scholarly journals The Curse of Knowledge in Visual Data Communication

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Xiong ◽  
Lisanne van Weelden ◽  
Steven Franconeri

A viewer can extract many potential patterns from any set of visualized data values. But that means that two people can see different patterns in the same visualization, potentially leading to miscommunication. Here, we show that when people are primed to see one pattern in the data as visually salient, they believe that naïve viewers will experience the same visual salience. Participants were told one of multiple backstories about political events that affected public polling data, before viewing a graph that depicted those data. One pattern in the data was particularly visually salient to them given the backstory that they heard. They then predicted what naïve viewers would most visually salient on the visualization. They were strongly influenced by their own knowledge, despite explicit instructions to ignore it, predicting that others would find the same patterns to be most visually salient. This result reflects a psychological phenomenon known as the curse of knowledge, where an expert struggles to re-create the state of mind of a novice. The present findings show that the curse of knowledge also plagues the visual perception of data, explaining why people can fail to connect with audiences when they communicate patterns in data.

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 3051-3062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Xiong ◽  
Lisanne Van Weelden ◽  
Steven Franconeri

Author(s):  
Richard Holton

This paper develops an account of core criminal terms like ‘murder’ that parallels Williamson’s account of knowledge. It is argued that while murder requires that the murderer killed, and that they did so with a certain state of mind, murder cannot be regarded as the conjunction of these two elements (the action, the actus reus, and the associated mental element, the mens rea). Rather, murder should be seen as a primitive notion, which entails each of them. This explains some of the problems around criminal attempt. Attempted murder cannot be seen simply as involving the state of mind of murder minus success; rather, it has to be seen as a self-standing offence, that of attempting to commit the murder.


OP-Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve Westacott ◽  
Kirsten Vallmurr ◽  
Michael Schütz

AbstractData transfer has been forced to evolve as digital technologies are implemented throughout various aspects of the healthcare system. Despite the uniqueness of both the geography and the population of Queensland, information exchange and data communication has continued to follow this evolutionary trend. There have been a number of different health reforms designed to integrate digital innovations and allow critical data and information to be shared with the appropriate health professionals when necessary. Strict healthcare legislation has been navigated and to provide newly upgraded technologies and processes while maintaining privacy, confidentiality and security standards. A large portion of the digital revolution has been the implementation of the national run project, the My Health Record and the state run project, the Integrated Electronic Medical Record. Both are platforms that allow secure information exchange allowing patients to have improved quality of care. To maintain the steady progress, both the state and federal governments have developed strategies and visions to help provide guidance and direct for ongoing and future digital projects. They also outline areas that require further advancements to ensure Queensland is delivering equitable, high quality healthcare.


1967 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-188
Author(s):  
Alexander Lipski

It is generally accepted that even though rationalism was predominant during the eighteenth century, a significant mystical trend was simultaneously present. Thus it was not only the Age of Voltaire, Diderot, and Holbach, but also the Age of St. Martin, Eckartshausen and Madame Guyon. With increased Western influence on Russia, it was natural that Russia too would be affected by these contrary currents. The reforms of Peter the Great, animated by a utilitarian spirit, had brought about a secularization of Russian culture. Father Florovsky aptly summed up the state of mind of the Russian nobility as a result of the Petrine Revolution: “The consciousness of these new people had been extroverted to an extreme degree.” Some of the “new people,” indifferent to their previous Weltanschauung, Orthodoxy, adopted the philosophy of the Enlightenment, “Volter'ianstvo” (Voltairism). But “Volter'ianstvo” with its cult of reason and belief in a remote creator of the “world machine,“ did not permanently satisfy those with deeper religious longings. While conventional Orthodoxy, with its emphasis on external rites, could not fill the spiritual vacuum, Western mysticism, entering Russia chiefly through freemasonry, provided a satisfactory alternative to “Volter'ianstvo.”


1901 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-199
Author(s):  
P. I. Novalevsniy

Abstracts. Psychiatry.Prof. P.I. Novalevsniy. Special symptomatology of crime. Russian Medical Vestnik. 1901, January 15.The author describes in some detail the state of mind of the children of criminals the murderer and says that such children are aggravated by a morbid inheritance and manifestations of organic degeneration, which is expressed not only in their astonishing, sometimes insidious approaches, but also in the most figurative, scrofulous facial expressions and ominous sounding voice.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 656-656

The present generally accepted definition of a premature based on weight (a newborn weighing less than 2,500 gm.) has obvious limitations. The authors have pursued an interesting attempt to find physiologic indices of development which may distinguish the state of maturity. A series of neuromotor examinations is correlated with gestational period: visual perception, Moro reflex, manual grasping, prone behavior, swallow reflex, sucking reflex, sleeping habits, and capacity to regulate temperature. A group of 33 infants weighing 1,000 to 2,500 gm. were examined. The maximum of grasping-suck and prone-behavior reflexes appeared to develop simultaneously with the ability to suck, these accomplishments occurring in the thirty-fifth to thirty-seventh fetal week. The authors indicate that the degree of physiologic accomplishment correlates more closely with the gestational period than does the weight. It would seem that these observations should be extended to a much larger group of infants to determine the validity of the employment of physiologic indices rather than weight as a basis for judging maturity.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Gergen

Extending early work on the limits of hypothesis testing, I propose that psychological explanations for behavior draw their intelligibility from tautology. A reliance on tautology is born of the impossibility for ostensively defining the explanans (e.g., the state of mind presumably giving rise to action). Thus, one makes psychological sense by explaining a given behavior in terms of a “miniaturized” form of itself. Further, because each definition of a mental term relies on another mental term for its meaning, we enter a condition of unbridled diffusion of definition. We may thus account for psychological explanations far removed from simple or transparent tautology. Through extended definitional sequences, we find that any given behavior can be explained by virtually any randomly drawn motive or trait. This includes otherwise counter-intuitive or paradoxical explanations. These developments bear importantly on the grounding assumptions for psychological research, mental and diagnostic testing, and psychotherapy.


2019 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
S. Neelavathy ◽  
R. P. Balasubramania

Emotion is the ability of a person to express the state of mind which he is, but when a person is mentally, physically, emotionally, and spiritually unstable results in a psychological change and helpless on situations. The purpose of the study was to nd out Effect of SKY yoga and pranayama on emotion among college girls .To achieve the purpose of the study 45 College girls were selected randomly from Coimbatore as the subjects. The subject's age ranged from 18 to 21 years. . The selected subjects were divided into 3 groups. Experimental Group I under went on sky yoga only & Experimental Group II went on pranayama only for 50 minutes per day, six days a week for 12 weeks. The control group was not given any practice. The pre-test and post-test were conducted before and after the training for all three groups. The data collected from the groups before and after the training period were statistically analysed by using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANACOVA) to determine the signicant difference and tested at 0.05 level of signicance. The result of the study showed that there was signicant improvement in the emotion of the Experimental Groups I, II subjects than the Controlled group. Through the SKY yoga and Pranayama Emotion got controlled. The conclusion was that SKY yoga controlled emotions and got reduced the psychological effects depression and stress etc. among college girls.


Author(s):  
Алена Владимировна Искрина

В статье рассматриваются особенности формирования социальной стратификации Древней Руси на раннем этапе развития, этапы появления различных страт в зависимости от социально-политических событий с X по XII вв. Предметом исследования является процесс образования социальных страт в древнерусском государстве. Цель статьи - рассмотреть социальное устройство Древней Руси, определить и описать стратификацию и взаимодействие страт между собой, историю изучения данного вопроса, политические события, влияющие на данные процессы. Основным вопросом исследования явились исторические события, оказавшие влияние на формирование социальных страт с X по XII вв., появление социальных страт в данный исторический период и формы их взаимодействия. Отвечая на данный вопрос, автор приходит к выводу, что разложение патриархально-общинного строя, формирование феодального вассалитета, принципа майората, княжеской дружины и другие внутриполитические события повлияли на формирование социальных страт государства. В связи с данными историческими событиями удается проследить этапы происхождения социальных слоев населения, их состав, социальные функции в обществе и государстве. The paper examines the features of the social stratification of the Ancient system at an early stage of development, the stages of the emergence of various strata depending on political events from the 10th to the 12th centuries. The subject of this research is the process of the formation of social strata in the ancient European state. The purpose of the publication is to consider the social structure of Ancient Rus, to determine and describe the stratification and interaction of strata with each other, to study this issue, political events that affect these processes. The main research issue was the historical events that influenced the formation of social strata from the 10th to the 12th centuries, the emergence of social strata in a given historical period and the forms of their interaction. Answering this question, the author arrives at the conclusion that the disintegration of the patriarchal-communal system, the formation of a feudal vassalage, the principle of primacy, the princely squad and other internal political events influenced the formation of social strata of the state. In connection with these historical events, it is possible to trace the stages of the origin of social strata of the population, their composition, social functions in society and the state.


Author(s):  
Любовь Николаевна Арбачакова ◽  
Ирина Анатольевна Невская

В данной статье на примерах расшифрованных рукописных текстов героических сказаний рассматриваются индивидуальные особенности словоупотребления сказителей. Сказители используют сходные стилистические и коммуникативно-прагматические средства. Во-первых, каждого из сказителей отличают особенности их родного диалекта или говора, как лексические, так и грамматические. Во-вторых, для современных сказителей типично широкое использование русских заимствований, как глобальных копирований, так и частичных. В-третьих, практически все исполнители используют просторечные стяженные формы глаголов, местоимений, существительных, характерные для устной речи. В-четвертых, сказители очень часто используют предпочитаемые ими коммуникативно-прагматические частицы, которые достаточно сложно перевести на русский язык и которые в обработанных фольклорных текстах часто опускаются их издателями (полза; тедир; ноо). В-пятых, у каждого исполнителя есть собственная (индивидуальная) лексика, употребляемая им во время эпического исполнения. Устный регистр исполнения эпического текста делает особенно проминентным использование коммуникативно-прагматических частиц. Каждый из рассмотренных сказителей предпочитает ту или иную частицу при том, что практически все они при исполнении используют все вышеупомянутые частицы. Эти частицы принадлежат устному регистру исполнения текста, помогая сказителю психологически настроиться на дальнейшее исполнение, собраться с мыслями и т. п. В то же время они выполняют важные семантические и прагматические функции. Тедир подчеркивает пересказывательность текста: как говорят, насколько я могу судить, по мере моего понимания, насколько я видел или слышал, как оказалось и т. п. Изä употребляется как маркер верности передачи смысла эпоса. Полза, широко использующееся в шорском языке как частица, маркирующая смену темы высказывания, в эпических текстах может становиться частицей, служащей для выражения повествовательного стилистического приема саспенс, помогающего сказителю повысить интерес слушателя к продолжению текста. При общности этих особенностей для всех представителей современного поколения сказителей конкретный выбор того или иного полнозначного слова, его формы или прагматической частицы являются индивидуальными для каждого из сказителей. По этим «собственным» сказительским словоупотреблениям и предпочтениям, как по почерку, можно определить личность кайчи. This article deals with individual peculiarities of word usage by Shor storytellers (qaychi’s). We have analyzed (and, partially, deciphered) a row of manuscripts of Shor heroic epic stories and delineated some linguistic features typical for a certain storyteller. Storytellers use similar or identical stylistic devices and communicative and pragmatic means. Firstly, each storyteller preserves the features of his or her dialect or subdialect, both lexical and grammatical ones. Secondly, modern storytellers widely use Russian borrowings as global or partial copies. Thirdly, practically all storytellers use typical for the spoken language contracted forms of verbs, verbal forms, pronouns and nouns. Fourthly, storytellers abundantly use communicative and pragmatic particles of their choice. Such particles are difficult for translation into Russian; they are often omitted in written editions of epic texts (e. g. polza, tedir, noo, etc.). Fifthly, each storyteller has its own individual expressions and words. The oral register of telling an epic story makes the use of communicative and pragmatic particles especially prominent. Each storyteller has his or her preferred particles used most often, although, of course, all particles can be used by any storyteller. Such particles help the storyteller to collect his or her thoughts, to communicate with the listeners, etc.; moreover, they fulfill very important semantic and pragmatic functions: Tedir stresses the hearsay evidentiality of epic texts or a certain distance of the speaker to the narrated events meaning ‘as one says, as people say, as far as I can judge, as far as I could understand, it has appeared (to me), etc.’ Izä in epic texts stresses the adequacy of a narration. Polza is used in Shor as a particle marking switch reference (as for …); in epics, it is a particle serving as a stylistic device suspense, and helping to raise the interest of the listeners in the continuation of the story. Even if these features are common to all storytellers whose epic texts we have analyzed, their choices of a certain word, expression or form are individual. Certain words and peculiarities of their usage indicate the personality of a storyteller, similar to his typical handwriting; both of them are individual and unique. Moreover, some usages give a clue to the emotions and the state of mind of the qaychi during his performance.


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