parameters.

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