scholarly journals Prion infections of animals: safety of food and medicinal raw materials of animal origin. Up-to-date data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Nadtochey ◽  
S.W. Vangeli
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cellular Prion Protein ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Sheep Scrapie

Prion infections of humans and animals are absolutely fatal. The cellular prion protein retains its antigenicity during the transition to the prion isoform; therefore, animals affected by prions do not respond to them with defensive reactions in the form of inflammation and the production of antibodies, which makes it difficult to diagnose the disease in vivo. In affected animals, prions accumulate in the nervous, lymphoreticular and muscle tissues and are released into the environment, in which they remain for many years. The resistance of prions to physical and chemical factors does not allow them to be inactivated in food by heat or radiation. Zoonoticity has been proven only for the causative agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, to which sheep, goats and pigs are susceptible. Sheep scrapie and chronic wasting deer disease occur widely in natural conditions in the form of enzootics and are similar in many characteristics. The zoonotic nature of their pathogens has not been proven.

scholarly journals Porcine Trypsin in the Manufacture of Biological Medicinal Products. Risks and Safety Requirements

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
S. M. Sukhanov ◽  
E. M. Petruchuk
Keyword(s):  
High Resistance ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Trypsin is a reagent widely used in the manufacture of biological medicinal products (BMPs). Until recently, pancreata of cattle, pigs and poultry were the main sources of trypsin preparations. The discovery of the disease called «transmissive spongiform encephalopathy» or «cow rabies» (TSE) in cattle in the late 1980s showed a clear need for limiting the use of this source. Given the potential risk of using trypsin obtained from cattle, porcine trypsin became more commonly used in the production of biological medicinal products. Enzymes obtained from raw materials of animal origin can be contaminated with circoviruses, parvo- and pestiviruses, and mycoplasmas that are common to pigs. Due to high resistance to physical and chemical treatment, these contaminants pose a potential risk to recipients of vaccines, as well as to other biological medicinal products. Prevention of contamination requires measures aimed at detection, reduction and inactivation of foreign agents, both in raw materials and during BMP production. The article considers the most common types of porcine trypsin contamination, methods of its detection, reduction and elimination. The article also contains information on the Russian and international requirements for the quality and safety of porcine trypsin used in the production of biological medicinal products.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Quinacrine Treatment for Prion Diseases

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (15) ◽  
pp. 8462-8469 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Barret ◽  
F. Tagliavini ◽  
G. Forloni ◽  
C. Bate ◽  
M. Salmona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prion Protein ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cells ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Protease Resistance ◽  
New Variant

ABSTRACT Based on in vitro observations in scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells, quinacrine has recently been proposed as a treatment for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), including a new variant CJD which is linked to contamination of food by the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent. The present study investigated possible mechanisms of action of quinacrine on prions. The ability of quinacrine to interact with and to reduce the protease resistance of PrP peptide aggregates and PrPres of human and animal origin were analyzed, together with its ability to inhibit the in vitro conversion of the normal prion protein (PrPc) to the abnormal form (PrPres). Furthermore, the efficiencies of quinacrine and chlorpromazine, another tricyclic compound, were examined in different in vitro models and in an experimental murine model of BSE. Quinacrine efficiently hampered de novo generation of fibrillogenic prion protein and PrPres accumulation in ScN2a cells. However, it was unable to affect the protease resistance of preexisting PrP fibrils and PrPres from brain homogenates, and a “curing” effect was obtained in ScGT1 cells only after lengthy treatment. In vivo, no detectable effect was observed in the animal model used, consistent with other recent studies and preliminary observations in humans. Despite its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, the use of quinacrine for the treatment of CJD is questionable, at least as a monotherapy. The multistep experimental approach employed here could be used to test new therapeutic regimes before their use in human trials.

HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELL RESPONSE TO STIMULATION OF EXTRACTS FROM ANIMAL MATERIALS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Smirnov ◽  
Victor Keino ◽  
Ksenia Goryacheva ◽  
Alexander Shunk ◽  
Alexander Bondarev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Hematopoetic Stem Cell ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Stimulation Of

The article presents the results of the research hemostimulating activity of aqueous extracts of antler young Siberean stag and drone larvae homogenate. These substrates were obtained from raw materials of animal origin. Altai Krai andAltaiRepublicare subjects of theRussian Federationwhich is the place of production of the raw material. Experiments were conducted in two stages. The first stage - in vitro, which included a research of experimental substrates on the culture of mouse marrow cells. During the experiments were obtained different results. We counted the number of colonies grown in cell culture for this. The second stage of experimenters - in vivo. It included an assessment of the myeloprotector on model of cytostatic myelosuppression of mice and analysis of bone marrow and peripheral blood.

Problems of boxite processing and enrichment, waste management

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
O.B. Kotova ◽  
◽  
I.N. Razmyslov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Phase Composition ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Magnetic Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Composition Change ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Similar Density ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The problem of enrichment of aluminum ores is due to the fact that bauxite-forming minerals have similar density, dispersed character and subtle intergrowth. Therefore, the development and improvement of methods for the enrichment and processing of bauxite continue. The work shows the effect of physical and chemical factors on iron minerals with the goal of transforming them into magnetite, to increase the magnetic phase. Influence of various kinds of energetic influences on bauxite raw materials and red mud is established, under which the magnetic properties and phase composition change, the concentrations of certain minerals change.

scholarly journals How to reprogram human fibroblasts to neurons

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziran Xu ◽  
Shengnan Su ◽  
Siyan Zhou ◽  
Wentao Yang ◽  
Xin Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Somatic Cell Reprogramming ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract Destruction and death of neurons can lead to neurodegenerative diseases. One possible way to treat neurodegenerative diseases and damage of the nervous system is replacing damaged and dead neurons by cell transplantation. If new neurons can replace the lost neurons, patients may be able to regain the lost functions of memory, motor, and so on. Therefore, acquiring neurons conveniently and efficiently is vital to treat neurological diseases. In recent years, studies on reprogramming human fibroblasts into neurons have emerged one after another, and this paper summarizes all these studies. Scientists find small molecules and transcription factors playing a crucial role in reprogramming and inducing neuron production. At the same time, both the physiological microenvironment in vivo and the physical and chemical factors in vitro play an essential role in the induction of neurons. Therefore, this paper summarized and analyzed these relevant factors. In addition, due to the unique advantages of physical factors in the process of reprogramming human fibroblasts into neurons, such as safe and minimally invasive, it has a more promising application prospect. Therefore, this paper also summarizes some successful physical mechanisms of utilizing fibroblasts to acquire neurons, which will provide new ideas for somatic cell reprogramming.

scholarly journals Mutated but Not Deleted Ovine PrPCN-Terminal Polybasic Region Strongly Interferes with Prion Propagation in Transgenic Mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 1638-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manal Khalifé ◽  
Fabienne Reine ◽  
Sophie Paquet-Fifield ◽  
Johan Castille ◽  
Laetitia Herzog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Prion Protein ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Cellular Prion Protein ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Prion Propagation ◽  
Polybasic Region

ABSTRACTMammalian prions are proteinaceous infectious agents composed of misfolded assemblies of the host-encoded, cellular prion protein (PrP). Physiologically, the N-terminal polybasic region of residues 23 to 31 of PrP has been shown to be involved in its endocytic trafficking and interactions with glycosaminoglycans or putative ectodomains of membrane-associated proteins. Several recent reports also describe this PrP region as important for the toxicity of mutant prion proteins and the efficiency of prion propagation, bothin vitroandin vivo. The question remains as to whether the latter observations made with mouse PrP and mouse prions would be relevant to other PrP species/prion strain combinations given the dramatic impact on prion susceptibility of minimal amino acid substitutions and structural variations in PrP. Here, we report that transgenic mouse lines expressing ovine PrP with a deletion of residues 23 to 26 (KKRP) or mutated in this N-terminal region (KQHPH instead of KKRPK) exhibited a variable, strain-dependent susceptibility to prion infection with regard to the proportion of affected mice and disease tempo relative to findings in their wild-type counterparts. Deletion has no major effect on 127S scrapie prion pathogenesis, whereas mutation increased by almost 3-fold the survival time of the mice. Deletion marginally affected the incubation time of scrapie LA19K and ovine bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions, whereas mutation caused apparent resistance to disease.IMPORTANCERecent reports suggested that the N-terminal polybasic region of the prion protein could be a therapeutic target to prevent prion propagation or toxic signaling associated with more common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Mutating or deleting this region in ovine PrP completes the data previously obtained with the mouse protein by identifying the key amino acid residues involved.

scholarly journals Mycotoxins—Prevention, Detection, Impact on Animal Health

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2035
Author(s):  
Jagoda Kępińska-Pacelik ◽  
Wioletta Biel
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Food Processes

Mycotoxins are defined as secondary metabolites of some species of mold fungi. They are present in many foods consumed by animals. Moreover, they most often contaminate products of plant and animal origin. Fungi of genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillum are most often responsible for the production of mycotoxins. They release toxic compounds that, when properly accumulated, can affect many aspects of breeding, such as reproduction and immunity, as well as the overall liver detoxification performance of animals. Mycotoxins, which are chemical compounds, are extremely difficult to remove due to their natural resistance to mechanical, thermal, and chemical factors. Modern methods of analysis allow the detection of the presence of mycotoxins and determine the level of contamination with them, both in raw materials and in foods. Various food processes that can affect mycotoxins include cleaning, grinding, brewing, cooking, baking, frying, flaking, and extrusion. Most feeding processes have a variable effect on mycotoxins, with those that use high temperatures having the greatest influence. Unfortunately, all these processes significantly reduce mycotoxin amounts, but they do not completely eliminate them. This article presents the risks associated with the presence of mycotoxins in foods and the methods of their detection and prevention.

Safety assessment of biological raw materials in the system of medicines quality assurance

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Yu. Olefir ◽  
E. Sakanyan ◽  
I. Osipova ◽  
V. Dobrynin ◽  
M. Smirnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
First Time ◽  
Medicines Quality

The entry of a wide range of biotechnological products into the pharmaceutical market calls for rein-forcement of the quality, efficacy and safety standards at the state level. The following general monographs have been elaborated for the first time to be included into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition: "Viral safety" and "Reduction of the risk of transmitting animal spongiform encephalopathy via medicinal products". These general monographs were elaborated taking into account the requirements of foreign pharmacopoeias and the WHO recommendations. The present paper summarises the key aspects of the monographs.

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