scholarly journals INDIVIDUAL LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF A STORYTELLER (THE CASE OF SHOR HEROIC EPIC STORIES’ RECORDINGS)

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-31
Author(s):  
Любовь Николаевна Арбачакова ◽  
Ирина Анатольевна Невская
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Word Usage ◽  
Heroic Epic ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Stylistic Device

В данной статье на примерах расшифрованных рукописных текстов героических сказаний рассматриваются индивидуальные особенности словоупотребления сказителей. Сказители используют сходные стилистические и коммуникативно-прагматические средства. Во-первых, каждого из сказителей отличают особенности их родного диалекта или говора, как лексические, так и грамматические. Во-вторых, для современных сказителей типично широкое использование русских заимствований, как глобальных копирований, так и частичных. В-третьих, практически все исполнители используют просторечные стяженные формы глаголов, местоимений, существительных, характерные для устной речи. В-четвертых, сказители очень часто используют предпочитаемые ими коммуникативно-прагматические частицы, которые достаточно сложно перевести на русский язык и которые в обработанных фольклорных текстах часто опускаются их издателями (полза; тедир; ноо). В-пятых, у каждого исполнителя есть собственная (индивидуальная) лексика, употребляемая им во время эпического исполнения. Устный регистр исполнения эпического текста делает особенно проминентным использование коммуникативно-прагматических частиц. Каждый из рассмотренных сказителей предпочитает ту или иную частицу при том, что практически все они при исполнении используют все вышеупомянутые частицы. Эти частицы принадлежат устному регистру исполнения текста, помогая сказителю психологически настроиться на дальнейшее исполнение, собраться с мыслями и т. п. В то же время они выполняют важные семантические и прагматические функции. Тедир подчеркивает пересказывательность текста: как говорят, насколько я могу судить, по мере моего понимания, насколько я видел или слышал, как оказалось и т. п. Изä употребляется как маркер верности передачи смысла эпоса. Полза, широко использующееся в шорском языке как частица, маркирующая смену темы высказывания, в эпических текстах может становиться частицей, служащей для выражения повествовательного стилистического приема саспенс, помогающего сказителю повысить интерес слушателя к продолжению текста. При общности этих особенностей для всех представителей современного поколения сказителей конкретный выбор того или иного полнозначного слова, его формы или прагматической частицы являются индивидуальными для каждого из сказителей. По этим «собственным» сказительским словоупотреблениям и предпочтениям, как по почерку, можно определить личность кайчи. This article deals with individual peculiarities of word usage by Shor storytellers (qaychi’s). We have analyzed (and, partially, deciphered) a row of manuscripts of Shor heroic epic stories and delineated some linguistic features typical for a certain storyteller. Storytellers use similar or identical stylistic devices and communicative and pragmatic means. Firstly, each storyteller preserves the features of his or her dialect or subdialect, both lexical and grammatical ones. Secondly, modern storytellers widely use Russian borrowings as global or partial copies. Thirdly, practically all storytellers use typical for the spoken language contracted forms of verbs, verbal forms, pronouns and nouns. Fourthly, storytellers abundantly use communicative and pragmatic particles of their choice. Such particles are difficult for translation into Russian; they are often omitted in written editions of epic texts (e. g. polza, tedir, noo, etc.). Fifthly, each storyteller has its own individual expressions and words. The oral register of telling an epic story makes the use of communicative and pragmatic particles especially prominent. Each storyteller has his or her preferred particles used most often, although, of course, all particles can be used by any storyteller. Such particles help the storyteller to collect his or her thoughts, to communicate with the listeners, etc.; moreover, they fulfill very important semantic and pragmatic functions: Tedir stresses the hearsay evidentiality of epic texts or a certain distance of the speaker to the narrated events meaning ‘as one says, as people say, as far as I can judge, as far as I could understand, it has appeared (to me), etc.’ Izä in epic texts stresses the adequacy of a narration. Polza is used in Shor as a particle marking switch reference (as for …); in epics, it is a particle serving as a stylistic device suspense, and helping to raise the interest of the listeners in the continuation of the story. Even if these features are common to all storytellers whose epic texts we have analyzed, their choices of a certain word, expression or form are individual. Certain words and peculiarities of their usage indicate the personality of a storyteller, similar to his typical handwriting; both of them are individual and unique. Moreover, some usages give a clue to the emotions and the state of mind of the qaychi during his performance.

Crime as Prime

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Holton
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Attempted Murder ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Actus Reus ◽  
Mental Element ◽  
Primitive Notion

This paper develops an account of core criminal terms like ‘murder’ that parallels Williamson’s account of knowledge. It is argued that while murder requires that the murderer killed, and that they did so with a certain state of mind, murder cannot be regarded as the conjunction of these two elements (the action, the actus reus, and the associated mental element, the mens rea). Rather, murder should be seen as a primitive notion, which entails each of them. This explains some of the problems around criminal attempt. Attempted murder cannot be seen simply as involving the state of mind of murder minus success; rather, it has to be seen as a self-standing offence, that of attempting to commit the murder.

A Russian Mystic Faces the Age of Rationalism and Revolution: Thought and Activity of Ivan Vladimirovich Lopukhin

1967 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-188
Author(s):  
Alexander Lipski
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Western Influence ◽  
The World ◽  
Extreme Degree ◽  
State Of Mind

It is generally accepted that even though rationalism was predominant during the eighteenth century, a significant mystical trend was simultaneously present. Thus it was not only the Age of Voltaire, Diderot, and Holbach, but also the Age of St. Martin, Eckartshausen and Madame Guyon. With increased Western influence on Russia, it was natural that Russia too would be affected by these contrary currents. The reforms of Peter the Great, animated by a utilitarian spirit, had brought about a secularization of Russian culture. Father Florovsky aptly summed up the state of mind of the Russian nobility as a result of the Petrine Revolution: “The consciousness of these new people had been extroverted to an extreme degree.” Some of the “new people,” indifferent to their previous Weltanschauung, Orthodoxy, adopted the philosophy of the Enlightenment, “Volter'ianstvo” (Voltairism). But “Volter'ianstvo” with its cult of reason and belief in a remote creator of the “world machine,“ did not permanently satisfy those with deeper religious longings. While conventional Orthodoxy, with its emphasis on external rites, could not fill the spiritual vacuum, Western mysticism, entering Russia chiefly through freemasonry, provided a satisfactory alternative to “Volter'ianstvo.”

Special symptomatology of crime

1901 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-199
Author(s):  
P. I. Novalevsniy
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Russian Medical

Abstracts. Psychiatry.Prof. P.I. Novalevsniy. Special symptomatology of crime. Russian Medical Vestnik. 1901, January 15.The author describes in some detail the state of mind of the children of criminals the murderer and says that such children are aggravated by a morbid inheritance and manifestations of organic degeneration, which is expressed not only in their astonishing, sometimes insidious approaches, but also in the most figurative, scrofulous facial expressions and ominous sounding voice.

The limits of language as the limits of psychological explanation

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Gergen
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Psychological Explanation ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Psychological Sense

Extending early work on the limits of hypothesis testing, I propose that psychological explanations for behavior draw their intelligibility from tautology. A reliance on tautology is born of the impossibility for ostensively defining the explanans (e.g., the state of mind presumably giving rise to action). Thus, one makes psychological sense by explaining a given behavior in terms of a “miniaturized” form of itself. Further, because each definition of a mental term relies on another mental term for its meaning, we enter a condition of unbridled diffusion of definition. We may thus account for psychological explanations far removed from simple or transparent tautology. Through extended definitional sequences, we find that any given behavior can be explained by virtually any randomly drawn motive or trait. This includes otherwise counter-intuitive or paradoxical explanations. These developments bear importantly on the grounding assumptions for psychological research, mental and diagnostic testing, and psychotherapy.

The Legitimating Power of Discourse

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-275
Author(s):  
Mustafa Menshawy
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
The Political ◽  
Discursive Construction ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Media Texts ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Culturally Embedded

Abstract In this article, I examine a corpus of texts that address the 1973 war; these texts cover the period from 1981 to 2011, marking the beginning and end of Hosni Mubarak’s rule. Utilizing Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), I explore how Mubarak’s regime employed the war to legitimize its power and defend its policies by deploying longstanding culturally-embedded ‘macro themes’. These macro themes refer to the war as an overwhelming and undisputed ‘Egyptian victory’ and, more significantly, they portray Mubarak himself as ‘war personified/war personalized’. The analysis of linguistic and extra-linguistic features in al-Ahram newspaper (the mouthpiece of the state), among other media texts on the war, show how the discursive construction was made consistent, coherent and resonant in a managed context that characterized the political and media landscapes. Depending on unique access to those who produced, edited and even censored the texts under analysis, this method unravels a complex set of cultural messages and conventions about the war, and fills a lacuna in the literature by offering insight into the deliberate and well-coordinated process of shaping and reshaping a specific discourse for a specific purpose.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SKY YOGA AND PRANAYAMA ON EMOTION AMONG COLLEGE GIRLS

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
S. Neelavathy ◽  
R. P. Balasubramania
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Psychological Change ◽  
Group I ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Experimental Group

Emotion is the ability of a person to express the state of mind which he is, but when a person is mentally, physically, emotionally, and spiritually unstable results in a psychological change and helpless on situations. The purpose of the study was to nd out Effect of SKY yoga and pranayama on emotion among college girls .To achieve the purpose of the study 45 College girls were selected randomly from Coimbatore as the subjects. The subject's age ranged from 18 to 21 years. . The selected subjects were divided into 3 groups. Experimental Group I under went on sky yoga only & Experimental Group II went on pranayama only for 50 minutes per day, six days a week for 12 weeks. The control group was not given any practice. The pre-test and post-test were conducted before and after the training for all three groups. The data collected from the groups before and after the training period were statistically analysed by using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANACOVA) to determine the signicant difference and tested at 0.05 level of signicance. The result of the study showed that there was signicant improvement in the emotion of the Experimental Groups I, II subjects than the Controlled group. Through the SKY yoga and Pranayama Emotion got controlled. The conclusion was that SKY yoga controlled emotions and got reduced the psychological effects depression and stress etc. among college girls.

scholarly journals DESIGNING A LINGUISTIC PROFILE OF KHORTHA: A LESS RESOURCED LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN THE STATE OF JHARKHAND, INDIA.

Dialectologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atul AMAN ◽  
Niladri Sekhar DASH ◽  
Jayashree CHAKRABORTY
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Language Resources ◽  
Linguistic Identity ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Clear Idea

This paper describes the linguistic outline of Khortha language, which is spoken in the state of Jharkhand, India. Khortha is the second most spoken language after Hindi in the state of Jharkhand, with approximately 80 million speakers (As per the Govt. of India, census reports 2011). The paucity of the language resources in Khortha played a vital role in motivating us for the present work. The methodology adopted for the present study comprises linguistic field surveys (Dash & Aman 2015) and reviews on the earlier literature of Khortha. The current status and demographic profile of Khortha suggest its usage as a link language among the other indigenous language communities (i.e. Munda, Bedia, Kurmali, etc.) as well. The scope (usage) of the Khortha language within the various domains (i.e. administration, education, mass media, social divisions and religion, judiciary and interpersonal communication), as discussed in the paper, gives a clear idea of its usage and linguistic identity. This paper can be a helpful resource for the researchers in order to portray the current linguistic status of the language.

Women Entrepreneurship

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Prachita A. Patil ◽  
Yogesh M. Deshpande
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Sample ◽  
The State ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
National Sample Survey Organization ◽  
State Of Mind

According to the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), not more than 14% of business establishments are run by female entrepreneurs in India, especially in rural areas. Entrepreneurship is not an easy step for women. It was traditionally considered as a man's bastion, but now with the due course of time, women are coming in the limelight to fulfil their aspiration as it is a fruitful opportunity where educated or illiterates can do wonders to achieve their dreams. Entrepreneurship is the state of mind which every woman has in her but has not been capitalized in India in a way it should have been. With the drastic change in modernization, people are more comfortable to accept the leading role of women in society, with some exceptions.

2. The elements of a crime: actus reus

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-87
Author(s):  
David Ormerod ◽  
Karl Laird
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Problematic Case ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Actus Reus ◽  
Mental Element ◽  
State Of Affairs

The chapter begins the exploration of the elements of criminal offences. Two factors are crucial: the event, behaviour or state of affairs known as the external element or actus reus, and the state of mind known as the mental element or mens rea. This chapter discusses the principle of actus reus, proof and the elements of the offence, how to identify elements of actus reus and mens rea, coincidence of actus reus and mens rea, the effect of penalty provisions in determining the elements of the actus reus, actus reus and justification or excuse, the problematic case of Dadson with regard to actus reus, physical involuntariness, a ‘state of affairs’ as an actus reus, general liability for omissions, offences of mere omission, causation, the ‘but for’ principle, the connection between fault and result and negligible causes.

Epilogue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Mind Reading ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
First Time

Did Alex Arnold kill Betty Gail Brown? I have been asked that question hundreds of times and have never found it easy to answer. My difficulty with the question began almost as soon as I saw Arnold for the first time, in a jail cell in Lexington two or three days after he had confessed to the killing and been charged with murder. Although Arnold was not at the time hallucinating about mind-reading machines or talking to creatures on the walls of his jail cell, he was quite obviously still suffering mental impairments. He had lost his access to alcohol a little more than a week earlier and had been sitting alone in jail for most of that period; he seemed to have passed through the worst of his withdrawal symptoms, but was not even close to a total escape from the consequences of at least ten years of drunkenness. He had lost the “good feelings” he gained from drinking (elevated mood, self-confidence, and nonexistent inhibitions) and had found in their place high anxiety, low energy, some disorientation, and a crystal-clear desire to be left alone. It was under these conditions, speaking very softly and seeming almost to be talking to himself, that he said, “I killed her.” Had he made this statement under normal circumstances, in a clean and clear state of mind, it would have been easy to believe that the state had found the killer of Betty Gail Brown. But the circumstances under which the statement was made were far from normal, although they were much closer to normal that those that prevailed a few days earlier when he signed the confession that led to his prosecution for murder....

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