Transformation of the Ethiopian Political Elite and the Armed Conflict in Tigray: from Driving Predecessors out to De-Escalation?

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-101
Author(s):  
Ivan Loshkariov ◽  
Ivan Kopytsev
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Basic Notion ◽  
Ethnic Mobilization ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ruling Elites

In the article the authors consider elite dimension of the conflict in Tigray. Conducting the analysis of intra-elite processes allows both to find out the roots and to estimate the consequences of the most fast-moving conflict in the Horn of Africa. The research consists of five conceptual parts, which are preluded by a short description of the run of events. In the first part the conflict potential which takes its roots in 1994-2018 is explained. It starts with the basic notion that ethnic lines predetermine formation of elites in Ethiopia. Then the study shows that one of the main causes for the dispute which has severely divided political elites was the hegemony of the TPLF in government institutions. The second part refers to the transit of power. Here the point under consideration is redistribution of resources and particular strategies adopted by polarized elites. The analysis demonstrates that Abiy Ahmed and his allies did their best to deprive the TPLF leaders of power and economic resources. The TPLF resorted to ethnic mobilization while their rivals tried to break the unity of Tigrayans through stressing the existence of a class conflict. The third and the fourth chapters focus on the investigation of federal elites’ and «tigrayan clan’s» current positions respectively. In conclusion, the authors structure their findings and estimate the perspectives of inter-elites consensus. The research provides three important conclusions. Firstly, the roots of the conflict led to the formation of «action-response» cycles which was the basis for a rapid development and escalation. Secondly, the ongoing war even consolidates ruling elites in their fear of the TPLF. Finally, de-escalation and negotiations may become possible amid internal disputes in the Prosperity Party.

scholarly journals Returning urban political elites to the research agenda: the case of the Southern Low Countries (c. 1350 – c. 1550)

Urban History ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-588
Author(s):  
Frederik Buylaert ◽  
Jelten Baguet ◽  
Janna Everaert
Keyword(s):  
Special Section ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis article provides a comparative analysis of four large towns in the Southern Low Countries between c. 1350 and c. 1550. Combining the data on Ghent, Bruges and Antwerp – each of which is discussed in greater detail in the articles in this special section – with recent research on Bruges, the authors argue against the historiographical trend in which the political history of late medieval towns is supposedly dominated by a trend towards oligarchy. Rather than a closure of the ruling class, the four towns show a high turnover in the social composition of the political elite, and a consistent trend towards aristocracy, in which an increasingly large number of aldermen enjoyed noble status. The intensity of these trends differed from town to town, and was tied to different institutional configurations as well as different economic and political developments in each of the four towns.

Applying Additional Protocol II of the Geneva Conventions to the United Nations Forces

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 234-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artem Sergeev
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
The Third ◽  
Additional Protocol ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Hostile Environments

Following the widespread participation of United Nations (UN) forces in hostile environments, this article aims to expand the obligations of the UN under International Humanitarian Law. The article argues that Additional Protocol II (AP II) to the Geneva Conventions can bind UN forces, even though the UN is not formally a party thereto. The argument is built on three distinct legal issues: the first issue is whether the UN’s involvement in a conflict internationalizes a non-international armed conflict; the second issue is the legal nature of the UN’s obligations under AP II, which will be explained through two legal theories of indirect consent; and the third issue is the conformity of UN forces to the criteria of an armed group outlined in AP II. The article concludes that if UN forces meet certain conditions, as will be outlined herein, they should be bound by the provisions contained in AP II.

scholarly journals Large Business in Higher Levels of US Authority Example of D. Trump

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-238
Author(s):  
Daria V. Stanis ◽  
Konstantin P. Kurilev
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Historical Methods

This article discusses one of the key components of the mechanism of formation of the ruling elites in the United States - economic. Representatives of large business, financial circles and political clans, capable of fighting for power and possessing the necessary resource base and tools, form elite groups. The authors focus on the study of US large business as a supplier of cadres for the American political elites that determine US domestic and foreign policy. In their work, the authors set the following tasks: to analyze the mechanism of the formation of political elites in the USA; to consider the experience of Trump Organization in the context of the acquisition by her leader of the highest political status in the USA in 2016 and the prospects for his re-election to this post in 2020; to assess the role of large business in the formation of political elites in the United States. To achieve the objectives, the authors used a few methods of political science: structural, systemic, functional, comparative and historical methods. The methodology of economic science was also involved: the method of scientific abstraction, the method of normative and functional analysis. The study, in its conceptual basis, is based both on the theory of political elites and on the economic theory of competition.

scholarly journals DEPARTMENT OF GEOMORPHOLOGY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LVIV: STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-29
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Kravchuk ◽  
Ivan Kovalchuk ◽  
Lidiya Dubis
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Gis And Remote Sensing ◽  
Geomorphological Mapping ◽  
The Third ◽  
School Research ◽  
National University

This year we celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Department of Geomorphology (since 2000 – Geomorphology and Paleogeography) of the Faculty of Geography, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, formed on the basis of the existing Lviv school of geography, which possessed old traditions and scientific achievements in the research of relief, in particular, of its development and formation. On the occasion of the anniversary, the article attempts to analyze the main achievements of the Department over the 70-year period, to highlight the main stages of its development and to outline the new challenges facing the Department today. There is the “Engineering, ecological and regional geomorphology” scientific school successfully functioning at the Department. Within its borders, the “Paleogeography of the Pleistocene” research direction is rapidly developing with significant achievements recognized at the international level. Anthropogenic and dynamic geomorphology, historical and geographical research, and geomorphological mapping with the use of GIS and remote sensing have been intensively developed. Over the last decade, research on the environmental issues, including spatial planning and design of nature reserves and ecological networks, as well as the study of geoheritage, geotourism and geoeducation have been singled out into independent areas. Overall, there are four development stages of the Department: the first ‒ from its foundation (1950) till 1970, the second ‒ during 1971-1990, the third ‒ during 1990-2010, and the fourth ‒ from 2010 till present. For each of them, the main scientific and practical achievements of the Department are briefly analyzed. The most important event in the first stage was the launching of fundamental comprehensive regional research, including the Ukrainian Carpathians, under the supervision of P. Tsys; in the second one ‒ the development of regional and engineering-geomorphological research and the introduction of stationary and semi-stationary research of modern relief-forming processes for the first time in Ukraine; in the third one ‒ the formation of a research school of engineering, ecological and regional geomorphology and the rapid development of Pleistocene paleogeography, as well as of environmental research; in the fourth one ‒ active development of the “Engineering, Ecological and Regional Geomorphology” scientific school and of the “Pleistocene Paleogeography” research direction, as well as of the investigations related to geoheritage, geotourism and geoeducation. The main current challenges are outlined at the end of the article. Key words: geomorphology; paleogeography; stages of development; scientific school; research directions; research; achievements; challenges.

scholarly journals COMMODIFICATION OF RELIGION IN THE REALM OF LOCAL POLITICS: A STUDY OF THE TAREKAT NAQSABANDIYAH IN ROKAN HULU REGENCY

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Tito Handoko ◽  
Mega Hidayati ◽  
Muhammad Azhar ◽  
Abdul Munir Mulkan ◽  
M . Rafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Political Relationship ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
Kinship Ties ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to analyze the relationship between the teacher and the congregation of the Naqsabandiyah in local political action and their relationship with local political elites. This study uses a qualitative approach that aims to interpret a case that will be carefully examined and analyzed using periodic descriptive analysis methods. The results of this study indicate that the pattern of relations between teachers and congregation of the Naqsabandiyah groups in local political action in Rokan Hulu Regency tends to be more accommodating to the authorities, where the political orientation of this group has undergone a transition from traditional to rational action with its own political choices. Then, the relationship between the group and local political elites in socio-religious practices has confirmed the existence of a very strong religious and political relationship, where the Naqsabandiyah sees Achmad (local political elite) as a group representation traced from the existence of kinship ties.

scholarly journals Vaclav Havel, Russia and Nato

2021 ◽  
pp. 166-180
Author(s):  
Ella ZADOROZHNYUK
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Vaclav Havel ◽  
The Third

The attitude of Vaclav Havel, the first head of the post-Communist Czech Republic, towards NATO went beyond just Atlanticism and included some reverence for the Atlantic bloc. Havel moralistically encouraged the bombing of Yugoslavia and the interventions in Iraq and Libya; he urged to bring NATO closely to Russian borders and to punish Russia for the USSR's sins and potential imperial ambitions. Such views, though not shared by most Czech citizens, have long defined foreign policy priorities of some Czech political elites. Their traces are being found at the brink of the third decade of the 21st century. However, Havel's approach, always in praise of NATO, has been recognized as futile even by his strong supporters.

scholarly journals Czy widzialność jest gwarancją sukcesu? Skuteczność działań marketingowych w przestrzeni miejskiej

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Michał Dobrołowicz
Keyword(s):  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The Third ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Visual Marketing ◽  
Marketing Messages

This article addresses the question of whether the visibility of specific brands in large cities always supports the economic success of the firms to which they belong. The author discusses the issue—which borders on sociology, psychology, and practical wisdom about marketing activities—in the light of four theoretical concepts. The first is George Frank’s idea of the ‘economy of attention’, wherein attention is a good, which, contrary to other economic resources, does not have a substitute and is very hard to replace with anything else. The second concerns the type of audience reached by the visual marketing messages presented in cities. The third perspective is related to the concept of the ‘culture of distraction’, whose characteristic trait is the problem that individuals have in concentrating their attention on one object for a longer period of time. The fourth plane on which answers are sought is how the issue of visibility is overlooked in marketing campaigns. The key idea for this part of the analysis is Henry Jenkins’ spreadability’. In conclusion, the author ponders the case of an ad campaign appealing to a sense other than that of sight. In this regard the author refers to the osmosociological perspective described by Marek S. Szczepański and Weronika Ślęzak-Tazbir, among others.

Optimization and Development of Country Smoke-Free Homestay Industry Chain

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 5220-5229
Author(s):  
Liu Feilong
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Quality Development ◽  
Coordinated Development ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Industry Chain ◽  
The Third ◽  
Industrial Chain ◽  
Global Tourism

Objectives: The rapid development of the global tourism industry has brought about a boom in the development of the homestay industry, and the development of homestays in China is no exception. With the advent of the era of large accommodation, the country smoke-free homestay industry can not only meet people's basic needs for travel and accommodation, but also a place to experience culture and social consumption, which is an increasing need for people's better life. From the perspective of the business model of homestays, the new types of homestays that incorporate the upstream and downstream industrial chain of homestays are more in line with future development trends. In order to solve the problems of "weak", "scattered" and "small" in the form of the country homestay industry chain, and to continuously optimize the coordinated development of the country homestay industry chain, it is very necessary to adopt the following paths and measures: The first is to strengthen the coordination and integration of country homestay with other industrial chains; the second is to strengthen the agglomeration of the homestay industry and create a branded management road for country homestay; the third is to strengthen government guidance, coordinate the distribution of benefits, and create beautiful country homestay; the fourth is to increase policy support Make efforts to promote the flow of homestay talents and achieve high-quality development of the homestay industry.

Are There Lessons for Us to Learn?

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Daniel Chirot
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Essential Change ◽  
Political Alignments ◽  
Intellectual Elites ◽  
Powerful Interest

This chapter draws eight conclusions from previous chapters for contemporary use. The first is that a kind of “blockage” has occurred, whereby powerful interest groups grow stronger and defend their wealth and privileges by blocking essential change and innovation. The second conclusion points out that it is possible to overcome a crisis if there are strong institutions that can be used by a self-aware political elite capable of understanding that change is necessary. The third is that moderate liberals usually emerge in the early stages of revolution, but are apt to be marginalized later on. The fourth adds that people from other political alignments also fall into the same trap. The fifth argues that wars invariably enhance the power of the radicals. The sixth reminds us that we all need to pay attention to what political leaders write and say, and never assume that what sounds like extremism is just opportunistic exaggeration. The seventh remarks on how ideas were also shaped by cultural and intellectual elites who were not identical to political ones. Finally, the eight: if you want a revolution, beware of how it might turn out.

17 The Law of Armed Conflict at Sea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
von Heinegg Wolff Heintschel
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Naval Warfare ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Law Of Armed Conflict ◽  
The Law ◽  
Hospital Ships

This chapter evaluates legal developments and practice with respect to armed conflict at sea. The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea has progressively developed the law and contributed to the emergence of multiple differing regimes, some of which are now customary in character. The San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea (1995) provides a contemporary restatement of the law of armed conflict at sea, together with some progressive development. The chapter provides an overview of the different acts of naval warfare, comments on special provisions concerning means and methods of naval warfare, and explains the legal status of hospital ships including conditions of their protection.

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