The Synergistic Effect of Feed Restriction and Endotoxemia on Motor Activity

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond M. David ◽  
Ruth S. Hosenfeld ◽  
Lisa G. Bernard ◽  
Milan S. Vlaovic ◽  
John L. O'Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Systemic Toxicity ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Group 2

The United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development have recommended incorporating measurement of motor activity into routine toxicity studies to provide a screen for potential neurotoxic effects. However, there is little information on how to interpretate motor activity levels when an animal's clinical state is altered by systemic toxicity. Because systemic toxicity often includes nonspecific effects, such as reduced feed consumption, this physiologic condition was mimicked by limiting the feed of healthy rats to 10–15 g/rat/day and by limiting appetite through induction of endotoxemia. Injection of animals with endotoxin lowered motor activity by 50%. Combining feed restriction with endotoxin treatment resulted in reduced motor activity 2 days after injection, when signs of endotoxemia were not apparent. Animals treated with endotoxin but fed ad libitum had motor activity levels comparable to the control group 2 days after injection. The results suggest that motor activity levels can be altered by reduced feed consumption in the presence of subclinical systemic toxicity. Significant feed restriction in the absence of systemic toxicity appears unlikely to result in lowered motor activity levels. Key Words: Neurotoxicity-Motor activity-Endotoxin-Systemic toxicity-Feed restriction.

scholarly journals The Relationship between a Campus Composting Program and Environmental Attitudes, Environmental Locus of Control, Compost Knowledge, and Compost Attitudes of College Students

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Waliczek ◽  
Amy McFarland ◽  
Megan Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Environmental Attitudes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Environmental Attitude ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Food waste is one of the most abundant materials contributing to landfills in the United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates 96% of uneaten food ends up in landfills. Food and other organic wastes generate potent greenhouse gases in the atmosphere precipitating global climate change. College campus cafeterias generate a large amount of food waste and some universities are making efforts to capture and compost food waste. The purpose of this study was to measure the relationship between participation in a university composting program and students’ environmental attitudes, environmental locus of control (refers to the belief that an individual’s actions play a direct role in the result of any affair), compost knowledge, and compost attitudes. Undergraduate and graduate students were given a survey, which included an environmental attitude scale, an environmental locus of control inventory and sections where students reported their composting habits, knowledge of the composting process, and how composting made them feel. A total of 660 surveys were collected from two universities, one that acted as the treatment and the other as the control group. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the school with a composting program and the school without a composting program on the variables of environmental attitudes, environmental locus of control, and composting knowledge. Furthermore, composting attitudes were positively related to environmental attitudes, environmental locus of control, and compost knowledge at the university with a composting program. Demographic comparisons found differences within the treatment group on the composting attitude and knowledge and environmental attitude inventories but not locus of control.

Taking Care of Yourself and Your Risk for Breast Cancer (CUIDARSE): A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Health Communication Intervention for Latinas

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-580
Author(s):  
Denise D. Payán ◽  
Melinda Maggard-Gibbons ◽  
Karen R. Flórez ◽  
Nelly Mejía ◽  
Marian Hemmelgarn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Print Material ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Communication Interventions

Latinas in the United States are more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage breast cancer (BC) compared to non-Latinas. Literacy-appropriate and culturally sensitive cancer communication interventions can help address existing racial/ethnic BC disparities. We formatively developed a new BC prevention brochure for Spanish-speaking Latinas (≥35 years). Eligible women ( n = 240) from a large public hospital in California were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: Group 1 received the new brochure, Group 2 included a community health worker (CHW) who delivered the new brochure’s content, and a control group received a standard educational brochure. Participants completed three surveys (baseline, postintervention, 3-month follow-up) with a 100% completion rate for the first two surveys and 80.4% completion after 3 months. We assessed the difference in outcomes for BC risk knowledge, perceived BC susceptibility, and BC information self-efficacy between groups. Participant mean age was 52.3 years, and 82.1% reported low English proficiency. Mean knowledge scores increased and perceived BC susceptibility improved for all groups ( p ≤ .05), yet treatment effects were not significant between groups for these outcomes. BC information self-efficacy also increased from baseline to postintervention for all groups to >80%. After 3 months, only Group 2 and the control group retained their increases and treatment effects were significant only for Group 2 compared to other groups in unadjusted and adjusted models. A CHW-delivered intervention may be more effective in improving BC information self-efficacy among Latinas compared to print material alone. More research is needed to examine the efficacy of CHW-delivered interventions.

scholarly journals EFFICACY OF MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILER

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
M. S. Islam ◽  
M. S. Rahman ◽  
M. A. Islam ◽  
S. M. S. H. Belal
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The study was conducted to determine the effect of medium chain fatty acids and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance in broiler birds. A field trial was carried out on 200 broiler chicks ((Lohman) dividing them into four treatment groups each having 50 birds such as treatment group 1 (T1), treatment group 2 (T2), treatment group 3 (T3), and a control group (C). The treatment group 1 (T1) was supplied with a standard feed containing medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae type boulardii 2.0x1010 CFU/gm).Treatment group 2 (T2) was supplied with a standard feed rich in medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). Treatment group 3 (T3) was supplied with a standard feed having Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae type boulardii 2.0x1010 CFU/gm. MCFA and S. cerevisiae lacked standard feed was given to the control group(C).  The inclusion rate of MCFA per kilogram of feed was 2 gm for 10 days, 1.5 gm for successive 10 days and 1gm for next 8 days, and of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was 0.2gm for 10 days, 0.15 gm for successive 10 days and 0.10 gm for next 8 days during the study period of 4 weeks. Weekly weight gain and, at the end of the study, body weight, feed consumption, FCR and mortality rate were recorded. Analysis of data revealed that the final average body weight and average weight gain of the birds belonging to the groups T1, T2 and T3 were higher (p< 0.01) than the control group. FCR was 1.36, 1.37, and 1.38 for the treatment group T1, T3 and T2 respectively which were better than (p<0.05) control group. There was no significant difference between the treatment group T2 and T3 but there was significant difference between the treatment group and control group (p<0.10) in terms of feed consumption. In case of livability, there was significant difference among bird groups T1, T2, T3 and control group (p<0.01). Data analyses regarding organ weight showed that the addition of MCFA and SC in the diet of treatment group one (T1) significantly increased (p<0.01) the weight of intestine with chymus, intestine without chymus, gizzard, head and neck by 41%, 17%, 5%, 8%  and 11% respectively compared with  control group. No significant differences were observed among the experimental groups for the weight of liver, spleen, and pancreas.

Effects of “Short-Term” versus “Long-Term” L-Dopa Therapy in Parkinsonism on Critical Flicker Frequency

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flicker Frequency ◽  
Michael B. Maskin ◽  
Manuel Riklan ◽  
David Chabot
Keyword(s):  
Critical Flicker Frequency ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Flicker Frequency ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Neural Integration ◽  
Neural Transmission ◽  
Group 2

This study investigated shorter and longer range effects of L-Dopa therapy in parkinsonism on critical flicker frequency (CFF) scores. Three equated groups of 15 Ss were selected to include “short-term,” “long-term,” L-Dopa patients and a control group. Binocular CFF thresholds were obtained for each S on two separate occasions. Results indicate that: (1) the control group scored significantly higher on CFF indicating superior neural integration when compared with the “short-term” or “long-term” L-Dopa group; (2) the “short-term” L-Dopa group scored significantly higher than the “long-term” L-Dopa group demonstrating better cerebral efficiency. Evidence suggests that a peculiar clinical state interfering with neural transmission may develop in parkinsonian patients on L-Dopa therapy prolonged 2 yr. or more.

Effects of Health Messages on Public Perception of E-cigarettes: An Experimental Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Hong Zhu ◽  
Shiushing Wong ◽  
Anthony C. Gamst ◽  
Jessica Sun ◽  
Yue-Lin Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Quit Attempt ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Uk

BACKGROUND Health authorities across nations differ markedly on their position regarding electronic cigarettes. For example, the Royal College of Physicians in the United Kingdom promoted e-cigarettes as a harm-reduction alternative to cigarettes, whereas the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warned against the use of e-cigarettes. OBJECTIVE This study tests the effects of these different policy messages on the public’s perception of e-cigarettes. METHODS Participants (N=20,055) were sampled from an online panel with members from 19 major Chinese cities, and were randomized into three groups. Group 1 received brief messaging on e-cigarettes equivalent to the UK position, Group 2 received messaging equivalent to the US position, and Group 3 served as a control.Harm of cigarettes and e-cigarettes were rated on a 1–10 scale. Cigarettes smokers were asked if they intended to use e-cigarettes in a future quit attempt. RESULTS The group exposed to the US message rated e-cigarettes as significantly more risky than the control group, 5.87 (95%CI, 5.81-5.93) vs. 5.49 (5.43-5.55). The UK message group had a similar rating to the control, 5.42 (5.36-5.48). A lower percent of smokers in the US message group, 53.9% (51.8-56.0), intended to use e-cigarettes in future attempts to quit smoking than the control group, 60.1% (58.0-62.2), which was similar to that of the UK message group, 60.3% (58.3-62.4). CONCLUSIONS Messages from health authorities that cast e-cigarettes chiefly in a negative light could significantly increase the perceived risks of e-cigarettes and decrease smokers’ intentions to use e-cigarettes to quit smoking. In addressing the risk of e-cigarettes, policymakers should consider the net effect of a policy so as to maximize its potential to save lives.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF SOME PREBIOTIC PRODUCTS (ACTIGEN, BIOTRONIC TOP3) ON THE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION INDICES IN BROILER CHICKENS

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Mihai Iacob Bentea ◽  
Radu Marti ◽  
Aurel Sara ◽  
Ionel Toader ◽  
Erol Florian Gabor
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The prebiotics are natural or synthetic organic substances that favour the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gastro-intestinal tract, thus maintaining the animals healthy and productive and subsequently increasing the production performances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of prebiotic products (Actigen and Biotronic Top3) on the main production and consumption indices of broilers. The study was conducted on a 75 broiler chicken Ross-308 hybrids divided in three groups, over a period of 42 days. Group 1(E) received combined feeds with the Actigen prebiotic for 42 days as follows: 0.08% in the starter phase (1-14 days), 0.04% in the grower phase (14-35 days) and 0.02% in the finisher phase (35-42 days). The broilers in group 2(E) were administered feeds containing prebiotic Biotronic Top3 (0.1%) for the whole duration of the study. The broilers in the control group were fed the base feed only. The broilers from all groups were weighed at the beginning and every following week; their average body weight, daily weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined. The use of the Actigen in experimental group 1(E) led to a body mass increase of 11.26%, to an 11.54% higher daily weight gain and to the reduction of the FCR by 2.31% compared to the control group. In Group 2(E) receiving Biotronic Top3, an increase was recorded for the body mass (9.25%) and daily weight gain (9.49%), the FCR being the same as the one recorded in the control group. These results confirm the favourable influence of prebiotics on the production performances of broiler chickens.

PENGARUH STRES (RENJATAN LISTRIK) TERHADAP AKTIVITAS MOTORIK MENCIT MENGGUNAKAN METODE KETAHANAN BERENANG DI UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Isramilda . ◽  
Zulkarnain Edward
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stress Treatment ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Swimming Endurance ◽  
Group 1

Stress can increase motor activity with the role of the hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, and the sympathetic nervous system. This study aims to determine the effect of stress (electric shock) on the motor activity of mice using swimming endurance methods at Andalas University in 2019. This research is a pure experimental study with a research design is the Randomized Experimental Posttest Only Control Group Design. This research was conducted at the Pharmacology Laboratory of Andalas University, Padang in March 2019 to April 8, 2019. The population in this study was a group of male, healthy, mice (Mus musculus) mice aged 2-3 months, with an average weight of 30-40 grams. A sample of 30 was determined by the Federer Formula, divided into 3 groups which had been adapted for 1 week. Control group (K) without stress treatment, treatment group 1 (P1) with stress treatment (electric shock), and treatment group 2 (P2) with stress treatment (electric shock) and diazepam 0.26 ml. Analysis of the results using the statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Stress treatment (electric shock) in the treatment group caused motor activity in mice to increase. The results showed a significant difference between the control group (K) with the treatment group 1 (P1) with a value of p = 0.046, the control group (K) with the treatment group 2 (P2) with a value of p = 0,000, and the treatment group 1 (P1) with treatment group 2 (P2) with a value of p = 0.006. Then Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that there is an effect of stress (electric shock) on the motor activity of mice with the swimming endurance method, where stress can increase the motor activity of the mice as evidenced by the rapid sinking of mice on the swimming endurance method.

scholarly journals Effect of Adding Different Concentrations of Alcohol Extracted Ginger as Feed Supplementation on Some Productive Traits of Broiler Chicken Ross Strain

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Mohammed Jard Kadhim ◽  
Muhammed Rasheed Rmul
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Productive Traits ◽  
Group 2

        This study was conducted in the poultry field that belongs to Animal Production Techniques Department / Al musiab Technical College. To investigate the effect of alcohol extracted ginger supplementation in the diet on some productive traits of broiler chicken ross strain. Two hundred fifty unsexed broiler chicks were equally divided into the five groups, 50 chicks per group, 2 replicates per group (25 chicks per replicate). Chicks were fed on starter diet (1 day- 3 week) and final diet (4-6 week), diets supplemented with five ratios from alcohol extracted ginger (0, 150, 200, 250, 300 mg/kg), the first group was control but the other represented experimental groups. Results showed a significantly improve (P≤0.05) of average live body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage in birds supplemented with alcohol extracted ginger as compared with control group at three and six weeks of birds age. As supplementation of alcohol extracted ginger had significantly (P≤0.05) decreased feed consumption and mortality ratio in experimental groups as compared with the control group.           It can be concluded that supplementation of alcohol extracted ginger to the diet had a positive effect to enhance productive traits of broiler chicken ross strain.

scholarly journals Study of the sedative effect of extract from tissue culture biomass of Rauwolfia serpentina

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-86
Author(s):  
О. Є. Ядловський ◽  
А. М. Демченко ◽  
І. І. Конвалюк ◽  
Л. П. Можилевська ◽  
О. А. Бєда ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Sedative Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rauwolfia Serpentina ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Biomass Extract ◽  
Sedative Action

Several social, psychological and biological factors could be cause for central nervous system disorders, especially anxiety; the latter could lead to more serious neurological and psychosomatical disorders. Sedative medications of plant origin are widely used practically as an alternative and/or additive to traditional pharmacological treatments of anxiety, hyperexcitation and other neuroses. Thus, the search of new effective sedatives based on plant extracts is an actual and perspective task. Aim of the present work is to investigate the sedative effect of biomass extract from cell culture of Rauwolfia serpentina K-27 strain. Sedative action of biomass extract from cell culture of Rauwolfia serpentina high-productive strain was determined by open field method on 24 white mice males (no line). Mice weight was in 18–25 g interval. The behavior was assessed by usual behavioristic acts: motor activity, psychoemotional activity and tentative research reaction. Animals were randomized into 3 groups of 8 individuals each. Rauwolfia serpentina biomass extract at doses of 7.5 mg/kg (group 1) or 15 mg/kg (group 2) was administered orally as an aqueous solution. Animals of the control group (group 3) received a solvent (distilled water). The sedative effect of extract was discovered in doses of 7.5 and 15 mg/kg, that showed a decrease in horizontal motor activity to 63.31 and 79.76% respectively, vertical activity to 82.05 and 71.79%, grooming duration to 57.28 and 60.78% at experimental days 20 to 28. Tentative research reaction demonstrated the direct dependence of sedation intensity on duration of extract administration. As a result of the conducted researches significant differences in the number of fecal bolus of both experimental and control groups of mice were not revealed. No significant difference between the sedative effect and the dose (7.5 and 15 mg/kg) was observed. The sedative effect of biomass extract from cell culture of Rauwolfia serpentina K-27 strain was proven. This leads to perspective inclusion of the extract to traditional medicine in prophylaxis and treatment of insomnia and of physical and psychological overexcitation.

scholarly journals Comparative performance of Giriraja chicken reared on different feeding regimes for economic production in Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-139
Author(s):  
D Neupane ◽  
BB Bhandari ◽  
S Poudel ◽  
S Shrestha ◽  
S Sapkota
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The experiment was conducted to study the comparative performance of Gririaja birds reared on different feeding regime in Nepal. A total of 384 Giriraja birds of aged 40 weeks were assigned to four treatment groups in four replications with 24 birds (20 female and 4 male) per replication over a period of 180 days. The birds of control group were provided with 130g of feed in confinement. In group 1, 10% feed was replaced by green seasonal forage mainly oat and birds were kept on scavenging, while in group 2, 10 % feed was replaced by similar forage but the birds were in confinement. However, in group 3, birds were provided 10 % less feed on scavenging without forage supplementation. The result showed that the feed consumption required for dozen of egg production was lower (P<0.01) at 2610 g/bird in group 1 and higher (3114 g/bird) in control group. The birds kept in control and in group 1 was found significantly (P<0.05) superior in egg production as compared with the second and third treatment groups (15.05 and 16.15 vs. 15.55 and 14.31 in number, respectively). There was no significant difference on egg weight between the groups. Feed cost for dozen of egg production was recorded $1.17 and more gross returns from sale of eggs ($ 0.27) was observed in treatment group 1 but less return ($ 0.04) was obtained from control group. The result showed that rearing of Gririaja birds with forage supplementation having the facilities of outdoor range is a good profitable venture, considering the minimum feed consumption and feed cost with maximum egg production.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2017. 46 (2): 134-139

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