scholarly journals Selecting Appropriate 3D Scanning Technologies for Prosthetic Socket Design and Transtibial Residual Limb Shape Characterisation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Dickinson ◽  
Maggie Donovan-Hall ◽  
Sisary Kheng ◽  
Ky Bou ◽  
Auntouch Tech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Continuing Professional Development ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Average Deviation ◽  
Prosthetic Socket ◽  
Plaster Casting

Introduction: Plaster casting and manual rectification represent the benchmark prosthetic socket design method. 3D technologies have increasing potential for prosthetic limb design and fabrication, especially for enhancing access to these services in lower and middle income countries (LMICs). However, the community has a responsibility to verify the efficacy of these new digital technologies. This study’s objective was to assess the repeatability of plaster casting in vivo, specifically for clinically-relevant residuum shape and landmark capture, and to compare this with three clinically-used 3D scanners. Materials and Methods: A comparative reliability assessment of casting and 3D scanning was conducted in eleven participants with established transtibial amputation. For each participant, two positive moulds were cast by a prosthetist and digitised using a white light 3D surface scanner. Between casts, each participant’s residuum was scanned. The deviation between scan volumes, cross-sections and shapes was calculated.Results: 95% of the clinically-relevant socket shape surface area had a deviation between manual casts <2.87mm (S.D. 0.44mm). The average deviation by surface area was 0.18mm (S.D. 1.72mm). The repeatability coefficient of casting was 46.1ml (3.47%) for volume, and 9.6mm (3.53%) for perimeters. For all clinically-meaningful measures, greater reliability was observed for the Omega scanner, and worse for the Sense and iSense scanners, although it was observed that the Sense scanner performance was comparable to casting (95th percentile shape consistency). Conclusions: This study provides a platform to appraise new clinical shape capture technologies in the context of best practice in manual plaster casting, and starts the conversation of which 3D scanning devices are most appropriate for different types of clinical use. The methods and benchmark results may support prosthetists in acquiring and applying their clinical experience, as part of their continuing professional development.

scholarly journals Accuracy Verification of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Technology for Lower-Limb Prosthetic Research: Utilising Animal Soft Tissue Specimen and Common Socket Casting Materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Safari ◽  
Philip Rowe ◽  
Arjan Buis
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Residual Limb ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prosthetic Socket ◽  
Semiautomatic Segmentation ◽  
Segmented Images ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Volume Measurements

Lower limb prosthetic socket shape and volume consistency can be quantified using MRI technology. Additionally, MRI images of the residual limb could be used as an input data for CAD-CAM technology and finite element studies. However, the accuracy of MRI when socket casting materials are used has to be defined. A number of six, 46 mm thick, cross-sections of an animal leg were used. Three specimens were wrapped with Plaster of Paris (POP) and the other three with commercially available silicone interface liner. Data was obtained by utilising MRI technology and then the segmented images compared to corresponding calliper measurement, photographic imaging, and water suspension techniques. The MRI measurement results were strongly correlated with actual diameter, surface area, and volume measurements. The results show that the selected scanning parameters and the semiautomatic segmentation method are adequate enough, considering the limit of clinical meaningful shape and volume fluctuation, for residual limb volume and the cross-sectional surface area measurements.

INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS AND LED IRRADIATORS ON PINE STRAWBERRY ADAPTATION

1970 ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
M. G. Markova ◽  
E. N. Somova
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Fragaria X Ananassa ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Light Effects ◽  
Control Version

Work on going through the adaptation stage of rooted micro-stalks comes down to searching for new growth regulators and studying the influence of external conditions, which include, among other things, light effects. The data of 2018-2019 on the effect of growth regulators Siliplant, EcoFus and experimental LED phytoradiators on the adaptation of rooted micro-stalks of garden strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa duch) in vivo are presented. The object of research is rooted micro-stalks of garden strawberries of the Korona variety. It was revealed that, at the adaptation stage of rooted micro-stalks of strawberries, the most effective was the treatment of plants by spraying with Siliplant at a concentration of 1.0 ml/l and the combined treatment with Siliplant and EcoFus at concentrations of 0.5 ml/l: regardless of lighting, the survival rate averaged 99.4 - 99.7%, the leaf surface area increased significantly from 291.85 mm2 to 334.4 mm2. The number of normally developed leaves of strawberry microplants increased significantly after treatment with all preparations from 3.5 to 6.0, 5.8 and 6.5 pcs/plant, and a significant increase in the height of strawberry rosettes was facilitated by treatment with Siliplant and Siliplant together with EcoFus. Regardless of growth regulators, the most effective was the experimental LED phyto-irradiator with a changing spectrum, which contributed to an increase in leaf surface area, height of rosettes and the number of normally developed leaves in strawberry microplants. When illuminated with a flashing phytoradiator, these indicators are lower than in the control version, but not significantly. By the end of the rooting stage, all microplants of garden strawberries corresponded to GOST R 54051-2010.

scholarly journals Simple Equations Pertaining to the Particle Number and Surface Area of Metallic, Polymeric, Lipidic and Vesicular Nanocarriers

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
M. R. Mozafari ◽  
E. Mazaheri ◽  
K. Dormiani
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Nutraceutical Compounds ◽  
Mathematical Formulas ◽  
Simple Equations

Introduction: Bioactive encapsulation and drug delivery systems have already found their way to the market as efficient therapeutics to combat infections, viral diseases and different types of cancer. The fields of food fortification, nutraceutical supplementation and cosmeceuticals have also been getting the benefit of encapsulation technologies. Aim: Successful formulation of such therapeutic and nutraceutical compounds requires thorough analysis and assessment of certain characteristics including particle number and surface area without the need to employ sophisticated analytical techniques. Solution: Here we present simple mathematical formulas and equations used in the research and development of drug delivery and controlled release systems employed for bioactive encapsulation and targeting the sites of infection and cancer in vitro and in vivo. Systems covered in this entry include lipidic vesicles, polymeric capsules, metallic particles as well as surfactant- and tocopherol-based micro- and nanocarriers.

scholarly journals Newly Emerging Airborne Pollutants: Current Knowledge of Health Impact of Micro and Nanoplastics

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2997
Author(s):  
Alessio Facciolà ◽  
Giuseppa Visalli ◽  
Marianna Pruiti Ciarello ◽  
Angela Di Pietro
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Bodily Fluids

Plastics are ubiquitous persistent pollutants, forming the most representative material of the Anthropocene. In the environment, they undergo wear and tear (i.e., mechanical fragmentation, and slow photo and thermo-oxidative degradation) forming secondary microplastics (MPs). Further fragmentation of primary and secondary MPs results in nanoplastics (NPs). To assess potential health damage due to human exposure to airborne MPs and NPs, we summarize the evidence collected to date that, however, has almost completely focused on monitoring and the effects of airborne MPs. Only in vivo and in vitro studies have assessed the toxicity of NPs, and a standardized method for their analysis in environmental matrices is still missing. The main sources of indoor and outdoor exposure to these pollutants include synthetic textile fibers, rubber tires, upholstery and household furniture, and landfills. Although both MPs and NPs can reach the alveolar surface, the latter can pass into the bloodstream, overcoming the pulmonary epithelial barrier. Despite the low reactivity, the number of surface area atoms per unit mass is high in MPs and NPs, greatly enhancing the surface area for chemical reactions with bodily fluids and tissue in direct contact. This is proven in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and flock workers, who are prone to persistent inflammatory stimulation, leading to pulmonary fibrosis or even carcinogenesis.

C-Microtubules in Isolated Mitotic Spindles

1971 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-619
Author(s):  
W. D. COHEN ◽  
T. GOTTLIEB
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Metaphase Chromosome ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Mitotic Spindles ◽  
Cylindrical Structure ◽  
Arbacia Punctulata ◽  
Alternate Possibility

Microtubules with incomplete cylindrical structure are present in isolated mitotic spindles of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. In cross-section they appear C-shaped, and are thus similar to the ‘C-microtubules’ or ‘C-filaments’ observed previously in other systems. The C-microtubules are not uniformly distributed within isolated spindles, but are typically numerous in the interzonal region of anaphase spindles and in the metaphase chromosome ‘plate’. In chromosome-to-pole regions they are seen much less frequently, and microtubules with the usual O-configuration predominate. Counts of C- and O-microtubules in anaphase spindle cross-sections of known location show an inverse relationship between the number of C-microtubules present and the total number of microtubules present. The observations suggest that the C-microtubules are not simple artifacts of fixation or isolation, but rather may represent a stage of microtubule disassembly which occurs in the interzone during isolation or during anaphase in vivo. The alternate possibility of assembly is not excluded, however. The significance of C-microtubules is further discussed with respect to their occurrence in other systems, and to potential differences between mitotic microtubules.

The Influence of Pregnancy and Lactation on the Morphology and Absorptive Capacity of the Rat Small Intestine

1970 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Craft
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Rat Small Intestine ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
In Pregnancy

1. A study of the length, total weight and weight per cm of the small intestine of virgin, pregnant and lactating rats has provided evidence for an increase in intestinal surface area in pregnancy and lactation. 2. Because of such alterations in morphology of the gut the absorption,in vivo, of the substrates studied, glucose and glycine, has been expressed in terms of amount transferred per loop and also per g dry weight of intestine. 3. Using these parameters the results show that pregnancy does not alter the ability of the upper jejunum to absorb glucose and glycine. In lactation there is a significant decrease in the transfer of these substances when expressed per g dry weight of intestine, but not in absolute terms.

Discovery of a Potent Free Fatty Acid 1 Receptor Agonist with Low Lipophilicity, Low Polar Surface Area, and Robust in Vivo Efficacy

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 2841-2846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen V. F. Hansen ◽  
Elisabeth Christiansen ◽  
Christian Urban ◽  
Brian D. Hudson ◽  
Claire J. Stocker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Polar Surface Area ◽  
In Vivo Efficacy ◽  
Polar Surface

scholarly journals Using snowflake surface-area-to-volume ratio to model and interpret snowfall triple-frequency radar signatures

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 12011-12030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Gergely ◽  
Steven J. Cooper ◽  
Timothy J. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Triple Frequency ◽  
Bounding Volume ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Radar Signatures

Abstract. The snowflake microstructure determines the microwave scattering properties of individual snowflakes and has a strong impact on snowfall radar signatures. In this study, individual snowflakes are represented by collections of randomly distributed ice spheres where the size and number of the constituent ice spheres are specified by the snowflake mass and surface-area-to-volume ratio (SAV) and the bounding volume of each ice sphere collection is given by the snowflake maximum dimension. Radar backscatter cross sections for the ice sphere collections are calculated at X-, Ku-, Ka-, and W-band frequencies and then used to model triple-frequency radar signatures for exponential snowflake size distributions (SSDs). Additionally, snowflake complexity values obtained from high-resolution multi-view snowflake images are used as an indicator of snowflake SAV to derive snowfall triple-frequency radar signatures. The modeled snowfall triple-frequency radar signatures cover a wide range of triple-frequency signatures that were previously determined from radar reflectivity measurements and illustrate characteristic differences related to snow type, quantified through snowflake SAV, and snowflake size. The results show high sensitivity to snowflake SAV and SSD maximum size but are generally less affected by uncertainties in the parameterization of snowflake mass, indicating the importance of snowflake SAV for the interpretation of snowfall triple-frequency radar signatures.

scholarly journals In vivo reconstitution finds multivalent RNA-RNA interactions as drivers of mesh-like condensates

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weirui Ma ◽  
Gang Zheng ◽  
Wei Xie ◽  
Christine Mayr
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
High Propensity ◽  
Membrane Protein Trafficking ◽  
Protein Components

Liquid-like condensates have been thought to be sphere-like. Recently, various condensates with filamentous morphology have been observed in cells. One such condensate is the TIS granule network that shares a large surface area with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is important for membrane protein trafficking. It has been unclear how condensates with mesh-like shapes, but dynamic protein components are formed. In vitro and in vivo reconstitution experiments revealed that the minimal components are a multivalent RNA-binding protein that concentrates RNAs that are able to form extensive intermolecular mRNA-mRNA interactions. mRNAs with large unstructured regions have a high propensity to form a pervasive intermolecular interaction network that acts as condensate skeleton. The underlying RNA matrix prevents full fusion of spherical liquid-like condensates, thus driving the formation of irregularly shaped membraneless organelles. The resulting large surface area may promote interactions at the condensate surface and at the interface with other organelles.

scholarly journals Within-subjects Effects of Standardized Prosthetic Socket Modifications on Physical Function and Patient-Reported Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Anderst ◽  
Goeran Fiedler ◽  
Kentaro Onishi ◽  
Gina McKernan ◽  
Tom Gale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Function ◽  
Patient Reported Outcomes ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Residual Limb ◽  
Prosthetic Socket ◽  
Large Patient ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
And Function

Abstract • Background: Among the challenges of living with lower limb loss is the increased risk of long-term health problems that can be either attributed directly to the amputation surgery and/or prosthetic rehabilitation or indirectly to a disability-induced sedentary lifestyle. These problems are exacerbated by poorly fit prosthetic sockets. There is a knowledge gap regarding how the socket design affects in-socket mechanics, and how in-socket mechanics affect patient-reported comfort and function. The objectives of this study are: 1) to gain a better understanding of how in-socket mechanics of the residual limb in transfemoral amputees are related to patient-reported comfort and function, 2) to identify clinical tests that can streamline the socket design process, and 3) to evaluate the efficacy and cost of a novel, quantitatively informed socket optimization process.• Methods: Users of transfemoral prostheses will be asked to walk on a treadmill wearing their current socket plus 8 different check sockets with designed changes in different structural measurements that are likely to induce changes in residual limb motion, skin strain, and pressure distribution within the socket. Dynamic biplane radiography and pressure sensors will be used to measure in-socket residual limb mechanics. Patient-reported outcomes will also be collected after wearing each socket. The effects of in-socket mechanics on both physical function and patient-reported outcomes (aim 1) will be assessed using a generalized linear model. Partial correlation analysis will be used to examine the association between research grade measurements and readily available clinical measurements (aim 2). In order to compare the new quantitative design method to the Standard of Care, patient reported outcomes and cost will be compared between the two methods, utilizing the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney non-parametric test (aim 3).• Discussion: Knowledge on how prosthetic socket modifications affect residual bone and skin biomechanics itself can be applied to devise future socket designs, and the methodology can be used to investigate and improve such designs, past and present. Apart from saving time and costs, this may result in better prosthetic socket fit for a large patient population, thus increasing their mobility, participation, and overall health-related quality of life. • Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05041998

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