scholarly journals MAKHACHKALA IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR: THE MAIN INDUSTRIAL AND TRANSPORT CENTER OF THE CAUCASUS

Author(s):  
Gadzhikurban Ibraghimovich KAKAGASANOV ◽  
Yulia Mikhaylovna LYSENKO

The article reviews the role of Makhachkala - the capital of the Daghestan ASSR - as an industrial, transport and evacuation center in the years of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). The authors highlights the labor excellence of the city’s residents, especially those who worked at industrial enterprises, at the sea-port, on the railway. The importance of the city workers in strengthening the country's defense is shown. During the war, a number of factories in Makhachkala started the production of ammunition and equipment for ships and transport. The paper provides the analysis of the manufactured products, notes the joint work with the evacuated enterprises. The workers of the Makhachkala Factory named after M. Gadzhiev, for example, during the war increased the output of products by 4 times; in 1945 they 7 times won the Red Banner of the State Defense Committee and 2 times - the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the People's Commissariat of the USSR Navy. The work of the citizens of Makhachkala on the construction of defensive lines, the activities of evacuation hospitals located in the city are described. In the summer of 1942, the Makhachkala special defensive line was created, while the construction of defensive structures in the city itself (barricades, firing points, shelters) was underway, in which more than 20 thousand of citizens and residents of neighbouring regions took part.

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-264
Author(s):  
V A Sokolov ◽  
Yu A Murylev ◽  
D K Yakimov ◽  
V Yu Murylev

The experience of organizing the treatment of wounded and sick military men of the Red army in Saratov at the final stage of the Great Patriotic War is studied. Priority tasks that were solved in conditions of the location of medical institutions in the deep rear are given. The structure of injuries and injuries with which soldiers and officers of the Red Army were sent from the front to the evacuation hospitals of the city and the region was investigated. Attention is drawn to the change the severity and location of wounds, depending on the progress of our units towards Germany. The factors that contributed to the successful treatment and return to the system of heavy contingents of the wounded and sick are indicated. The importance of the initiative work, which was carried out by medical personnel of evacuation hospitals on the development and introduction of new methods to improve the effectiveness of medical measures in everyday clinical practice, was stressed. Published data on the number of beds that were transferred from the Saratov hospital base in the army. In addition, evacuation hospitals and the Saratov Medical Institute were those institutions of which, even at the final stage of the war, medical personnel were sent for service to the front. At the same time, many honorably and honorably fulfilled their civic duty to the Motherland. Examples of patronage over hospitals from industrial enterprises and public organizations of Saratov and the region are given. A brief overview of the treatment and prophylactic tasks, which were solved in the interests of the civilian population of the city and the region, is given.


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Anatoly V. Sludnyh

Introduction. The article on the example of Ural Plant No. 217 explores the role of the optical-mechanical industry of the USSR in ensuring the defense capacity of the country and victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945. Results and Discussion. With the beginning of hostilities, the evacuation of most of the optical-mechanical plants and research institutes to the rear began. After the evacuation of Plant No. 217 in 1941 in Sverdlovsk, the organization of optical glass production began with the major reconstruction of the allocated premises, installation of the main equipment. In parallel with installation and commissioning, factory workers had to adapt the premises to the needs of production. The manufactured products were at the level of the world technical thought of that time and were characterized by novelty, originality of designs, and good operational data. Conclusion. Timely measures to evacuate research centers and industry in wartime conditions had a positive impact on the continuous provision of the Army and Navy with optical devices in the necessary nomenclature. The achievements of workers in the optical and mechanical industry were a synthesis of scientific thought and hard work, which made a huge contribution to the common cause of defeating the enemy.


Author(s):  
Елена Станиславовна Зубрий

В данной статье автор вводит в научный оборот новые сведения о директоре Иркутского областного художественного музея имени В.П. Сукачева – А.Д. Фатьянове (1948–1977), опираясь как на архивные источники, так и на личные воспоминания. Имеющийся у автора материал для исследования личности А.Д. Фатьянова позволяет говорить о нем как о многогранной личности: художнике, искусствоведе, историке культуры, директоре музея, заслуженном работнике культуры РСФСР, Почетном гражданине города Иркутска (1990), участнике Великой Отечественной войны, общественном деятеле. In this article, the author introduces into scientific circulation new information about the director of the Sukachev Irkutsk Regional Art Museum – Alexei Fatyanov (1948–1977), relying on archival sources as well as personal memories. The material available to the author for the study of the Fatyanov personality allows to talk about him as a multi-faceted person: an artist, art critic, cultural historian, museum director, honored worker of culture of the RSFSR, Honorary Citizen of the city of Irkutsk (1990), a participant in the Great Patriotic War, and a public figure.


2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-233
Author(s):  
V A Sokolov ◽  
Yu A Murylev ◽  
V Yu Murylev ◽  
D K Yakimov

The issues of the deployment of hospitals in the city of Saratov in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War are considered. The article briefly describes the decisions of the State Defense Committee, which initiated the reorganization of the civil health of our country for the solution of the tasks of wartime. The medical-geographical factors that determined the expediency of deploying evacuation hospitals in Saratov and the region are indicated. The great role of leading specialists in clinics and departments of the Saratov Medical Institute in the deployment and specialization of evacuation hospitals was underscored. Their management of day-to-day clinical work and advice helped not only to maintain the high quality of medical care provided to the wounded and sick, but also contributed to the growth of the professional skills of physicians who do not have sufficient experience in treating a variety of combat pathologies. The statistics on the number of hospital beds in Saratov hospitals is given. Data on the structure of the wounded in the first year of the war for treatment in medical institutions of the city and the region are presented. The efforts made by party and city authorities to increase the capacity of the Office of the45th local evacuation center are highlighted. The importance of the problem of retraining, additional specialization, training of new medical personnel is shown. Using a variety of time and content of training programs allowed to significantly staff the deployed evacuation hospitals at the expense of residents of the city and the region.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
Yulia Vladimirovna Kuznetsova

Significant territorial, material and human losses in the first months of the war determined the priority role of the Urals and other eastern regions in strengthening defense. Therefore, the scientific and engineering and technical intelligentsia of the Southern Urals played a big role in strengthening the countryэs defense potential during the Great Patriotic War. The author examines the activities of specialists of the leading industrial enterprises of the region during the war years; reveals the place of engineering and technical intelligentsia of the region in solving the problem of Soviet military equipment and other defense products quality. The author notes the contribution of concrete people to the solution of complex military-technical problems; shows creative search for technological and design teams. On the basis of archival documents, the historian analyzed the contribution of the scientific intelligentsia of the region to victory. The most difficult tasks in the conditions of wartime were also performed by the engineers of the construction organizations of the Southern Urals, who carried out the orders of the State Defense Committee to build new defense and industrial facilities of the country. The paper discusses leadership and participation of technical officers of the Southern Urals in the distribution, installation and commissioning of the equipment evacuated war factories. The researcher mentions schools and train skilled personnel for industry and transport, as well as participation of intellectuals in the patriotic movement to raise funds for the defense fund, warm clothes, gifts and food packages for the Red Army.


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-348
Author(s):  
Ilya S. Tryakhov

This article explores the causes of labor discipline violations and their dynamics during the Great Patriotic War by the example of a compact rear industrial center - the city of Kovrov, which became part of the Vladimir Region, which stood out from Ivanovo in 1944. Based on the analysis of the documents of the city committee of the city party, including the minutes of the city committee meetings, memoranda from party instructors, plans and reports on the work of industrial enterprises, the author concludes that there is some dynamics in the violation of harsh labor laws at the city enterprises. Studying the stated problem, it was possible not only to identify the causes of numerous violations of labor legislation by workers and employees, but also to find out the attitude and reaction of the Kovrov city committee of the CPSU (b) to these processes. In the course of the study, a fact was confirmed in many respects, which was repeatedly indicated in both domestic and foreign historiography about the continuity of processes in industrial enterprises of the prewar and war years. Moreover, it would hardly be worthwhile to reduce all complex life phenomena and contradictions exclusively to system errors and manifestations of Stalinism. In each specific case described in the sources, there was a human factor and, accordingly, the choice of officials. The revealed historical sources allow us to ascertain the presence of a certain dynamics in the number of violations of labor discipline at the level of the city and individual large enterprises, but which was not observed across the region. If large enterprises were characterized by wave-like dynamics of violations with a tendency to increase sharply at the beginning of the war, then small factories and artels showed a permanent decrease in such cases. An analysis of the labor practice of the war years forces, at least partially, to revise the thesis of Soviet historiography on the exceptional cohesion of the rear, but at the same time confirms the versatility and complexity of the daily lives of rear workers, emphasizes the harsh conditions in which workers and employees had to work during the war years and at the same time proves that the war years society was not monolithic.


Author(s):  
Э.М. Далгат

В данной статье рассматриваются персидско-подданные, проживавшие в городах Дагестанской области во второй половине XIX начале ХХ в. Цель статьи: показать, сколько иранцев было в городах, чем они занимались, какой вклад внесли в экономическое и культурное развитие Дагестана. Источники свидетельствуют, что число иранцев, постоянно или временно проживавших в городах Дагестана, неуклонно росло. Показаны пути, которыми иранцы добирались до Дагестана, отмечено их компактное расселение в городах области. Развитие торговых связей Кавказа с Ираном способствовало открытию в Петровске персидского вице-консульства. Особое внимание уделено занятиям иранцев в разных областях экономики: торговле, сельском хозяйстве, промышленной сфере. Анализ источников свидетельствует, что иранцы занимали в городах заметное место среди владельцев лавок, магазинов. Они также владели заведениями общественного питания: духанами, трактирами, чайханами, хлебопекарнями и т.д. Автор приходит к выводу, что иранцы вели торговлю на городских и сельских рынках. Занятие торговлей привело к обогащению некоторых иранцев и появлению в их среде купцов. На основе изучения архивных источников установлено, что иранцы были заняты и в промышленной сфере. Они владели табачными фабриками, кирпичными заводами, кондитерской фабрикой. Много иранцев в качестве наемных рабочих трудилось на промышленных предприятиях, в том числе в морском порту и на железной дороге. Иранцы занимались и огородничеством, что приносило им неплохие доходы. Большое внимание уделено участию иранцев в культурной жизни городов Дагестана, особенно деятельности уроженца города Тебриза Абдурахиму Талибову. Рассматривается его деятельность по реформе мусульманского образования, его вклад в развитие женского образования в Дагестане. Показана деятельность А. Талибова как мецената, жертвовавшего деньги на строительство учебных заведений в Дагестане. В статье рассматриваются взаимоотношения дагестанцев с иранцами и в области политики. Анализ источников показывает, что иранцы, жившие в Дагестане, внесли большой вклад в развитие его экономики и культуры. This article discusses the Iranians who lived in the cities of the Dagestan region in the second half of the XIX early XX centuries. The purpose of the article is to clarify the questions about the number of city residents, their occupation, their contribution to the economic and cultural development of Dagestan. Based on the study of the sources, a conclusion is drawn about the increase in the number of the Iranians permanently or temporarily residing in the cities of Dagestan. The ways along which the Iranians reached Dagestan are being shown, their compact settlement in the cities of the region is noted. The development of trade relations between the Caucasus and Iran contributed to the opening of the Persian vice consulate in Petrovsk. Particular attention is paid to the activities of the Iranians in various fields of the economy, namely, trade, agriculture, and the industrial sphere. An analysis of the sources indicates that the Iranians occupied a prominent place in the cities among the owners of shops and stores. They also owned catering establishments dukhan, taverns, tea houses, bakeries, etc. The author concludes that the Iranians traded not only in shops, taverns, but also in the city as well as village markets. Engaging in trade led to the enrichment of some Iranians and the appearance of merchants of different guilds in their midst. Based on the study of archival sources, it was established that the Iranians were employed in the industrial sphere. They owned tobacco factories, brick factories, a confectionery factory. Many Iranians worked as wage laborers at various industrial enterprises, including the seaport and the railway. The article analyzes the occupation of Iranians by truck farming, which brought them good income. Much attention is paid to the participation of Iranians in the cultural life of the cities of Dagestan, especially to the activities of the native of the city of Tabriz Abdurahim Talibov. His activities on the reform of Muslim education, his contribution to the development of female education in Dagestan are examined. The activity of A. Talibov as a philanthropist who donated money for the construction of educational institutions in Dagestan is shown. The article discusses the relationship of Dagestanis with Iranians in the field of politics. The author concludes that the Iranians living in Dagestan made a great contribution to the development of its economy and culture.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-298
Author(s):  
Ana Lis Heredia Espinosa ◽  
Adriana Rodríguez Barraza

Sex education is an educational curriculum area that represents a challenge for teachers, mainly if they are men. Therefore, the present study was carried out to identify the difficulties that male teachers face when addressing sex education with their students. It seeks to broaden the subject's understanding comprehensively and reflect on it in several dimensions, considering the actors involved: The State, the school, the role of teachers, and parents. A qualitative methodology was used, with a comprehensive-interpretive approach. Four public elementary teachers from the city of Veracruz, Mexico, participated. The instrument we used was a semi-structured interview. The findings were as follows: regarding their role as an educator, they consider that it is up to them to inform students on a scientific basis about sexuality; regarding their role in sex education, they think that they have the responsibility of reinforcing in the classroom the education that parents give their children at home. The challenges refer to the claims they receive from parents for talking about sexuality with kids and the lack of precision and depth in the content of the free textbooks regarding the matter. Finally, we conclude that sex education is a joint work in which the institutions' functions, both educational and family, are interrelated.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Aleksei I. Balashov ◽  
Aleksandr I. Lushin

The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the domestic historiography rather weakly covers the participation of the Baltic Fleet tactical formations in the defense of Leningrad. As a rule, special attention is paid to the tragic events of the first weeks of the Great Patriotic War and to the loss of a significant part of the Baltic Fleet ships. In this regard, the proposed article focuses on the history of the defending Tallinn, the Moonsund Islands, the Hanko Island, as well as on the participation of the Baltic Fleet artillery units and formations in checking the advancing Wehrmacht parts. Special attention is paid to the role of Leningrad in the history of the Great Patriotic War. St. Petersburg was the capital of the Russian Empire for over two centuries. With its embankments of the Neva River, bridges, the Hermitage, the Winter Palace and dozens of other unique structures, it was not only the capital for two centuries but its largest cultural center as well. No Russian city causes such a multitude of literary associations as St. Petersburg, and then Leningrad. The siege of the city, where more than a million people died, was unlike any of the tragedies of this war. Sieging Leningrad in September 1941 the fascists condemned almost three million people to starvation; more than a third of them died of starvation and exhaustion, but did not surrender to the fascists. A significant amount of scientific literature, journalistic, memories, etc. are devoted to the coverage of the heroic battle for Leningrad. However, there are still quite a few pages of this war that, in our view, have not received sufficient coverage in domestic historiography.


2018 ◽  
Vol 219 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Assist.Prof. lmran Bondar Murad

       Industrial is one of dispersion patterns on regional geographical distribution of industrial enterprises which are approved in the process of industrial development especially in poor areas and this is what appeared in this study , Of a lot of industrial enterprises distributed geographically in the center and southern regions of Iraq through periods of time since the founding of the council of reconstruction in 1950 and until the last five – year plan comprehensive economic carried out"  1981-1986 and Iraq that have not been implemented to the completion of the Iran-Iraq war in 1980 which affected the 8 years that ended in august 8 , 1988. Economic five-year plans successive of economic development where and expanding industrial activity in order to provide job opportunities for thousands of the workforce has been able to is evident from the study of the province of quinsy as amodel , which was dependent on agricultural as an economic resouree , which led the emigration of most of the manpower into Iraq and outside Iraq possible for those responsible in following the policies of previous governments development plans and implantation of dozens of industrial projects in the five-year plan 1970-1974 and the subsequent establishment of many Almausat undustrial big and geographically distributed among the cities of the province , including the industries plant of rubber (tires diwaniya) and plant of textile and dairy plant in the city of diwaniya aswell as two plats for bricks in each of dagharah and shamiya and in addition to the role of the private sector in the development of industrial province .


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